CURRENT TECHNOLOGIES TO INCREASE THE TRANSDERMAL DELIVERY OF DRUGS” pdf

[...]... α6β4 and BPAG2 appear to be the major hemidesmosomal protein contributors to the anchoring of the keratinocyte, spanning from the keratin intermediate filament, through the lamina lucida, to the The Skin Current Technologies to Increase the Transdermal Delivery of Drugs 3 lamina densa of the basement membrane [19] In the lamina densa, these membrane-spanning proteins interact with the protein laminin-5... sebaceous gland The pilosebaceous follicles have about 10 to 20 % of the resident flora and cannot be decontaminated by scrubbing The hair follicles are distributed across the entire skin surface with the exception of the soles of the feet, the palms of the hand and the lips A smooth muscle, the erector pilorum, attaches the follicle to the dermal tissue and enables hair to stand up in response to fear Each... without referring to its hydration level [74] Recent investigations have tested the influence of the inflammatory process or of the content in calcium ions of the epithelial cells in skin drying, showing that the supply of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents or of calcic regulators did not significantly modify the skin’s state [75, 76] On the other hand, the use of specific inhibitors of tryptic proteases,... to cause swelling of the polar head group regions of the bilayers and, consequently, to disrupt these domains On the other hand, it has been shown that hydration does not alter the packing arrangements of the intercellular lipid bilayers [15] Another theory holds that the swelling of corneocytes (due to the water absorbed by the cells) has an impact on the lipid structure between the corneocytes, thereby... ethanol Permeation of the solvent into the tissue can alter the thermodynamic activity of the drug in the vehicle, which would, in turn, modify the driving force of diffusion; the solvent may partition into the tissue and facilitate the uptake of the drug into skin, and there may be some minor disturbance to intercellular lipid packing within the stratum corneum bilayers [6] Pyrrolidones and Their Derivatives... the layers of the keratinocytes and are not degraded The Skin Current Technologies to Increase the Transdermal Delivery of Drugs 13 when they arrive in the horny layer of black skins, giving them a characteristic color [88] Colorimetric and spectrophotometric studies have shown that the interindividual and intersexual differences of skin coloration in the different races are mainly related to the blood... enhancers and their mechanisms of action The techniques to determine permeation enhancement and their uses in topical /transdermal formulations are also discussed INTRODUCTION The application of preparations to the skin for medical purposes is as old as the history of medicine itself, with references to the use of ointments and salves found in the records of Babylonian and Egyptian medicine The historical... of the resistances were found, whereas the capacitances were almost constant; all changes within this interval were thermoreversible; (2) A middle interval, from 60 to about 75°C at the lower and from 50 to about 75°C at the higher current The Skin Current Technologies to Increase the Transdermal Delivery of Drugs 7 density Within these temperature ranges, a rapid and thermo-irreversible decrease of. .. authors have tried to identify the influence of the race, sex, and age of the populations observed and even the anatomical site on which the observations are made by the results obtained The results of these investigations are sometimes contradictory, but there are some tendencies to be taken into consideration when conducting studies on the human being The good previous knowledge of these differences... used to study the entry of drugs through the skin It was visualized in the fresh human scalp skin on-line the diffusion processes of a model fluorophore into the hair follicle at different depths Up to a depth of 500 µm in the skin, a fast increase of fluorescence is observed in the gap followed by accumulation of the dye in the hair cuticle Penetration was also observed via the stratum corneum and the . sulphate Aqueous Keratin The Skin Current Technologies to Increase the Transdermal Delivery of Drugs 3 lamina densa of the basement membrane [19]. In the lamina densa, these. and from 50 to about 75°C at the higher current The Skin Current Technologies to Increase the Transdermal Delivery of Drugs 7 density. Within these temperature