1 COVER PAGE ENTREPRENEURIAL COMPETENCIES REQUIRED FOR ENGAGING RETIREES IN SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE BUSINESSES IN CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA BY ANGIATING, FELICIA ABIYE PG/M.Ed/10/57072 DEPARTMENT OF ADULT EDUCATION AND EXTRA-MURAL STUDIES FACULTY OF EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA DECEMBER, 2016 i TITLE PAGE ENTREPRENEURIAL COMPETENCIES REQUIRED FOR ENGAGING RETIREES IN SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE BUSINESSES IN CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA BY ANGIATING, FELICIA ABIYE PG/M.Ed/10/57072 RESEARCH PROJECT PRESENTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ADULT EDUCATION AND EXTRAMURAL STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF MASTERS DEGREE (M.Ed) IN ADULT EDUCATION ADMINISTRATION SUPERVISOR: VEN C A ONYECHI DECEMBER, 2016 ii CERTIFICATION Angiating, Felicia Obiye, a postgraduate student in the Department of Adult Education and Extra-Mural Studies with Reg No PG/M.Ed/10/57072 has satisfactorily completed the requirements for the award of Masters Degree (M.Ed) in Adult Education Administration The work embodied in this thesis is original and has not been submitted in any university or in this university ……………………… VEN C A ONYECHI PROJECT SUPERVISOR …………………… DATE ………………………………… ANGIATING, FELICIA OBIYE STUDENT …………………… DATE iii iii iv DEDICATION This work is dedicated to the Almighty God for His grace towards the success of this work and to my family members v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my profound gratitude and sincere appreciation to my supervisor Ven C A Onyechi and all other lecturers in the department for their guidance and encouragement towards this work I cannot also quantify my sincere appreciation to my special friend Mrs Ngozika Ugwoke who tried her best to make sure that this struggle becomes a success I also appreciate my friend Mrs E A Anyanwu for her help to the success of this work Above all, am grateful to the Almighty God for his infinite wisdom and mercy in granting me the good health and opportunity to carry out this assignment vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page i Approval Page ii Certification iii Dedication iv Acknowledgements v Table of Contents vi List of Tables ix List of Figure x Abstract xi CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION Background of the study Statement of the problem Purpose of the study Significance of the study 10 Research questions 12 Hypotheses 13 Scope of the study 14 CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF LITERATURE 15 Conceptual Framework 16 Concept of Entrepreneurship 16 Concept of Competency 20 Concept of Retirees 40 Concept of Small and Medium Scale Businesses 41 vii Concept of Sustainable Community Development Theoretical Framework 50 54 Economic Theory of Entrepreneurship 54 Management Entrepreneurship Theory 55 Sociological Theory of Entrepreneurship 56 Review of Related Empirical Studies 58 Summary of Literature Review 65 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY 67 Design of the study 67 Area of the study 67 Population of the study 68 Sample and sampling technique 68 Instrument for data collection 69 Validation of the instrument 70 Reliability of the instrument 71 Procedure for data collection 71 Method of data analysis 72 CHAPTER FOUR: PRESENTATION OF RESULTS 73 Summary of Findings 94 CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND SUMMARY 97 Discussion of the Findings 97 Conclusion 100 viii Educational Implications 101 Recommendations 102 Limitations of the Study 102 Suggestions for Further Studies 103 Summary of the Study 103 REFERENCES 105 APPENDICES 118 Appendix A – Questionnaire 118 Appendix B – Result of Reliability 125 Appendix C – Analysis Test 128 Appendix D - Population Distribution 138 Appendix E - Sample Distribution 139 ix LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Mean and standard deviation of respondents on small and medium scale businesses for retirees’ engagement for sustainable community development in Cross-River State 73 Table 2: Mean and standard deviation of respondents on entrepreneurial competencies required by retires in planning small and medium scale businesses for sustainable community development in Cross-River 75 State Table 3: Mean and standard deviation of respondents on entrepreneurial competencies required by retirees in personnel management in small and medium scale businesses for sustainable community development 77 in Cross-River State Table 4: Mean and standard deviation of respondents on entrepreneurial competencies required by retires in inventory stock management in small and medium scale businesses for sustainable community development in Cross-River State 79 Table 5: Mean and standard deviation of respondents on entrepreneurial competencies required by retirees in financial resource management in small and medium scale businesses for sustainable community development in Cross-River State 81 Table 6: Mean and standard deviation of respondents on entrepreneurial competencies required by retries in marketing of product and services in the small and medium scale businesses for sustainable community development in Cross-River State 83 Table 7: T-test Statistics of urban and rural retirees on the small and medium scale businesses engagement for sustainable community development in Cross-River State 85 126 APPENDIX B RESULT OF RELIABILITY TEST Small Scale Business N % Valid 15 a Cases Excluded Total 15 a Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure 100.0 100.0 Reliability Statistics Cronbach's Alpha N of Items 695 14 Planning Competencies N % Valid 15 a Cases Excluded Total 15 a Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure 100.0 100.0 Reliability Statistics Cronbach's Alpha N of Items 753 10 Personnel Management Competencies N Valid 15 a Cases Excluded Total 15 a Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure Reliability Statistics Cronbach's Alpha 820 N of Items 10 % 100.0 100.0 127 Inventory/Stock Management Competencies N % Valid 15 a Cases Excluded Total 15 a Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure 100.0 100.0 Reliability Statistics Cronbach's Alpha N of Items 754 10 Financial Resource Management Competencies N % Valid 15 a Cases Excluded Total 15 a Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure 100.0 100.0 Reliability Statistics Cronbach's Alpha N of Items 713 Marketing Competencies N % Valid 15 a Cases Excluded Total 15 a Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure Reliability Statistics Cronbach's Alpha 801 N of Items 100.0 100.0 128 OVERALL RELIABILITY COEFFICIENT Case Processing Summary N % Valid 15 Cases Excludeda Total 15 a Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure Reliability Statistics Cronbach's Alpha 721 N of Items 61 100.0 100.0 129 APPENDIX C Descriptive RQ [DataSet6] C:\Users\user\Documents\ABIYE.sav Descriptive Statistics N Mean Std Deviation VAR00001 1169 1.8212 94254 VAR00002 1169 2.1138 01692 VAR00003 1169 2.0453 02394 VAR00004 1169 2.0479 01669 VAR00005 1169 2.0881 97042 VAR00006 1169 2.0120 95257 VAR00007 1169 2.3020 08240 VAR00008 1169 1.9906 99695 VAR00009 1169 2.1352 05282 VAR00010 1169 2.0864 02881 VAR00011 1169 2.4816 24480 VAR00012 1169 2.5526 17005 VAR00013 1169 2.4705 03750 VAR00014 1169 2.4491 05224 Valid N (listwise) 1169 Descriptive RQ2 Descriptive Statistics N Mean Std Deviation VAR00015 1169 2.4260 94445 VAR00016 1169 2.6133 00650 VAR00017 1169 2.5047 99150 VAR00018 1169 1.9641 93747 VAR00019 1169 2.1737 96858 VAR00020 1169 2.5509 04489 VAR00021 1169 1.9110 94032 VAR00022 1169 2.1257 95018 VAR00023 1169 1.8785 98913 VAR00024 1169 2.2558 08007 Valid N (listwise) 1169 Descriptive RQ 130 Descriptive Statistics N Mean Std Deviation VAR00025 VAR00026 1169 1169 2.2267 2.3473 93858 1.01487 VAR00027 1169 2.1916 1.02079 VAR00028 VAR00029 VAR00030 1169 1169 1169 2.2156 2.3918 2.0941 1.06134 1.07770 1.03271 VAR00031 1169 1.9256 1.00535 VAR00032 VAR00033 VAR00034 1169 1169 1169 1.9093 1.9042 2.0188 98811 99626 1.02686 Valid N (listwise) 1169 Descriptive RQ Descriptive Statistics N Mean Std Deviation VAR00035 VAR00036 1169 1169 2.0445 2.2147 98954 1.03414 VAR00037 1169 2.2207 1.05624 VAR00038 VAR00039 VAR00040 1169 1169 1169 2.6989 2.7442 2.6852 1.19789 1.14771 1.16754 VAR00041 1169 2.4457 1.18885 VAR00042 VAR00043 VAR00044 1169 1169 1169 2.5885 2.6005 2.5654 1.15905 1.17714 1.17597 Valid N (listwise) 1169 Descriptive Descriptive Statistics N Mean VAR00045 VAR00046 VAR00047 VAR00048 VAR00049 VAR00050 VAR00051 VAR00052 1169 1169 1169 1169 1169 1169 1169 1169 Valid N (listwise) 1169 Descriptive RQ 2.5483 2.5013 2.5295 2.4234 2.6039 2.5843 2.4080 2.4850 Std Deviation 1.08757 1.09804 1.09295 1.12772 1.11712 1.14525 1.16026 1.08697 131 Descriptive Statistics VAR00053 VAR00054 N 1169 1169 Mean 2.4542 2.4799 Std Deviation 1.06942 1.08846 VAR00055 VAR00056 VAR00057 1169 1169 1169 2.2823 2.4919 2.4508 1.09045 1.13104 1.10161 VAR00058 1169 2.6014 1.20864 VAR00059 1169 2.5723 1.14233 VAR00060 VAR00061 1169 1169 2.4902 2.3251 1.16606 1.18006 Valid N (listwise) 1169 T-Test H01 Group Statistics Location VAR00001 VAR00002 VAR00003 VAR00004 VAR00005 VAR00006 VAR00007 VAR00008 VAR00009 VAR00010 VAR00011 VAR00012 VAR00013 VAR00014 Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban N Mean 766 402 766 402 766 402 766 402 766 402 766 402 766 402 766 402 766 402 766 402 766 402 766 402 766 402 766 402 1.9634 1.5522 2.1710 2.0075 2.0574 2.0249 2.0718 2.0050 2.1070 2.0522 1.9674 2.0995 2.2415 2.4204 2.0170 1.9403 2.1240 2.1567 2.1371 1.9925 2.7833 1.9030 2.7272 2.2164 2.6070 2.2114 2.5796 2.2015 Independent Samples Test Std Deviation 96810 82873 1.00885 1.02461 97248 1.11636 97354 1.09407 98831 93678 91336 1.01856 1.06907 1.09857 99198 1.00692 1.04739 1.06535 1.02428 1.03188 1.17825 1.16175 1.13758 1.15848 95296 1.13988 96653 1.16117 Std Error Mean 03498 04133 03645 05110 03514 05568 03518 05457 03571 04672 03300 05080 03863 05479 03584 05022 03784 05314 03701 05147 04257 05794 04110 05778 03443 05685 03492 05791 132 Levene's Test for Equality of Variances F VAR00001 VAR00002 VAR00003 VAR00004 VAR00005 VAR00006 VAR00007 VAR00008 VAR00009 VAR00010 VAR00011 VAR00012 VAR00013 VAR00014 Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed 6.294 669 9.290 17.797 368 25.162 2.828 1.590 3.900 270 3.097 024 23.891 54.205 Sig .012 414 t-test for Equality of Means T 093 208 049 604 079 876 000 000 Mean Difference Std Error Difference 000 41121 05682 29973 52268 7.594 930.794 000 41121 05415 30494 51747 2.618 1166 009 16356 06247 04099 28612 2.606 803.783 009 16356 06277 04034 28677 516 1166 606 03257 06308 -.09120 15633 495 723.815 621 03257 06584 -.09669 16182 1.067 1166 286 06683 06261 -.05601 18967 1.029 736.817 304 06683 06492 -.06063 19428 917 1166 360 05481 05980 -.06251 17213 932 853.620 352 05481 05881 -.06061 17023 -2.256 1166 024 -.13214 05856 -.24704 -.01724 -2.181 741.626 029 -.13214 06058 -.25107 -.01321 -2.691 1166 007 -.17888 06647 -.30930 -.04847 -2.668 795.621 008 -.17888 06704 -.31048 -.04729 1.249 1166 212 07667 06141 -.04382 19716 1.243 804.171 214 07667 06170 -.04444 19778 -.504 1166 614 -.03270 06489 -.16001 09462 -.501 802.727 616 -.03270 06523 -.16074 09535 2.285 1166 022 14454 06324 02045 26862 2.280 809.483 023 14454 06339 02011 26897 12.190 1166 000 88030 07222 73861 1.02200 12.243 824.797 000 88030 07190 73917 1.02144 7.244 1166 000 51074 07051 37240 64907 7.203 801.891 000 51074 07091 37155 64992 6.291 1166 000 39561 06289 27222 51899 5.952 699.775 000 39561 06647 26511 52610 5.917 1166 000 37814 06390 25276 50352 5.591 697.302 000 37814 06763 24536 51092 T-Test H02 Location N 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper 1166 544 000 Sig (2tailed) 7.237 002 000 df Group Statistics Mean Std Deviation Std Error Mean 133 VAR00015 VAR00016 VAR00017 VAR00018 VAR00019 VAR00020 VAR00021 VAR00022 VAR00023 VAR00024 Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban 766 402 766 402 766 402 766 402 766 402 766 402 766 402 766 402 766 402 766 402 2.5339 2.2214 2.7154 2.4204 2.4948 2.5249 2.0261 1.8458 2.1945 2.1343 2.7115 2.2463 2.1253 1.5025 2.2219 1.9428 1.8903 1.8557 2.3564 2.0647 91653 96484 95381 1.07563 95758 1.05492 92706 94808 93166 1.03643 97635 1.10386 95244 76796 92903 96534 94336 1.07294 1.03892 1.13251 03312 04812 03446 05365 03460 05261 03350 04729 03366 05169 03528 05506 03441 03830 03357 04815 03408 05351 03754 05648 Independent Samples Test Levene's Test for Equality of Variances F Sig VAR000 15 VAR000 16 VAR000 17 VAR000 18 VAR000 19 VAR000 20 VAR000 21 VAR000 22 VAR000 23 Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed 2.670 24.802 10.293 2.713 16.381 25.284 14.033 121 103 000 001 100 000 000 000 728 t-test for Equality of Means t 006 Sig (2tailed) Mean Difference Std Error Difference 95% Confidence In of the Differenc Lower Up 5.437 1166 000 31255 05749 19976 5.350 779.13 000 31255 05842 19788 4.803 1166 000 29501 06143 17449 4.627 734.65 000 29501 06376 16983 -.493 1166 622 -.03010 06110 -.14998 -.478 749.34 633 -.03010 06297 -.15372 3.134 1166 002 18034 05754 06744 3.112 798.96 002 18034 05795 06659 1.009 1166 313 06019 05968 -.05690 976 743.16 330 06019 06169 -.06091 7.391 1166 000 46522 06294 34173 7.115 733.09 000 46522 06539 33685 11.321 1166 000 62284 05502 51490 12.096 976.24 000 62284 05149 52179 4.813 1166 000 27915 05800 16536 000 27915 05869 16393 570 03462 06096 -.08499 4.756 7.610 df 568 787.98 1166 134 Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed VAR000 24 10.348 001 546 729.43 585 03462 06345 -.08994 4.418 1166 000 29172 06602 16218 4.301 756.10 000 29172 06782 15858 T-Test H03 VAR00025 VAR00026 VAR00027 VAR00028 VAR00029 VAR00030 VAR00031 VAR00032 VAR00033 VAR00034 Location Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban N Group Statistics Mean 766 2.2924 402 2.1020 766 2.3864 402 2.2736 766 2.0979 402 2.3706 766 2.3159 402 2.0249 766 2.4426 402 2.2960 766 2.1123 402 2.0597 766 2.1031 402 1.5871 766 1.9178 402 1.8930 766 1.8890 402 1.9328 766 2.0470 402 1.9652 Std Deviation 94038 92461 98857 1.06157 97395 1.08466 1.05505 1.04958 1.06946 1.08925 1.01385 1.06937 1.02699 86991 98738 99174 95354 1.07475 1.00085 1.07512 Std Error Mean 03398 04612 03572 05295 03519 05410 03812 05235 03864 05433 03663 05334 03711 04339 03568 04946 03445 05360 03616 05362 Independent Samples Test Levene's Test for Equality of Variances F Sig VAR00025 VAR00026 VAR00027 VAR00028 Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed 645 7.258 27.913 4.445 422 007 000 035 t-test for Equality of Means t Df Sig (2tailed) Mean Difference Std Error Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper 3.307 1166 001 19044 05758 07746 30342 3.325 826.818 001 19044 05728 07801 30287 1.806 1166 071 11279 06247 -.00977 23535 1.766 765.901 078 11279 06387 -.01259 23817 -4.370 1166 000 -.27274 06241 -.39519 -.15028 -4.226 742.468 000 -.27274 06454 -.39943 -.14604 4.487 1166 000 29105 06486 16379 41831 135 Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed VAR00029 Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed VAR00030 Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed VAR00031 Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed VAR00032 Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed VAR00033 Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed VAR00034 Equal variances not assumed 761 5.872 15.171 058 3.314 12.927 383 016 000 810 069 000 4.494 818.416 000 29105 06476 16394 41816 2.211 1166 027 14654 06629 01648 27659 2.198 801.803 028 14654 06667 01568 27740 826 1166 409 05257 06364 -.07229 17743 812 777.828 417 05257 06470 -.07444 17958 8.587 1166 000 51607 06010 39815 63398 9.039 938.862 000 51607 05709 40403 62811 406 1166 685 02472 06090 -.09477 14421 405 811.596 685 02472 06099 -.09499 14443 -.713 1166 476 -.04380 06140 -.16426 07666 -.687 734.997 492 -.04380 06372 -.16890 08129 1.294 1166 196 08182 06325 -.04227 20592 1.265 765.678 206 08182 06468 -.04514 20879 T-Test H04 VAR00035 VAR00036 VAR00037 VAR00038 VAR00039 VAR00040 VAR00041 VAR00042 VAR00043 VAR00044 Location Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban N Group Statistics Mean 766 2.0561 402 2.0224 766 2.2311 402 2.1841 766 2.1606 402 2.3358 766 2.9465 402 2.2239 766 2.9086 402 2.4279 766 2.8864 402 2.2985 766 2.7755 402 1.8159 766 2.7924 402 2.1990 766 2.7872 402 2.2438 766 2.7702 402 2.1741 Std Deviation 1.02682 91646 1.02524 1.05270 1.03485 1.08913 1.12186 1.19626 1.09878 1.17370 1.09253 1.20905 1.09627 1.10359 1.09902 1.17335 1.10750 1.22537 1.10469 1.21073 Independent Samples Test Std Error Mean 03710 04571 03704 05250 03739 05432 04053 05966 03970 05854 03947 06030 03961 05504 03971 05852 04002 06112 03991 06039 136 Levene's Test for Equality of Variances F Sig VAR00035 VAR00036 VAR00037 VAR00038 VAR00039 VAR00040 VAR00041 VAR00042 VAR00043 VAR00044 Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed T-Test H05 2.731 1.968 7.168 11.772 18.340 27.325 923 3.359 9.174 16.522 099 161 008 001 000 000 337 067 003 000 t-test for Equality of Means t df Sig (2tailed) Mean Difference Std Error Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper 553 1166 580 03375 06099 -.08591 15341 573 898.902 567 03375 05887 -.08179 14929 737 1166 461 04699 06373 -.07804 17203 731 796.171 465 04699 06426 -.07914 17312 -2.700 1166 007 -.17525 06490 -.30259 -.04791 -2.657 779.305 008 -.17525 06595 -.30470 -.04579 10.220 1166 000 72259 07070 58388 86131 10.018 770.545 000 72259 07213 58100 86419 6.938 1166 000 48076 06929 34480 61671 6.797 769.389 000 48076 07073 34191 61961 8.418 1166 000 58792 06984 45089 72494 8.157 746.462 000 58792 07207 44643 72941 14.179 1166 000 95954 06767 82676 1.09231 14.150 810.003 000 95954 06781 82643 1.09265 8.564 1166 000 59342 06929 45747 72938 8.391 769.727 000 59342 07072 45459 73225 7.677 1166 000 54343 07079 40454 68231 7.439 746.591 000 54343 07305 40002 68683 8.473 1166 000 59611 07035 45808 73413 8.235 752.634 000 59611 07238 45401 73821 137 VAR00045 VAR00046 VAR00047 VAR00048 VAR00049 VAR00050 VAR00051 VAR00052 Location Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban N Group Statistics Mean 766 2.7337 402 2.1940 766 2.5992 402 2.3159 766 2.5548 402 2.4826 766 2.5744 402 2.1368 766 2.7128 402 2.3980 766 2.7428 402 2.2836 766 2.7219 402 1.8109 766 2.6658 402 2.1418 Std Deviation 1.07233 1.02933 1.08704 1.09735 1.07691 1.12374 1.09858 1.12938 1.09235 1.13691 1.09684 1.17716 1.07361 1.08450 1.04190 1.09056 Std Error Mean 03874 05134 03928 05473 03891 05605 03969 05633 03947 05670 03963 05871 03879 05409 03765 05439 Independent Samples Test Levene's Test for Equality of Variances F Sig VAR00045 VAR00046 VAR00047 VAR00048 VAR00049 VAR00050 VAR00051 VAR00052 Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed T-Test H06 2.964 301 2.692 164 4.274 11.242 496 295 085 583 101 686 039 001 482 587 t-test for Equality of Means t df Sig (2Mean Std Error tailed) Difference Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper 8.284 1166 000 53965 06514 41184 66746 8.390 844.310 000 53965 06432 41341 66589 4.218 1166 000 28330 06717 15151 41508 4.205 808.033 000 28330 06737 15106 41553 1.073 1166 284 07224 06733 -.05986 20435 1.059 785.098 290 07224 06823 -.06169 20618 6.405 1166 000 43760 06832 30356 57164 6.350 795.328 000 43760 06891 30233 57286 4.613 1166 000 31478 06823 18091 44865 4.556 786.855 000 31478 06909 17917 45040 6.627 1166 000 45924 06929 32328 59519 6.483 766.273 000 45924 07084 32018 59829 13.729 1166 000 91099 06635 78080 1.04117 13.686 807.580 000 91099 06656 78033 1.04164 8.035 1166 000 52401 06521 39605 65196 7.922 783.003 000 52401 06615 39416 65386 138 Location VAR00053 VAR00054 VAR00055 VAR00056 VAR00057 VAR00058 VAR00059 VAR00060 VAR00061 N Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Group Statistics Mean 766 402 766 402 766 402 766 402 766 402 766 402 766 402 766 402 766 402 Std Deviation 2.5914 2.1940 2.6540 2.1493 2.3760 2.1070 2.5757 2.3358 2.4543 2.4478 2.7963 2.2338 2.6762 2.3781 2.6292 2.2289 2.6136 1.7786 Std Error Mean 1.00528 1.13970 1.02091 1.13771 1.11421 1.02147 1.11854 1.13839 1.08700 1.12930 1.17392 1.18807 1.12819 1.14370 1.13915 1.17215 1.13161 1.07255 03632 05684 03689 05674 04026 05095 04041 05678 03927 05632 04242 05926 04076 05704 04116 05846 04089 05349 Independent Samples Test Levene's Test for Equality of Variances F Sig VAR00053 VAR00054 VAR00055 VAR00056 VAR00057 VAR00058 VAR00059 VAR00060 VAR00061 Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed 8.304 17.926 13.404 960 2.804 201 988 1.023 12.616 t-test for Equality of Means t 004 000 000 327 094 654 321 312 000 df Sig (2tailed) Mean Difference Std Error Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper 6.125 1166 000 39735 06488 27006 52465 5.890 731.402 000 39735 06746 26492 52979 7.714 1166 000 50479 06544 37640 63318 7.459 742.057 000 50479 06768 37193 63766 4.032 1166 000 26901 06671 13812 39990 4.143 878.578 000 26901 06493 14157 39645 3.461 1166 001 23990 06931 10391 37589 3.442 802.321 001 23990 06969 10310 37670 096 1166 923 00655 06785 -.12658 13967 095 788.091 924 00655 06867 -.12824 14134 7.748 1166 000 56251 07260 42007 70495 7.719 806.245 000 56251 07287 41947 70555 4.270 1166 000 29813 06981 16116 43510 4.252 805.079 000 29813 07011 16051 43575 5.650 1166 000 40039 07086 26135 53942 5.600 794.702 000 40039 07150 26004 54073 12.196 1166 000 83497 06846 70064 96930 12.401 853.663 000 83497 06733 70282 96712 APPENDIX D 139 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION ZONES OGOJA IKOM CALABAR TOTAL Population 3489 3310 4899 11698 Source: Cross River Pension Board, 2015 140 APPENDIX E SAMPLE DISTRIBUTION ZONES OGOJA IKOM CALABAR TOTAL Population 3489 3310 4899 11698 Sample of 10% 349 331 489 1169 Source: 10% Sample according to Nwagu, 2015 ... in small and medium scale businesses in Cross River State Entrepreneurial financial resource management competencies required for retirees engagement in small and medium scale businesses in Cross. .. ascertain entrepreneurship competencies required for engaging retirees in small and medium scale businesses in Cross River State Specifically, the study identified: Small and medium scale businesses. .. businesses for retirees? ?? engagement in Cross River State Entrepreneurial planning competencies required for retirees engagement in small and medium scale businesses in Cross River State Entrepreneurial