Tài liệu hạn chế xem trước, để xem đầy đủ mời bạn chọn Tải xuống
1
/ 41 trang
THÔNG TIN TÀI LIỆU
Thông tin cơ bản
Định dạng
Số trang
41
Dung lượng
542 KB
Nội dung
Young et al. 2002, Gravity waves in Jupiter's stratosphere Submitted to Icarus Dec 11, 2002 Gravity waves in Jupiter’s stratosphere, as measured by the Galileo ASI experiment Leslie A Young Southwest Research Institute,1050 Walnut St Suite 400, Boulder CO 80302 Roger V Yelle Lunar and Planetary Lab, University of Arizona, 1629 E Univ Blvd, Tucson AZ 85721 Richard Young, Alvin Seiff* NASA Ames Research Center, MS 245-3, Moffett Field CA, 94035 Donn B Kirk 37465 Riverside Dr, Pleasant Hill, OR 97455 * Deceased Submitted to Icarus December 10, 2002 40 manuscript pages, including 7 figures and 5 tables Young et al. 2002, Gravity waves in Jupiter's stratosphere Running head: Gravity waves in Jupiter's stratosphere Direct editorial correspondence to: Leslie A. Young Southwest Research Institute 1050 Walnut St. Suite 400 Boulder CO 80302 email: layoung@boulder.swri.edu Phone: (303) 5466057 FAX: (303) 5469687 Submitted to Icarus Dec 11, 2002 Young et al. 2002, Gravity waves in Jupiter's stratosphere Submitted to Icarus Dec 11, 2002 Abstract The temperatures in Jupiter's stratosphere, as measured by the Galileo Atmosphere Structure Instrument (ASI), show fluctuations that have been interpreted as gravity waves. We present a detailed description of these fluctuations, showing that they are not likely to be due to either measurement error or isotropic turbulence. These fluctuations share features with gravity waves observed in the terrestrial middle atmosphere, including the shape and amplitude of the power spectrum of temperature with respect to vertical wavenumber. Under the gravity wave interpretation, we calculate ranges of energy deposition and heat fluxes, place limits on the eddy Prandtl number, and compare predicted and observed eddy diffusion coefficients. We find that wave heating or cooling is likely to be important in Jupiter's upper stratosphere, that the Prandtl number lies between 1 and 4.4, and that diffusive filtering theory is a poor predictor of the eddy diffusion coefficient in Jupiter's atmosphere Keywords: ATMOSPHERES, DYNAMICS; JUPITER, ATMOSPHERE; Young et al. 2002, Gravity waves in Jupiter's stratosphere Submitted to Icarus Dec 11, 2002 Introduction The Atmosphere Structure Instrument (ASI) on the Galileo probe measured densities and temperatures in Jupiter’s stratosphere that vary on scales ranging from 50 km to the limit of the resolution (24 km/point). Temperature variations on scales less than a scale height have also been seen in stellar occultations (e.g., French and Gierasch 1974) and radio occultations (Lindel et al. 1981). Interpretations of these smallscale temperature variations include turbulence (Jokipii and Hubbard 1977), gravity waves (French and Gierasch 1974), or planetaryscale, longerlived phenomena (Allison 1990, Friedson 1999) The characteristics of the temperature or density variations are the key to interpreting the data in terms of the underlying dynamics. The ASI data combines high vertical resolution with a large range of altitudes, permitting a more detailed examination of the statistics of Jupiter's stratosphere than previously possible Stratospheric temperature and density fluctuations have also been reported in the middle atmospheres of Titan and the other giant planets (e.g., Cooray et al. 1998, Sicardy et al. 1985, Roques et al. 1994). The quantitative description of the thermal and density variations presented here will help with comparative planetology, by establishing whether temperature variations in the outer planets exhibit a “universal power spectrum,” as temperatures appear to do in the Earth’s middle atmosphere (VanZandt 1982) We describe the ASI measurements and errors in Section 2. In Section 3, we present a statistical analysis of Jupiter’s stratosphere, with interpretation. The results are discussed in Section 4, and our conclusions are summarized in Section 5 Observations The Galileo probe entered Jupiter’s atmosphere at a latitude of 6.5° North in December 1995. The temperatures presented here (Fig 1) are based on the deceleration of the probe measured by two axial accelerometers on the Atmosphere Structure Instrument Young et al. 2002, Gravity waves in Jupiter's stratosphere Submitted to Icarus Dec 11, 2002 (ASI) during the probe entry phase, before parachute deployment (Sieff et al. 1992; Seiff et al. 1998, hereafter S98). The measurements made by the ASI are presented in detail in S98. We expand on S98 here by including an analysis of the statistical errors in the densities and temperatures at the smallest scales In this paper, we concentrate on Jupiter’s atmosphere between the troposphere (dominated by convection) and the thermosphere (dominated by conduction). This region is dominated by radiative processes, and corresponds to the stratosphere and mesosphere in the terrestrial atmosphere. Since Jupiter, unlike Earth, has no welldefined stratopause, this entire region is referred to as either the middle atmosphere or the stratosphere; the interface between this region and the thermosphere is usually referred to as the mesopause, again in analogy with terrestrial terminology. For the remainder of the paper, we will refer to this radiative region as the stratosphere. By this definition, Jupiter’s stratosphere, as measured by the ASI profile, extends from the tropopause at 28 km (280 mbar) to the mesopause at ~350 km (~0.001 mbar). The altitudes in this paper are defined relative to the 1 bar level, and are identical to those from S98 Insert Figure 1 (Temperatures derived by the Galileo ASI) The ASI used two accelerometers, denoted z 1 and z2. S98 determined that there was no systematic difference between the temperature profiles measured by the two accelerometers, and presented only the z1 data. Because this paper is concerned with the statistics of temperature and density fluctuations at the smallest scales, we analyze data from both accelerometers Additionally, eight data points in the stratosphere that appeared anomalous were smoothed for the profile presented in S98. However, these points do not deviate statistically from the mean temperature profile; two of the smoothed points are d 2 T from the mean temperature, where T is the standard deviation of the observed temperatures, and the remaining six points are 0.5 s for km waves and P >> 3.5 s for 20 km waves Similarly, because the probe’s horizontal velocity (vx) is much larger than its vertical velocity (vz), we conclude that the temperature and density fluctuations are highly stratified. The observed temperature and 10 Young et al. 2002, Gravity waves in Jupiter's stratosphere Figure 1 27 Submitted to Icarus Dec 11, 2002 Young et al. 2002, Gravity waves in Jupiter's stratosphere 28 Submitted to Icarus Dec 11, 2002 Young et al. 2002, Gravity waves in Jupiter's stratosphere Figure 2 29 Submitted to Icarus Dec 11, 2002 Young et al. 2002, Gravity waves in Jupiter's stratosphere Figure 3 30 Submitted to Icarus Dec 11, 2002 Young et al. 2002, Gravity waves in Jupiter's stratosphere 31 Submitted to Icarus Dec 11, 2002 Young et al. 2002, Gravity waves in Jupiter's stratosphere Figure 4 Figure 5 32 Submitted to Icarus Dec 11, 2002 Young et al. 2002, Gravity waves in Jupiter's stratosphere Figure 6 33 Submitted to Icarus Dec 11, 2002 Young et al. 2002, Gravity waves in Jupiter's stratosphere Figure 7 34 Submitted to Icarus Dec 11, 2002 Young et al. 2002, Gravity waves in Jupiter's stratosphere Submitted to Icarus Dec 11, 2002 Table I: Accelerometer data for sensor z1 Time before start of descent mode t (s) 147.742 147.117 146.492 145.867 145.242 144.617 143.992 143.367 142.742 142.117 141.492 140.867 140.242 139.617 138.992 138.367 137.742 137.117 136.492 135.867 135.242 134.617 133.992 133.367 132.742 132.117 131.492 130.867 130.242 129.617 128.992 128.367 127.742 127.117 126.492 125.867 125.242 124.617 123.992 123.367 122.742 122.117 121.492 120.867 120.242 119.617 Vertical velocity vz (km/s) Altitude z (km) Density (kg/m3) Pressure p (mb) Temper ature T (K) Molecular weight Fractional acceleration resolution a 47.4605 47.4619 47.4632 47.4644 47.4655 47.4665 47.4675 47.4682 47.4688 47.4691 47.4691 47.4688 47.4681 47.4671 47.4656 47.4635 47.4606 47.4568 47.4522 47.4467 47.4402 47.4322 47.4221 47.4102 47.3961 47.3795 47.3605 47.3377 47.3111 47.2800 47.2436 47.2012 47.1517 47.0921 47.0238 46.9471 46.8571 46.7556 46.6363 46.4963 46.3380 46.1598 45.9620 45.7382 45.4845 45.1981 326.453 322.399 318.354 314.320 310.294 306.278 302.272 298.275 294.288 290.310 286.342 282.384 278.435 274.496 270.566 266.646 262.736 258.836 254.946 251.066 247.196 243.336 239.486 235.647 231.819 228.001 224.194 220.398 216.614 212.842 209.082 205.334 201.600 197.879 194.173 190.482 186.806 183.147 179.506 175.884 172.282 168.703 165.147 161.615 158.111 154.635 1311E06 1487E06 1717E06 1901E06 2115E06 2362E06 2816E06 3780E06 4318E06 5409E06 6679E06 7803E06 9250E06 1040E05 1211E05 1501E05 1805E05 2103E05 2424E05 2733E05 3184E05 3821E05 4650E05 5239E05 6200E05 7092E05 8153E05 9765E05 1113E04 1315E04 1515E04 1772E04 2078E04 2505E04 2792E04 3176E04 3778E04 4193E04 5087E04 5852E04 6606E04 7473E04 8334E04 9614E04 1096E03 1252E03 9387E03 1069E02 1218E02 1386E02 1572E02 1778E02 2014E02 2320E02 2688E02 3132E02 3687E02 4345E02 5124E02 6013E02 7024E02 8250E02 9742E02 1150E01 1353E01 1583E01 1846E01 2157E01 2535E01 2971E01 3477E01 4062E01 4729E01 5517E01 6426E01 7484E01 8710E01 1013E+00 1178E+00 1377E+00 1603E+00 1856E+00 2153E+00 2487E+00 2879E+00 3338E+00 3856E+00 4440E+00 5088E+00 5821E+00 6654E+00 7597E+00 196.0 197.1 194.8 200.6 204.7 207.6 197.5 169.6 172.1 160.2 152.8 154.3 153.5 160.4 160.9 152.5 149.8 151.8 155.0 160.8 161.0 156.7 151.4* 157.5 155.8 159.1 161.1 156.9 160.4 158.1 159.8 158.8 157.5 152.7* 159.5 162.4 158.3 164.8* 157.3 158.5 162.2 165.1 169.6 168.2 168.7 168.7 2.275 2.279 2.282 2.285 2.289 2.292 2.295 2.297 2.298 2.299 2.301 2.302 2.303 2.305 2.305 2.306 2.306 2.307 2.307 2.308 2.308 2.308 2.308 2.308 2.308 2.308 2.308 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 1.1E03 9.6E04 8.4E04 7.7E04 7.1E04 6.5E04 5.7E04 4.7E04 4.2E04 3.5E04 2.9E04 8.0E03 6.8E03 6.1E03 5.3E03 4.3E03 3.6E03 3.1E03 2.7E03 2.4E03 2.1E03 1.8E03 1.5E03 1.3E03 1.1E03 9.6E04 8.4E04 7.1E04 6.2E04 5.3E04 1.5E02 1.3E02 1.1E02 9.2E03 8.3E03 7.3E03 6.2E03 5.6E03 4.6E03 4.1E03 3.6E03 3.2E03 2.9E03 2.5E03 2.3E03 2.0E03 35 Young et al. 2002, Gravity waves in Jupiter's stratosphere 118.992 44.8756 151.191 118.367 44.4997 147.782 117.742 44.0776 144.410 117.117 43.6069 141.080 116.492 43.0657 137.796 115.867 42.4523 134.562 115.242 41.7770 131.383 114.617 41.0220 128.264 113.992 40.1759 125.211 113.367 39.2315 122.231 112.742 38.1945 119.329 112.117 37.0629 116.513 111.492 35.8555 113.788 110.867 34.5926 111.158 110.242 33.2806 108.626 109.617 31.9193 106.195 108.992 30.5194 103.868 108.367 29.1193 101.646 107.742 27.7300 99.528 107.117 26.3602 97.511 106.492 25.0191 95.594 105.867 23.7100 93.774 105.242 22.4298 92.048 104.617 21.1923 90.413 103.992 20.0064 88.865 103.367 18.8715 87.401 102.742 17.7867 86.015 102.117 16.7547 84.705 101.492 15.7847 83.467 100.867 14.8593 82.294 100.242 13.9827 81.186 99.617 13.1548 80.137 98.992 12.3741 79.144 98.367 11.6409 78.204 97.742 10.9580 77.312 97.117 10.3178 76.467 96.492 9.7129 75.664 * Smoothed in S98 (see text) .1433E03 1708E03 1905E03 2195E03 2589E03 2960E03 3331E03 3875E03 4469E03 5172E03 5879E03 6715E03 7447E03 8221E03 9087E03 1012E02 1108E02 1195E02 1284E02 1385E02 1486E02 1604E02 1740E02 1859E02 1988E02 2130E02 2283E02 2432E02 2564E02 2784E02 2943E02 3154E02 3344E02 3545E02 3711E02 3951E02 4195E02 8662E+00 9907E+00 1131E+01 1289E+01 1471E+01 1679E+01 1910E+01 2170E+01 2464E+01 2797E+01 3169E+01 3580E+01 4027E+01 4505E+01 5012E+01 5553E+01 6125E+01 6717E+01 7325E+01 7950E+01 8587E+01 9239E+01 9909E+01 1059E+02 1128E+02 1198E+02 1269E+02 1341E+02 1412E+02 1485E+02 1559E+02 1633E+02 1708E+02 1783E+02 1858E+02 1933E+02 2009E+02 36 Submitted to Icarus Dec 11, 2002 167.9 161.1* 165.0 163.1 157.8 157.6 159.3* 155.6 153.2 150.3 149.8 148.1* 150.3 152.3 153.3 152.5 153.7 156.2 158.5 159.5 160.6 160.1 158.3* 158.3 157.7 156.3 154.4 153.2 153.1* 148.2 147.2 143.9 141.9 139.8 139.1 136.0 133.1 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 1.8E03 1.5E03 1.4E03 1.2E03 1.1E03 9.4E04 8.6E04 7.7E04 6.8E04 6.2E04 5.7E04 5.2E04 4.9E04 4.7E04 4.6E04 4.4E04 4.3E04 4.4E04 4.4E04 4.5E04 4.6E04 4.7E04 4.8E04 5.0E04 5.3E04 5.5E04 5.8E04 6.1E04 6.5E04 6.7E04 7.2E04 7.6E04 8.1E04 8.6E04 9.3E04 9.8E04 1.0E03 Young et al. 2002, Gravity waves in Jupiter's stratosphere Time before start of descent mode t (s) 144.930 144.305 143.680 143.055 142.430 141.805 141.180 140.555 139.930 139.305 138.680 138.055 137.430 136.805 136.180 135.555 134.930 134.305 133.680 133.055 132.430 131.805 131.180 130.555 129.930 129.305 128.680 128.055 127.430 126.805 126.180 125.555 124.930 124.305 123.680 123.055 122.430 121.805 121.180 120.555 119.930 119.305 118.680 118.055 117.430 116.805 116.180 Submitted to Icarus Dec 11, 2002 Table II: Accelerometer data for sensor z2 Vertical velocity vz (km/s) Altitude z (km) Density (kg/m3) Pressure p (mb) Temper ature T (K) Molecular weight Fractional acceleration resolution a 47.4660 47.4670 47.4679 47.4685 47.4690 47.4692 47.4690 47.4685 47.4677 47.4665 47.4647 47.4622 47.4589 47.4547 47.4497 47.4438 47.4366 47.4276 47.4167 47.4039 47.3887 47.3709 47.3497 47.3249 47.2961 47.2623 47.2231 47.1780 47.1234 47.0599 46.9895 46.9055 46.8091 46.6996 46.5692 46.4206 46.2539 46.0668 45.8582 45.6210 45.3508 45.0485 44.6959 44.2941 43.8497 43.3447 42.7651 308.285 304.274 300.273 296.280 292.298 288.325 284.362 280.408 276.464 272.530 268.605 264.690 260.785 256.890 253.005 249.129 245.264 241.410 237.565 233.731 229.908 226.096 222.295 218.505 214.727 210.960 207.206 203.465 199.738 196.024 192.325 188.641 184.974 181.323 177.692 174.080 170.489 166.921 163.376 159.858 156.367 152.907 149.479 146.088 142.737 139.429 136.170 2234E06 2526E06 3432E06 3972E06 4803E06 6058E06 7225E06 8383E06 9610E06 1112E05 1368E05 1629E05 1956E05 2240E05 2567E05 2905E05 3514E05 4161E05 4911E05 5670E05 6590E05 7682E05 9075E05 1042E04 1214E04 1417E04 1627E04 1886E04 2311E04 2597E04 2909E04 3556E04 3971E04 4601E04 5525E04 6154E04 6987E04 7863E04 8858E04 1025E03 1174E03 1330E03 1598E03 1804E03 2037E03 2392E03 2787E03 1675E02 1891E02 2166E02 2508E02 2908E02 3406E02 4013E02 4724E02 5541E02 6473E02 7596E02 8945E02 1056E01 1245E01 1460E01 1703E01 1989E01 2330E01 2733E01 3200E01 3741E01 4367E01 5103E01 5954E01 6937E01 8082E01 9399E01 1091E+00 1273E+00 1483E+00 1716E+00 1994E+00 2311E+00 2671E+00 3099E+00 3586E+00 4132E+00 4744E+00 5427E+00 6205E+00 7094E+00 8090E+00 9257E+00 1059E+01 1207E+01 1377E+01 1573E+01 206.6 206.6 174.4 174.6 167.4 155.6 153.8 156.1 159.8 161.5 154.1 152.3 149.9 154.2 157.9 162.8 157.2 155.5 154.5 156.8 157.6 157.9 156.2 158.8 158.8 158.4 160.5 160.7 153.0 158.7 163.9 155.8 161.7 161.3 155.8 161.9 164.3 167.6 170.2 168.1 167.9 169.0 160.9 163.2 164.7 160.0 156.8 2.290 2.293 2.296 2.297 2.299 2.300 2.301 2.303 2.304 2.305 2.305 2.306 2.306 2.307 2.307 2.308 2.308 2.308 2.308 2.308 2.308 2.308 2.308 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 6.8E04 6.1E04 5.0E04 4.5E04 3.8E04 3.2E04 2.7E04 7.5E03 6.6E03 5.8E03 4.8E03 4.0E03 3.4E03 3.0E03 2.6E03 2.3E03 1.9E03 1.6E03 1.4E03 1.2E03 1.0E03 9.0E04 7.7E04 6.7E04 5.8E04 1.6E02 1.4E02 1.2E02 9.9E03 8.9E03 8.0E03 6.6E03 5.9E03 5.1E03 4.3E03 3.9E03 3.4E03 3.1E03 2.7E03 2.4E03 2.1E03 1.9E03 1.6E03 1.4E03 1.3E03 1.1E03 9.9E04 37 Young et al. 2002, Gravity waves in Jupiter's stratosphere 115.555 114.930 114.305 113.680 113.055 112.430 111.805 111.180 110.555 109.930 109.305 108.680 108.055 107.430 106.805 106.180 105.555 104.930 104.305 103.680 103.055 102.430 101.805 101.180 100.555 99.930 99.305 98.680 98.055 97.430 96.805 96.180 95.555 42.1183 41.4055 40.6130 39.7216 38.7333 37.6451 36.4716 35.2275 33.9362 32.6047 31.2263 29.8277 28.4333 27.0537 25.6982 24.3787 23.0822 21.8222 20.6130 19.4497 18.3324 17.2673 16.2695 15.3216 14.4246 13.5745 12.7688 12.0135 11.3106 10.6513 10.0282 9.4429 8.8987 132.963 129.814 126.727 123.709 120.767 117.907 115.135 112.457 109.876 107.395 105.016 102.741 100.570 98.502 96.535 94.665 92.891 91.210 89.617 88.110 86.685 85.338 84.063 82.858 81.718 80.638 79.617 78.650 77.734 76.865 76.039 75.255 74.510 3147E03 3575E03 4120E03 4807E03 5502E03 6325E03 7085E03 7896E03 8625E03 9523E03 1058E02 1146E02 1236E02 1332E02 1431E02 1532E02 1676E02 1791E02 1917E02 2066E02 2219E02 2366E02 2478E02 2681E02 2833E02 3048E02 3246E02 3421E02 3588E02 3819E02 4062E02 4266E02 4430E02 1793E+01 2037E+01 2312E+01 2624E+01 2975E+01 3367E+01 3798E+01 4263E+01 4757E+01 5278E+01 5834E+01 6415E+01 7014E+01 7630E+01 8260E+01 8902E+01 9563E+01 1024E+02 1092E+02 1162E+02 1233E+02 1305E+02 1376E+02 1448E+02 1521E+02 1595E+02 1669E+02 1744E+02 1819E+02 1893E+02 1969E+02 2045E+02 2120E+02 38 Submitted to Icarus Dec 11, 2002 158.3 158.4 155.9 151.7 150.2 147.9 149.0 150.0 153.3 154.0 153.2 155.6 157.7 159.2 160.4 161.4 158.5 158.8 158.4 156.3 154.4 153.2 154.3 150.1 149.2 145.4 142.9 141.7 140.8 137.7 134.7 133.2 133.0 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 9.0E04 8.2E04 7.3E04 6.5E04 5.9E04 5.4E04 5.1E04 4.8E04 4.7E04 4.5E04 4.4E04 4.4E04 4.4E04 4.5E04 4.6E04 4.7E04 4.8E04 5.0E04 5.2E04 5.4E04 5.6E04 5.9E04 6.3E04 6.6E04 7.0E04 7.4E04 7.8E04 8.4E04 9.0E04 9.5E04 1.0E03 1.1E03 1.2E03 Young et al. 2002, Gravity waves in Jupiter's stratosphere Submitted to Icarus Dec 11, 2002 Table III: Measurements characteristics of the Galileo ASI profile used in this paper Altitude range, z (km) Pressure range, p (mbar) Time range, t (s from start of descent mode) Latitude, (°) West longitude, system III, (°) Number of data points per accelerometer Vertical resolution (for one accelerometer), km Vertical velocity, vz (km/s) Velocity, V (km/s) Angle of attack (°) 39 290 90 0.00310.77 (–142)(–104) 6.5 4° 3° 60 3.91.6 6.42.5 47.520.9 7.7 6.9 Young et al. 2002, Gravity waves in Jupiter's stratosphere Submitted to Icarus Dec 11, 2002 Table IV: Physical characteristics of the Galileo ASI profile used in this paper Mean gravitational acceleration, g (m s–2) 23.15 Mean temperature, T0 (K) 158.1 Mean scale height, H (km) 24.6 Adiabatic lapse rate, (K km–1) 2.11 BruntVäisällä frequency, (s–1) 0.0174 Coriolis frequency, f (s–1) 4.0105 RMS temperature, T (K) 5.0 Thermal gradients Mean gradient (K/km) 0.029±0.006 Variance (K2/km2) 0.98±0.01 Skewness (unitless) 0.42±0.25 Power spectra Amplitude a (unitless) 1/10 Critical wavelength L* (km) 30.3 Small wavelength exponent t Large wavelength exponent s 40 Young et al. 2002, Gravity waves in Jupiter's stratosphere Submitted to Icarus Dec 11, 2002 Table V: Prominent wavetrains in Jupiter's stratosphere A B range in fit (km) 75175 175205 background temperature, b (K) 152.85±0.28 158.85±0.36 background gradient, d (K/km) 0.472±0.063 0.153±0.042 background 2nd derivative, q (K/km2) 0.0048±0.0013 0 (fixed) wave amplitude at z0, a (K) 10.54±0.97 3.87±0.40 altitude of wave phase=0, z0 (km) 108.60±0.31 190.67±0.17 vertical wavelength, Lz = 2/m (km) 67.93 ±3.38 10.37±0.21 damping parameter, (1/km) 0.0223±0.0019 0.0018±0.0117 diffusion timescale (s1) 4106 2104 wavelengths in fitted range 1.5 2.9 suggested interpretation longlived critically damped feature gravity wave 41 C 240280 154.56±0.34 0.104±0.027 0 (fixed) 6.31±0.42 267.32±0.22 23.84±0.45 0.0178±0.0069 4105 1.7 undamped gravity wave ... measurements through this range are summarized? ?in? ?Table III Insert Table 3 (ASI? ?characteristics of? ?the? ?region considered here) The? ?basic measurement during? ?the? ?ASI? ?entry phase is? ?the? ?deceleration of? ?the? ?probe The error in the measured. .. region? ?as ? ?the? ?stratosphere.? ?By? ?this definition, ? ?Jupiter’s stratosphere,? ?as? ?measured? ?by? ?the? ?ASI? ?profile, extends from? ?the? ?tropopause at 28 km (280 mbar) to? ?the? ?mesopause at ~350 km (~0.001 mbar).? ?The? ?altitudes? ?in? ?this paper are defined... accelerometer individually, to avoid introducing artifacts arising from small differences in the altitude or temperature scale We average the logs of the independent PSDs (Pfenninger 1999), increasing? ?the? ?SNR of? ?the? ?final PSD The resulting PSD