U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES: Public Health Service Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry doc

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR DDT, DDE, and DDD U.S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry September 2002 DDT, DDE, and DDD ii DISCLAIMER The use of company or product name(s) is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry DDT, DDE, and DDD iii UPDATE STATEMENT Toxicological profiles are revised and republished as necessary, but no less than once every three years For information regarding the update status of previously released profiles, contact ATSDR at: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Division of Toxicology/Toxicology Information Branch 1600 Clifton Road NE, E-29 Atlanta, Georgia 30333 V FOmWORD This toxicological profile is prepared in accordance with guidelines* developed by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) The original guidelines were published in the Federal Register on April 17, 1987 Each profile will be revised and republished as necessary The ATSDR toxicological profile succinctly characterizes the toxicologic and adverse health effects information for the hazardous substance described therein Each peer-reviewed profile identifies and reviews the key literature that describes a hazardous substance's toxicologic properties Other pertinent literature is also presented, but is described in less detail than the key studies The profile is not intended to be an exhaustive document; however, more comprehensive sources of specialty information are referenced The focus of the profiles is on health and toxicologic information; therefore, each toxicological profile begins with a public health statement that describes, in nontechnical language, a substance's reIevant toxicological properties Following the public health statement is information concerning levels of si,gnificant human exposure and, where known, significant health effects The adequacy of information to determine a substance's health effects is described in a health effects summary Data needs that are of significance to protection of public health are identified by ATSDR and EPA Each profile includes the following: The examination, summary, and interpretation of available toxicologic information and epidemiologic evaluations on a hazardous substance to ascertain the levels of significant human exposure for the substance and the associated acute, subacute, and chronic health effects; A determination of whether adequate information on the health effects of each substance is available or in the process of development to determine levels of exposure that present a significant risk to human health of acute, subacute, and chronic health effects; and Where appropriate, identification of toxicologic testing needed to identify the types or levels of exposure that may present significant risk of adverse health effects in humans principal audiences for the toxicological profiles are health professionals at the federal, state, and local levels; interested private sector organizations and groups; and members of the public This profile reflects ATSDRs assessment of all relevant toxicologic testing and information that has been peer-reviewed Staff of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and other federal scientists have also reviewed the profile In addition, this profile has been peer-reviewed by a nongovernmental panel and was made available for public review Final responsibility for the contents and views expressed in this toxicological profile resides with ATSDR Administrator Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry DDT, DDE, and DDD vi *Legislative Background The toxicological profiles are developed in response to the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) of 1986 (Public law 99-499) which amended the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA or Superfund) This public law directed ATSDR to prepared toxicological profiles for hazardous substances most commonly found at facilities on the CERCLA National Priorities List and that pose the most significant potential threat to human health, as determined by ATSDR and the EPA The availability of the revised priority list of 275 hazardous substances was announced in the Federal Register on November 17, 1997 (62 FR 61332) For prior versions of the list of substances, see Federal Register notices dated April 29, 1996 (61 FR 18744); April 17, 1987 (52 FR 12866); October 20, 1988 (53 FR 41280); October 26, 1989 (54 FR 43619); October 17, 1990 (55 FR 42067); October 17, 1991 (56 FR 52166); October 28, 1992 (57 FR 48801); and February 28, 1994 (59 FR 9486) Section 104(i)(3) of CERCLA, as amended, directs the Administrator of ATSDR to prepare a toxicological profile for each substance on the list DDT, DDE, and DDD vii QUICK REFERENCE FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS Toxicological Profiles are a unique compilation of toxicological information on a given hazardous substance Each profile reflects a comprehensive and extensive evaluation, summary, and interpretation of available toxicologic and epidemiologic information on a substance Health care providers treating patients potentially exposed to hazardous substances will find the following information helpful for fast answers to often-asked questions Primary Chapters/Sections of Interest Chapter 1: Public Health Statement: The Public Health Statement can be a useful tool for educating patients about possible exposure to a hazardous substance It explains a substance’s relevant toxicologic properties in a nontechnical, question-and-answer format, and it includes a review of the general health effects observed following exposure Chapter 2: Relevance to Public Health: The Relevance to Public Health Section evaluates, interprets, and assesses the significance of toxicity data to human health Chapter 3: Health Effects: Specific health effects of a given hazardous compound are reported by type of health effect (death, systemic, immunologic, reproductive), by route of exposure, and by length of exposure (acute, intermediate, and chronic) In addition, both human and animal studies are reported in this section NOTE: Not all health effects reported in this section are necessarily observed in the clinical setting Please refer to the Public Health Statement to identify general health effects observed following exposure Pediatrics: Four new sections have been added to each Toxicological Profile to address child health issues: Section 1.6 How Can (Chemical X) Affect Children? Section 1.7 How Can Families Reduce the Risk of Exposure to (Chemical X)? Section 3.8 Children’s Susceptibility Section 6.6 Exposures of Children Other Sections of Interest: Section 3.9 Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect Section 3.12 Methods for Reducing Toxic Effects ATSDR Information Center Phone: 1-888-42-ATSDR or (404) 498-0110 E-mail: atsdric@cdc.gov Fax: (404) 498-0057 Internet: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov The following additional material can be ordered through the ATSDR Information Center: Case Studies in Environmental Medicine: Taking an Exposure History—The importance of taking an exposure history and how to conduct one are described, and an example of a thorough exposure history is provided Other case studies of interest include Reproductive and Developmental Hazards; Skin Lesions and Environmental Exposures; Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Pesticide Toxicity; and numerous chemical-specific case studies DDT, DDE, and DDD viii Managing Hazardous Materials Incidents is a three-volume set of recommendations for on-scene (prehospital) and hospital medical management of patients exposed during a hazardous materials incident Volumes I and II are planning guides to assist first responders and hospital emergency department personnel in planning for incidents that involve hazardous materials Volume III—Medical Management Guidelines for Acute Chemical Exposures—is a guide for health care professionals treating patients exposed to hazardous materials Fact Sheets (ToxFAQs) provide answers to frequently asked questions about toxic substances Other Agencies and Organizations The National Center for Environmental Health (NCEH) focuses on preventing or controlling disease, injury, and disability related to the interactions between people and their environment outside the workplace Contact: NCEH, Mailstop F-29, 4770 Buford Highway, NE, Atlanta, GA 30341­ 3724 • Phone: 770-488-7000 • FAX: 770-488-7015 The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conducts research on occupational diseases and injuries, responds to requests for assistance by investigating problems of health and safety in the workplace, recommends standards to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA), and trains professionals in occupational safety and health Contact: NIOSH, 200 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20201 • Phone: 800-356-4674 or NIOSH Technical Information Branch, Robert A Taft Laboratory, Mailstop C-19, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45226-1998 • Phone: 800-35-NIOSH The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) is the principal federal agency for biomedical research on the effects of chemical, physical, and biologic environmental agents on human health and well-being Contact: NIEHS, PO Box 12233, 104 T.W Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 • Phone: 919-541-3212 Referrals The Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics (AOEC) has developed a network of clinics in the United States to provide expertise in occupational and environmental issues Contact: AOEC, 1010 Vermont Avenue, NW, #513, Washington, DC 20005 • Phone: 202-347-4976 • FAX: 202-347-4950 • e-mail: AOEC@AOEC.ORG • Web Page: http://www.aoec.org/ The American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (ACOEM) is an association of physicians and other health care providers specializing in the field of occupational and environmental medicine Contact: ACOEM, 55 West Seegers Road, Arlington Heights, IL 60005 • Phone: 847-818-1800 • FAX: 847-818-9266 DDT, DDE, and DDD ix CONTRIBUTORS CHEMICAL MANAGER(S)/AUTHORS(S): Obaid Faroon, Ph.D M Olivia Harris, M.A ATSDR, Division of Toxicology, Atlanta, GA Fernando Llados, Ph.D Steven Swarts, Ph.D Gloria Sage, Ph.D Mario Citra, Ph.D Daniel Gefell, M.S Syracuse Research Corporation, North Syracuse, NY THE PROFILE HAS UNDERGONE THE FOLLOWING ATSDR INTERNAL REVIEWS: Health Effects Review The Health Effects Review Committee examines the health effects chapter of each profile for consistency and accuracy in interpreting health effects and classifying end points Minimal Risk Level Review The Minimal Risk Level Workgroup considers issues relevant to substance-specific minimal risk levels (MRLs), reviews the health effects database of each profile, and makes recommendations for derivation of MRLs Data Needs Review The Research Implementation Branch reviews data needs sections to assure consistency across profiles and adherence to instructions in the Guidance DDT, DDE, and DDD Table D-1 DDT/DDE/DDD Hazard Identification in Wildlife: Health Effects Observed in Experimental Toxicological Studies in Wildlife (continued) Birds: raptors, wading birds, water birds (continued) Adverse biological effect Bald eagle Eggshell Thinning egg breakage eggshell thickness American kestrel Doublecrested cormorant Puffin Mallard duck OI,C4 OC1,5 OI1,5,7 NOC10 White Pekin duck OI,C nestling weight nestling foot pad growth nestling plumage development chick thermo regulation testicular feminization abnormal oviducts OI5 NOI,C5,10 OI,C1 OI7 OI7 OA7 Black duck Barn owl OI5 Sandhill crane OI,C1,5 NOC10 OI,C4 Clapper Rail OI,C7 OI5 Redtailed hawks OI,C7 Gull APPENDIX D Developmental chick behavior chick early survival White pelican OI5 NOI3 NOI3 NOI3 OI7 OI2,12 OI2,12 Genotoxic Cancer D-35 TABLE KEY: NO = evaluated, but not observed; O = observed Subscript (Exposure Duration): A = acute; I = intermediate; C = chronic Superscript (Chemical Identity): = p,p’-DDT; = o,p’-DDT; = technical grade DDT; = unspecified DDT; = p,p’-DDE; = o,p’-DDE; = unspecified DDE; = p,p’-DDD; = o,p’-DDD; 10 = technical grade DDD; 11 = unspecified DDD; 12 = DDT/DDE/DDD mixture DDT, DDE, and DDD Table D-1 DDT/DDE/DDD Hazard Identification in Wildlife: Health Effects Observed in Experimental Toxicological Studies in Wildlife (continued) Birds: gallinaceous birds Adverse Biological Effect Mortality immature mature Bobwhite quail Japanese quail California quail OI4,5 OA3,4,5,10 OA3,4 OI4,5 NOI4 NOC4 OA4,5,10 OA1,2 OI1 NOC4 Pharol D-1 quail Crowned Guinea fowl Domestic fowl OA3,11 Ring-necked pheasant OI4,5 OA1,4,5,10,11 OA4 OI3,4,5 Systemic Effects NOI3 Cardiovascular gross heart lesions NOI3 Gastrointestinal Hematological hemoglobin RBC count hematocrit NOI OI3 OA OA NOI OA APPENDIX D Respiratory gross lung lesions NOI4 OI4 NOI4 NOI4 Musculoskeletal gross muscle lesions NOI3 D-36 TABLE KEY: NO = evaluated, but not observed; O = observed Subscript (Exposure Duration): A = acute; I = intermediate; C = chronic Superscript (Chemical Identity): = p,p’-DDT; = o,p’-DDT; = technical grade DDT; = unspecified DDT; = p,p’-DDE; = o,p’-DDE; = unspecified DDE; = p,p’-DDD; = o,p’-DDD; 10 = technical grade DDD; 11 = unspecified DDD; 12 = DDT/DDE/DDD mixture DDT, DDE, and DDD Table D-1 DDT/DDE/DDD Hazard Identification in Wildlife: Health Effects Observed in Experimental Toxicological Studies in Wildlife (continued) Birds: gallinaceous birds (continued) Adverse Biological Effect Hepatic liver weight Bobwhite quail Japanese quail OI3 NOI1,2,4,5,8 OI5 plasma hepatic enzyme activity liver microsomal enzyme activity Pharol D-1 quail Crowned Guinea fowl Domestic fowl NOI1 NOA3 OI5 OA3 OA1,2,5,6,8,9 OI1,4,5,8 NOI3 OI3 OA,I3 NOI4 NOA3 OA NOA,I2 A NO OI3 A O OA,I3 NOI3 NOI3 NOI1 OI3 OI3 OI3 OI3 OA9 OA3 NOI4 D-37 Dermal/ocular TABLE KEY: NO = evaluated, but not observed; O = observed NOI3 NOI4 NOI4 NOI4 Renal gross kidney lesions Endocrine adrenal weight adrenal microscopic lesions thyroid weight thyroid iodine uptake adrenal histology blood sugar level Ring-necked pheasant APPENDIX D microsomal protein level liver lipid liver microscopic lesions blood cholesterol serum lipid serum protein fibrinogen level prothrombin time microsomal hormone metabolism California quail Subscript (Exposure Duration): A = acute; I = intermediate; C = chronic Superscript (Chemical Identity): = p,p’-DDT; = o,p’-DDT; = technical grade DDT; = unspecified DDT; = p,p’-DDE; = o,p’-DDE; = unspecified DDE; = p,p’-DDD; = o,p’-DDD; 10 = technical grade DDD; 11 = unspecified DDD; 12 = DDT/DDE/DDD mixture DDT, DDE, and DDD Table D-1 DDT/DDE/DDD Hazard Identification in Wildlife: Health Effects Observed in Experimental Toxicological Studies in Wildlife (continued) Birds: gallinaceous birds (continued) Adverse Biological Effect Body weight loss or reduced gain Bobwhite quail Japanese quail NOI OA3 NOI 1,2,5 OA2 NOC4 decreased food consumption blood Na+ blood lactic acid blood osmolarity blood phosphorous blood pCO2 blood pO2 blood pH Pharol D-1 quail Crowned Guinea fowl Domestic fowl Ring-necked pheasant NOI1,4 OA3 OI4 OA3 NOI3 OI4 OA3 OA NOA,I2 NOA3 NOA3 OI3 OA3 NOA3 NOA3 Immunological/ Lymphoreticular spleen weight bursa weight bursal lesions BSA antibody formation SRBC plaque-forming cells serum immunoglobulins phagocytic index NOI4 NOA3 APPENDIX D Metabolic oxygen consumption blood urea blood K+ blood calcium California quail NOI4 NOI1 NOI1 OI1 OI1 NOI1 OI1 NOI1 D-38 TABLE KEY: NO = evaluated, but not observed; O = observed Subscript (Exposure Duration): A = acute; I = intermediate; C = chronic Superscript (Chemical Identity): = p,p’-DDT; = o,p’-DDT; = technical grade DDT; = unspecified DDT; = p,p’-DDE; = o,p’-DDE; = unspecified DDE; = p,p’-DDD; = o,p’-DDD; 10 = technical grade DDD; 11 = unspecified DDD; 12 = DDT/DDE/DDD mixture DDT, DDE, and DDD Table D-1 DDT/DDE/DDD Hazard Identification in Wildlife: Health Effects Observed in Experimental Toxicological Studies in Wildlife (continued) Birds: gallinaceous birds (continued) Adverse Biological Effect Neurological/Behavioral tremors convulsions ataxia loss of balance gross brain lesions uncoordinated movement Bobwhite quail Japanese quail OA3 NOI5 OI1 OA4 NOI5 OA3 California quail Pharol D-1 quail Crowned Guinea fowl Domestic fowl OI1 Ring-necked pheasant OI3 OA,I1 A O NOI3 OI3 APPENDIX D D-39 TABLE KEY: NO = evaluated, but not observed; O = observed Subscript (Exposure Duration): A = acute; I = intermediate; C = chronic Superscript (Chemical Identity): = p,p’-DDT; = o,p’-DDT; = technical grade DDT; = unspecified DDT; = p,p’-DDE; = o,p’-DDE; = unspecified DDE; = p,p’-DDD; = o,p’-DDD; 10 = technical grade DDD; 11 = unspecified DDD; 12 = DDT/DDE/DDD mixture DDT, DDE, and DDD Table D-1 DDT/DDE/DDD Hazard Identification in Wildlife: Health Effects Observed in Experimental Toxicological Studies in Wildlife (continued) Birds: gallinaceous birds (continued) Bobwhite quail Japanese quail Reproductive egg hatchability OI4 egg production NOI4 NOA3 NOI12 NOC4 OI1,3,5 NOI1,5,12 NOC4 Adverse Biological Effect oviduct weight testis weight testicular atrophy semen volume percentage viable sperm sperm motility sperm concentration semen cholesterol testicular microscopic lesions gross gonad lesions decreased plasma estrogen uterine glycogen OI4 OI4 Pharol D-1 quail Domestic fowl Ring-necked pheasant NOI12 NOI1 Crowned Guinea fowl NOI3 NOI1 NOA3 NOI3 NOI1 NOC4 OI1,3,5 OI1 NOA2 NOA2 OA2 NOI2 OI1 NOI3 APPENDIX D egg size/weight egg fertility timing of oviposition ovary weight California quail OA2 OI4 OI4 OI4 OI4 OI4 OI4 OI4 OI4 NOI3 OA3 OA2 NOA1 OA2 NOA1 D-40 TABLE KEY: NO = evaluated, but not observed; O = observed Subscript (Exposure Duration): A = acute; I = intermediate; C = chronic Superscript (Chemical Identity): = p,p’-DDT; = o,p’-DDT; = technical grade DDT; = unspecified DDT; = p,p’-DDE; = o,p’-DDE; = unspecified DDE; = p,p’-DDD; = o,p’-DDD; 10 = technical grade DDD; 11 = unspecified DDD; 12 = DDT/DDE/DDD mixture DDT, DDE, and DDD Table D-1 DDT/DDE/DDD Hazard Identification in Wildlife: Health Effects Observed in Experimental Toxicological Studies in Wildlife (continued) Birds: gallinaceous birds (continued) Adverse Biological Effect Bobwhite quail Japanese quail OI4 OI1 NOI5 NOI1,5 Eggshell Thinning eggshell calcium eggshell thickness eggshell weight egg breakage egg membrane thickness OI4 testis development secondary sex characteristics chick weight Pharol D-1 quail Domestic fowl Ring-necked pheasant NOI1 NOI1 NOI1 NOI1 NOA3 NOI1 NOI12 OA3 NOC4 NOI4 Crowned Guinea fowl OI3,4 OI4 OI4 NOC4 APPENDIX D Developmental chick survival NOI1,5 OI3 NOI1,5,12 California quail Genotoxic Cancer D-41 TABLE KEY: NO = evaluated, but not observed; O = observed Subscript (Exposure Duration): A = acute; I = intermediate; C = chronic Superscript (Chemical Identity): = p,p’-DDT; = o,p’-DDT; = technical grade DDT; = unspecified DDT; = p,p’-DDE; = o,p’-DDE; = unspecified DDE; = p,p’-DDD; = o,p’-DDD; 10 = technical grade DDD; 11 = unspecified DDD; 12 = DDT/DDE/DDD mixture DDT, DDE, and DDD Table D-1 DDT/DDE/DDD Hazard Identification in Wildlife: Health Effects Observed in Experimental Toxicological Studies in Wildlife (continued) Birds: passerines and non-passerine ground birds Adverse biological effect House sparrow Cowbird Redwinged blackbird OA3 OA4 OA1 OA,I4 Mortality immature mature Blue jay Cardinal OA3 Ringed turtle dove OA3 Rock dove Pigeons (homing and white king) OA4 Bengalese finch Redstart Whitethroated sparrow OI1 Systemic Effects Respiratory OI1 OI1 OI1 OI1,5 OI5 NOI1 OI1 APPENDIX D Cardiovascular pulse rate ventricular beat amplitude heart weight heart muscle tone Gastrointestinal Hematological hematocrit OI7 Musculoskeletal soft skull calcium uptake in bone OI5 OI1 Hepatic liver weight plasma aspartate aminotransferase vitamin A storage hypertrophy microsomal hormone metabolism OI7 OI7 OI1,3 OI1,5 OI1 OI1 OA1 Renal kidney weight NOA1 Subscript (Exposure Duration): A = acute; I = intermediate; C = chronic Superscript (Chemical Identity): = p,p’-DDT; = o,p’-DDT; = technical grade DDT; = unspecified DDT; = p,p’-DDE; = o,p’-DDE; = unspecified DDE; = p,p’-DDD; = o,p’-DDD; 10 = technical grade DDD; 11 = unspecified DDD; 12 = DDT/DDE/DDD mixture D-42 TABLE KEY: NO = evaluated, but not observed; O = observed NOA1 DDT, DDE, and DDD Table D-1 DDT/DDE/DDD Hazard Identification in Wildlife: Health Effects Observed in Experimental Toxicological Studies in Wildlife (continued) Birds: passerines and non-passerine ground birds (continued) Adverse biological effect House sparrow Cowbird Redwinged blackbird Blue jay Cardinal Ringed turtle dove Endocrine adrenal weights thyroid weight hyperplasia of thyroid follicular epithelium decreased follicular colloid Rock dove Pigeons (homing and white king) Bengalese finch Redstart Whitethroated sparrow OI1,5 OI1 OI1 OI1 Body weight loss or reduced gain OA3 NOI7 OI5 NOA1 decreased body fat Metabolic rate body temperature oxygen consumption rate blood Na+ blood K+ blood Ca+2 OI3 NOI5 OI3 NOI5 APPENDIX D Dermal/ocular OI1 I O NOI7 NOI7 OI1 Other activity of various dehydrogenases in various tissues NOA1 Immunological/ Lymphoreticular D-43 TABLE KEY: NO = evaluated, but not observed; O = observed Subscript (Exposure Duration): A = acute; I = intermediate; C = chronic Superscript (Chemical Identity): = p,p’-DDT; = o,p’-DDT; = technical grade DDT; = unspecified DDT; = p,p’-DDE; = o,p’-DDE; = unspecified DDE; = p,p’-DDD; = o,p’-DDD; 10 = technical grade DDD; 11 = unspecified DDD; 12 = DDT/DDE/DDD mixture DDT, DDE, and DDD Table D-1 DDT/DDE/DDD Hazard Identification in Wildlife: Health Effects Observed in Experimental Toxicological Studies in Wildlife (continued) Birds: passerines and non-passerine ground birds (continued) Adverse biological effect House sparrow Neurological/Behavioral tremors balance disturbance affected courtship behavior OA3,4 OA3 Cowbird Redwinged blackbird OA1 Blue jay Cardinal OA3 OA3 Ringed turtle dove OA3 OA3 Rock dove Pigeons (homing and white king) Bengalese finch OI1,5 NOA1 OI5 Reproductive egg hatchability egg production NOI5 OI5 NOI5 NOI5 testis weight clutch size ovary weight oviduct weight timing of oviposition egg size/weight serum LH levels blood estradiol levels OI5 OI5 OI1,5 OI1 OI5 OI1 Eggshell Thinning eggshell weight eggshell thickness 45 Ca deposition in egg oviduct carbonic anhydrase activity NOA1 OI3,7 APPENDIX D OI5 NOI5 OI7 OI7 brain dopamine brain norepinephrine brain weight migratory behavior nesting behavior activity pattern Redstart Whitethroated sparrow NOI1 NOI1 OI1 OI1 OA5 OI5,7 OI1 OA5 D-44 TABLE KEY: NO = evaluated, but not observed; O = observed Subscript (Exposure Duration): A = acute; I = intermediate; C = chronic Superscript (Chemical Identity): = p,p’-DDT; = o,p’-DDT; = technical grade DDT; = unspecified DDT; = p,p’-DDE; = o,p’-DDE; = unspecified DDE; = p,p’-DDD; = o,p’-DDD; 10 = technical grade DDD; 11 = unspecified DDD; 12 = DDT/DDE/DDD mixture DDT, DDE, and DDD Table D-1 DDT/DDE/DDD Hazard Identification in Wildlife: Health Effects Observed in Experimental Toxicological Studies in Wildlife (continued) Birds: passerines and non-passerine ground birds (continued) Adverse biological effect House sparrow Cowbird Redwinged blackbird Developmental chick early survival Blue jay Cardinal Ringed turtle dove Rock dove Pigeons (homing and white king) Bengalese finch Redstart Whitethroated sparrow OI5 Genotoxic Cancer APPENDIX D D-45 TABLE KEY: NO = evaluated, but not observed; O = observed Subscript (Exposure Duration): A = acute; I = intermediate; C = chronic Superscript (Chemical Identity): = p,p’-DDT; = o,p’-DDT; = technical grade DDT; = unspecified DDT; = p,p’-DDE; = o,p’-DDE; = unspecified DDE; = p,p’-DDD; = o,p’-DDD; 10 = technical grade DDD; 11 = unspecified DDD; 12 = DDT/DDE/DDD mixture DDT, DDE, and DDD E-1 APPENDIX E INDEX acetylcholine 28, 92, 105, 209 acetylcholinesterase 29 adenocarcinoma 26, 37, 127 adipose tissue 4, 18, 24, 25, 30, 92, 99, 109, 111, 117, 118, 120, 141-143, 146, 149, 150, 192, 193, 198, 199, 210-212, 230, 258, 271, 272, 279-281, 284, 288, 291, 293-295, 301 adrenal gland 2, 7, 20, 84, 88, 127, 150, 172, 179, 183, 225, 226 adrenal glands 163, 174 adrenals 84, 173, 174, 179, 190 adrenocorticolytic 18, 172 adsorption 230, 236, 245, 286, 294 aerobic 230, 243, 245 air 2-6, 10-12, 15, 36, 37, 184, 202, 216, 222, 223, 227, 229-232, 234, 238, 241, 245-248, 268, 270, 282, 286, 290, 296, 300, 302-304, 308, 309, 311 alanine aminotransferase (see ALT) 78 ALT 80, 82, 172 anaerobic 230, 243, 244, 255 androgen receptor 23, 24, 98, 103, 165, 168-171, 182, 183, 187, 196 Antarctic 3, 15, 229, 246 antiandrogenic 20, 21, 23, 98, 102, 139, 168-170, 181-183, 186, 206, 207, 210 antiestrogenic 23, 24, 181 Arctic 3, 15, 18, 229, 231, 232, 238, 246, 256-258, 260, 261, 268, 282, 284, 287 aspartate aminotransferase (see AST) 78 AST 79, 80, 82, 172 average daily intake 265 bass 170 BCF 239, 240, 287, 311 bioaccumulation 16, 17, 236, 258, 286, 287, 301 bioavailability 210, 237, 287, 288 bioconcentration 239, 240, 287, 311 bioconcentration factor (see BCF) 239, 287, 311 biodegradation 15, 231, 237, 238, 242-245, 253, 286 biomagnification 16, 239, 240, 287 biomarker 109, 190, 191, 193 birds 17, 135-138, 140, 183, 216, 239, 259, 261 birth weight 101, 186 blood 6, 8, 9, 11, 16, 20-22, 24, 25, 75-79, 85, 87, 88, 90, 92, 94, 95, 100, 101, 109, 110, 112-115, 117, 121, 123, 124, 131, 137, 141-146, 150, 155-157, 161-163, 180, 181, 184, 186, 188, 191-193, 198, 204, 205, 210, 212, 215, 272-274, 276, 280, 281, 288, 290-292, 295, 301 body weight effects 85 breast cancer 20, 22, 24, 25, 109-118, 125, 166, 176-178, 181, 204, 215-217, 275, 278, 280, 290 breast milk 4, 6, 8, 11, 18, 19, 100-103, 141, 143, 144, 151, 186, 187, 192, 198, 205, 210, 213, 259, 282-284, 288, 290, 295 cancer 2, 7, 12, 20, 22, 24-27, 30, 35, 37, 72, 109-126, 128, 131, 163, 166, 174, 176-178, 181, 184, 203, 204, 210, 211, 215-217, 221, 225, 226, 270, 275, 278-280, 290, 311 carcinogen 7, 25, 194, 195, 217, 303, 311 carcinogenic 7, 26, 34, 35, 126, 127, 131, 174, 194, 204, 303, 311 carcinogenicity 26, 126, 127, 174, 175, 195, 204, 211, 304, 307, 311 carcinoma 20, 26, 84, 120, 126, 172, 176 cardiovascular effects 74, 130 cholinesterase 76, 82, 85 Clean Water Act 295, 308 CYP1A1 150 CYP2B1 189 CYP3A 150 dechlorination 15, 146, 149, 240, 243 DDT, DDE, and DDD E-2 APPENDIX E deoxyribonucleic acid (see DNA) 132, 133, 217 Department of Health and Human Services (see DHHS) 7, 26, 303 dermal effects 36, 85, 130 DHHS 26, 303 DNA 132-135, 173-175, 191, 194, 211, 215, 217 dog 172, 173, 306 dopamine 140 dye 176 endocrine effects 30, 83, 84, 180 eradication 122, 125 estrogen receptor 24, 111, 114, 116, 165-169, 171, 176, 177 estrogenic 21-24, 96, 104, 108, 118, 138, 165-167, 170, 175, 177, 180-183, 186, 210 FDA 10-12, 17, 257, 264, 265, 267-269, 282, 305-307, 311 FEDRIP 214 fetus 8, 9, 145, 155, 156, 161, 174, 183, 188-190, 212 fish 4, 10-12, 16-18, 87, 135, 138, 170, 171, 196, 208, 217, 230, 232, 239, 240, 251, 256, 257, 262-268, 270, 275, 277, 279-284, 287, 289, 290, 295, 299, 302, 305, 310, 311 fish consumption 87, 275, 281, 284, 310 follicle stimulating hormone 97 Food and Drug Administration (see FDA) 10, 11, 257, 311 fruits 10, 264, 265, 268 FSH 97, 137 gastrointestinal effects 75 general population 6, 8, 16, 19, 22, 76, 109, 144, 153, 190, 196, 202, 210, 267, 271, 284, 285, 288 groundwater 3, 230, 235, 236, 249, 250, 297, 305 half-life 3, 79, 114, 144, 153, 191, 192, 230, 231, 238, 239, 241, 242, 244, 245, 249, 271 hematological effects 75, 130 Henry’s law 238 hepatic effects 20, 27, 31, 78-82, 130, 172, 203 hepatocellular carcinomas 195 hydrolysis 150, 242 hydroxyl radical 241 hyperthermia 73, 164, 185 hyporeflexia 96 IgG 89 immune system 88, 89, 208 immunological effects 20, 87, 90, 130, 208 insects 2, 3, 226, 235 Integrated Risk Information System 311 kidney 7, 30, 83, 102, 146, 155, 156, 163, 168, 261, 292, 301 lake 17, 138, 183, 216, 230, 231, 234, 235, 238, 239, 252, 261-263, 277 LD50 73, 74, 129, 142, 185 leukemia 125, 127 LH 97, 103, 137 lice 15, 130, 226, 303, 307 liver 6, 7, 16, 18, 20, 23, 24, 26, 27, 30, 31, 78-83, 89, 125-128, 130, 132-134, 145, 146, 155-158, 161, 163, 169-172, 175, 176, 179, 185, 188, 191, 193-196, 198, 203, 204, 209, 211, 258, 261, 268, 278, 291, 292, 294, 295, 301, 303 lung 18, 35, 37, 126, 127, 141, 163, 191, 197, 203, 258, 294 luteinizing hormone (see LH) 97 lymph 25, 90, 114, 115, 141-143, 162, 294, 301 lymphatic 141, 142, 156, 160-162 lymphoreticular effects 37, 87, 130 marine 4, 17, 231, 238, 243, 253, 256, 257, 260, 284, 286, 287, 310 marine mammals 4, 231, 238, 260 Mast cells 88 menstrual 110, 217 methylsulfone 152, 258, 280 methylsulfones 150 milk 4, 6, 8, 11, 17-19, 21, 96, 97, 100-103, 141, 143-145, 151, 155, 157, 161, 174, 186, 187, 189, 190, 192, 198, 205, 210, 213, 230, 259, 267, 272-274, 280, 282-284, 288, 290-295, 298, 300, 301 DDT, DDE, and DDD E-3 APPENDIX E Minimal Risk Levels (see MRL) 27, 34, 35, 188 miscarriages 21, 94, 205 mosquito 226, 239 MRL 24, 27, 28, 30, 31, 35, 81, 108, 188, 202, 203, 206, 207, 303 MRLs 27, 34, 35 Muscarinic receptor 29, 106 Muscarinic receptors 28, 29, 105, 106 musculoskeletal effects 77, 78 National Human Adipose Tissue Survey (see NHATS) 272 National Priorities List (see NPL) 1, 16, 209, 232 Native American 10 neoplastic 303 neurobehavioral 9, 100, 105, 108, 180, 202 neurochemical 24, 28, 29, 104, 105 neurodevelopmental 28 neurophysiological 26 neurotransmitter 24, 92, 105, 139, 140, 164, 196 New Bedford 276 NHATS 272 Nicotinic cholinergic receptor 106 Nicotinic cholinergic receptors 29 NIOSH 11, 220, 221, 291, 296, 304, 311 NOAEL 30, 34, 74, 81, 86, 90, 93, 100, 108 NOAELs 34 no-observed-adverse-effect level 30 NPL 1, 2, 5, 16, 209, 232-235, 285 ocean 17, 246, 256, 257 ocular effects 36, 85, 129, 202 odds ratio 110, 111, 116-123 Organophosphate 121 paresthesia 26 particulate 202, 223, 229-231, 236, 237, 241, 247, 257 particulates 15, 17 partition coefficients 156, 222, 223, 236, 239 PBPD 154 PBPK 145, 153-155, 157-160, 189, 213 pharmacodynamic 153, 154, 213 pharmacokinetic 145, 153, 154, 156, 158, 162, 203, 210, 213 photolysis 15, 230, 241, 242 physiologically based pharmacodynamic (see PBPD) 154 physiologically based pharmacokinetic (see PBPK) 145, 153, 158 plankton 239, 256, 257 porpoise 260 precipitation 239, 248 public health 1, 2, 7, 11, 12, 15, 20, 33, 34, 179, 200, 215-217, 225, 226, 284-286, 290, 291, 300, 303 RCRA 311 reductive dechlorination 15, 146, 149 reference dose (see RfD) 303, 311 regulations 11, 12, 303-305, 309, 311 renal effects 83, 130 reportable quantity 308, 311 reproductive effect 135 reproductive system 9, 83, 98, 102, 164, 171, 193, 199, 207, 213 RfD 303, 307, 311 sea 87, 138, 150, 232, 235, 246, 250, 256, 257, 260, 280, 281, 289 seal 18, 150, 257, 258, 260 sediment 4, 5, 16, 229-231, 235-239, 242, 243, 248, 251-253, 255, 257, 270, 287 sedimentation 257 selenium 191 serotonin 92, 164, 199 DDT, DDE, and DDD E-4 APPENDIX E serum 21-24, 26, 27, 72, 75, 77-80, 82, 87, 89, 95, 97, 98, 101-103, 109, 110, 112-117, 119-121, 123­ 125, 138, 141, 142, 149, 165, 166, 171, 180, 181, 186, 187, 192, 193, 205, 207, 208, 210, 271, 272, 274-277, 280, 281, 284, 290-293, 295 shrimp 240 smelt 263 SMR 72, 73, 125 soil 2-5, 8, 11, 15, 17, 143, 210, 229-231, 235-246, 250, 251, 253-255, 259, 264, 283, 284, 286-290, 295, 297, 300, 302 solubility 16, 222, 223, 240, 247, 270 Standardized mortality ratio (see SMR) 72 Standardized mortality ratios 125 Superfund 250, 255, 290 surface water 3-5, 229, 234, 235, 242, 248, 250, 252, 286, 295 thyroid 84, 127 time-weighted average (see TWA) 311 tomato 266, 267, 306 total diet studies 17, 264, 265, 268, 269 toxic equivalents 23 toxicokinetic 33 Toxics Release Inventory (see TRI) 232 transport 15, 17, 151, 162-164, 180, 202, 230, 231, 234, 236, 239-242, 245, 247, 256, 283, 286 tremors 6, 8, 19, 72, 91-93, 99, 104, 131, 139, 140, 164, 185, 193, 196, 199, 202, 209, 210, 212 TRI 232 triglycerides 112 tumors 25, 26, 111, 114, 120, 126-128, 142, 172, 175, 194, 195, 204, 303 TWA 304, 311 Type I 29, 106 U.S Department of Agriculture (see USDA) 303, 311 USDA 215-217, 307, 311 vapor phase 3, 202, 223, 229, 241 vapor pressure 222, 223 volatility 246 volatilization 15, 229-231, 234, 236-239, 242, 244, 245, 247, 266, 286 water 2-5, 10-12, 15-17, 140, 161, 173, 184, 222, 223, 229-231, 234-240, 242, 243, 245, 248-253, 255­ 257, 259, 270, 286, 290, 295-297, 300, 302-305, 308, 310, 311 whale 260, 261, 268, 289 ... at: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Division of Toxicology/Toxicology Information Branch 1600 Clifton Road NE, E-29 Atlanta, Georgia 30333 V FOmWORD This toxicological profile... be enforced by law Federal organizations that develop recommendations for toxic substances include the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) and the National Institute for Occupational... organizations and groups; and members of the public This profile reflects ATSDRs assessment of all relevant toxicologic testing and information that has been peer-reviewed Staff of the Centers for Disease