UNEP_Sudan_PCEA_Scoping_study_V2

I NITIAL RECONNAISSANCE AND CONSULTATION

Between 2004 and 2005, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) conducted several missions to Sudan to assess and consult on critical environmental challenges Additionally, UNEP contributed to the Joint Assessment involving the United Nations, World Bank, and the Sudanese Government.

Mission in 2004 which set environmental issues in context with the wide range of social and economic priorities for Sudan as it emerges from civil war.

T ECHNICAL SCOPE

The project will encompass the entire geography of Sudan, including its coastal environment, with an emphasis on ecosystems and related issues rather than specific states However, certain states will be analyzed in greater detail due to the presence of multiple assessment target sites.

With respect to the technical scope, a process of desk based research, reconnaissance missions and initial consultation within Sudan has indicated the following themes warrant assessment:

The article explores the role of institutions and law in environmental governance, focusing on both local and international legislation and agreements It examines the structure, mandate, and capacity of the institutions tasked with enforcing these regulations The analysis is expected to be organized into five key areas for a comprehensive understanding of environmental law and institutional frameworks.

 Topics relevant to both north and south – e.g Multi-lateral environmental agreements;

 Government of National Unity – federal level;

 Government of National Unity – state level, using Red Sea State as an example;

 Government of South Sudan – state level, using Lakes State as an example;

The urban environment encompasses critical challenges faced by cities and townships, including air emissions, solid waste management, sewage and industrial wastewater treatment, urban sprawl, and localized resource depletion Addressing these issues is essential for sustainable urban development and improving the quality of life for residents.

The Red Sea coast of Sudan, while largely undeveloped, faces numerous environmental threats, particularly from oil spills Key concerns in the marine environment include the sustainability of fisheries, the impact of tourism, coastal development pressures, shipping activities, and risks associated with oil exploration and extraction.

Water resources are vital for Sudan, serving as both a catalyst for conflict and a foundation for development and food security Key aspects of this theme include the balance of water demand and supply, the quality of water, the impact of existing and planned dams and irrigation projects, the management of groundwater resources, and the implications of trans-boundary water issues.

The Sahel belt, traversing central Sudan, is highly susceptible to drought and desertification, impacting agriculture and land use This theme encompasses pastoralism, rainfed agriculture, and irrigation systems, all of which can lead to adverse effects like overgrazing, soil depletion, and erosion caused by wind and water, as well as salinization.

Northern and central Sudan face significant timber deficits due to extensive deforestation, while southern Sudan possesses abundant timber reserves that are at risk of over-exploitation This article will explore the dynamics of timber supply and demand, examining the current state of forests, deforestation rates, underlying causes, timber harvesting industries, and plantation initiatives.

Sudan boasts extensive undeveloped land and low population densities, providing ample habitat for wildlife and several legally protected areas However, uncontrolled hunting during the civil war has drastically reduced wildlife populations, and many protected areas remain inadequately safeguarded The theme of wildlife conservation and biodiversity will explore the challenges facing wildlife, the status of protected areas, and the future of biodiversity amid ongoing development and population growth in Sudan.

The extraction and export of crude oil has emerged as the dominant industry in Sudan, anticipated to be its primary source of export revenue However, the extensive network of oilfields, pipelines, refineries, and export facilities, which stretches across both North and South Sudan, is mired in controversy due to significant social implications and human rights concerns.

Environmental issues are often linked to the oil industry, yet there is a lack of comprehensive data on its actual environmental impact and practices The oil and environment initiative aims to address this gap by collaborating with the oil sector and government entities to produce an objective and credible report on the current situation, along with actionable proposals for improvement.

The relationship between conflict and displaced populations in Sudan is deeply intertwined with environmental issues Competition for essential dryland agricultural resources, such as grazing land and water, has sparked and intensified small-scale conflicts across northern and central Sudan While direct environmental damage from these conflicts is relatively limited, the indirect consequences are substantial, with up to 4 million people displaced for extended periods and wildlife populations severely impacted by rampant hunting This theme will explore both the environmental sources of conflict and the resulting damage through selected case studies, with UNEP collaborating on existing UN initiatives to provide a comprehensive environmental-scientific perspective on conflict flashpoints.

K EY ASSESSMENT TARGETS AND SITES

The practical assessment of the various themes will be conducted by identifying and assessing a range of assessment targets and sites

As of October 11, 2005, a comprehensive list of 36 assessment targets and sites has been compiled, showcasing their key characteristics These sites are geographically distributed throughout Sudan, with the highest concentrations found in the southern and eastern regions of the country.

The list of sites for the project is expected to evolve following consultations on the project scope Due to financial, timing, access, and security limitations, not all sites will be visited Additionally, some sites remain unconfirmed as they await identification and discussions with partners It is important to note that many sites relate to multiple themes, which will be considered during the fieldwork and analysis planning stages.

C ONSULTATION ON SCOPE

Consultation on the scope of the report will take place in November and December

2005 The purpose of the consultation is as follows:

 To obtain the detailed views of the GONU and GOSS on the project;

 To confirm the structure and scope of the themes;

 To identify and confirm the list of assessment targets and sites;

 To identify local and international experts who can play a role in the project;

 To start to identify existing key data and references;

 To obtain information on local logistical and security issues at the target sites.

The scoping study will be revised and re-issued as a project plan in early January

2006 Accordingly comments are invited on this report, preferably by email to andrew.morton@unep.ch before end of December 2005.

P ROJECT STRUCTURE AND STAFF

The following project structure and key positions are proposed and to be confirmed in January 2006.

GONU Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning

GOSS Ministry of Environment, Wildlife Conservation and Tourism

Other GONU and GOSS ministry links - to be advised.

Government counterparts for field missions – to be advised.

Project manager and technical editor

Technical roles (both internal and external)

UNEP technical support from directorates

Theme experts (Could be either UNEP, international or Sudanese)

Technical support to theme experts

P ROJECT PLANNING AND TRACKING

Detailed project planning and tracking has already commenced, with the final project plan to be released in early January 2006 once the following is confirmed:

 GONU and GOSS detailed preferences;

 Key staff including theme experts;

 Local access and security constraints for the target sites has been confirmed.

P ROCUREMENT

UNEP is interested in obtaining the following:

 Raw data and unpublished reports;

Financial management and procurement are subject to the UN rules and regulations.

D ESK STUDY WORK

From December to March 2006, the project management and technical teams will conduct a desk study, with each theme expert leading the technical work Key tasks will focus on gathering and analyzing relevant data to inform project decisions.

 Development, procurement and review of a bibliography;

 Identifying and scoping remote sensing needs;

 Developing individual terms of reference and wish lists for fieldwork;

F IELD M ISSIONS

Field missions are scheduled from mid-January to the end of March 2006, prior to the rainy season These missions will involve UNEP staff and experts and must adhere to MOSS regulations regarding field transport Most of the fieldwork will utilize 4WD vehicles, with some operations potentially conducted by boat, light fixed-wing aircraft, or helicopters, especially in South Sudan.

R EMOTE S ENSING

The Remote Sensing Coordinator at UNEP will centrally oversee remote sensing activities conducted by the technical editor and theme experts, ensuring effective coordination and management of project outcomes.

 Enable expert-expert liaison on remote sensing technical issues;

 Enable sharing of standard graphics, e.g maps;

 Ensure best value for any image purchase requirements;

 Ensure uniformity where appropriate to assist reporting and multiple users;

 Quality control on remote sensing interpretation.

A NALYSIS

Theme experts are primarily responsible for conducting analysis work, which predominantly focuses on qualitative methods or remote sensing techniques While the analysis is mainly qualitative, some laboratory tests may be performed specifically for the themes related to water resources, urban environments, and the impact of oil on the environment.

T HEME REPORTING

Each theme expert will create a standalone technical report tailored for a specialized audience, which will serve as the foundational material for the central report The specific format, standards, and distribution methods for these reports will be finalized in January 2006.

The generation of a chapter for country context will be treated as a theme report for management purposes.

PCEA DRAFT REPORTING

The UNEP Post Conflict Assessment Report aims to present a comprehensive overview of environmental issues in a manner that is easily understandable for non-experts It generally includes key findings and insights related to the environmental impacts of conflict, ensuring accessibility and clarity for a broad audience.

 Chapters on each theme and sections on each assessment target and site

Some findings will be transformed into targeted recommendations aimed at government authorities responsible for specific geographic areas and issues of concern These recommendations may address one or more relevant entities to ensure effective implementation and impact.

 Relevant ministries in the Government of National Unity

 Relevant ministries in the Government of South Sudan

 Relevant commissions addressing North-South and CPA related issues

Recommendations will be of two types

1 Detailed short term recommendations: For specific actions and programmes Detailed recommendations would be designed for implementation within 5 years and would include a cost estimate.

2 General and long term recommendations: to deal with large and very broad issues not suitable for short term intervention.

The project manager and technical editor, alongside the UNEP team, will compile the initial draft, which will subsequently be submitted to the publication editor for finalization.

D RAFT REPORT CONSULTATION

The draft report will be circulated on a confidential basis to the government partners, theme experts and principal donors.

Meetings will be conducted with government partners to discuss the document and integrate their feedback Emphasis will be placed on revising the recommendations to align with the partners' needs and limitations.

T RANSLATION AND PRINTING

The PCEA will be publicly accessible and free of charge for its initial print run, adhering to UNEP standards in both English and Arabic The report will be available electronically on the UNEP website, with several thousand copies printed for free distribution The distribution list will be created in collaboration with government partners and will typically include a wide range of stakeholders.

 All relevant UN and other aid agencies, consulates and foreign missions.

 National academia and civil society.

The initial print run will feature the English version, accompanied by a separate executive summary in Arabic Given the additional translation requirements, the complete Arabic report is anticipated to be released six months after the English edition.

R EPORT LAUNCHING

The PCEA report will be officially launched through press events in Khartoum and Juba, as well as at international venues, aiming to emphasize the environmental challenges outlined in the report This launch seeks to present a unified approach from both the government and the UN regarding environmental concerns, guiding future efforts and investments, including foreign aid, towards the prioritized issues identified and agreed upon by the governments.

R ECOMMENDATION PRIORITISATION

Following the launch of the UNEP report, there is a strong push to conduct government workshops aimed at prioritizing the recommendations Due to financial constraints, not all PCEA recommendations are implemented, making it crucial for government partners to identify and advocate for topics that require further investment.

3 Summary terms of reference for key project team members

T ECHNICAL EXPERT

The PCEA project for Sudan requires the appointment of technical experts to lead assessment and reporting work in the following disciplines;

The technical expert will serve as a team member under the project manager, gaining access to UNEP's shared data and services essential for fieldwork, assessment, and reporting.

The expert's technical scope of work will differ based on the specific theme, and it is their responsibility to finalize the design upon appointment However, many aspects of the scope and deliverables are partially standardized, as outlined below.

The generic scope of work of the expert includes the following tasks;

 Kick off meeting, security and project briefing

 Desk study and bibliography work

 Draft review meeting and report finalisation

Kick off meeting, security and project briefing

The expert shall attend a project kickoff meeting at either Geneva, Khartoum or Nairobi At this meeting, the expert will receive an initial project and security briefing.

Desk study and bibliography work

The expert will conduct a desk study relevant to their technical theme, which will involve creating a comprehensive bibliography for UNEP's use in the PCEA report.

The expert will define the parameters for fieldwork, analysis, and reporting related to their theme, culminating in a scoping study for UNEP approval It's important to recognize that the scope of fieldwork will be constrained by UNEP's budget, time limitations, security considerations, and the possibility of collaborating with other experts on joint field missions.

Experts should plan and prepare or request the creation of graphics and remote sensing analyses that align with their specific themes, ensuring coordination with the UNEP project remote sensing coordinator for effective collaboration.

To ensure seamless coordination of local logistics, experts should prepare for fieldwork in Sudan well in advance of their travel UNEP will provide assistance with travel arrangements, accommodation, and visa procurement as needed.

The expert will conduct fieldwork in Sudan at designated assessment sites as part of a UNEP and government team This will involve a series of reconnaissance trips utilizing UNEP-provided transportation, including 4WDs, boats, or aircraft, all in compliance with UN MOSS regulations for field security.

The fieldwork will be conducted in January – April 2005 and it is anticipated that each expert will need to spend between 2 – 6 weeks in Sudan, preferably in 1 trip.

Experts are required to perform their own analysis and prepare a technical report that meets UNEP standards Prior agreement is necessary for UNEP to provide support in remote sensing or other analytical methods.

Draft review meeting and report finalisation

The draft technical report will be submitted to UNEP for evaluation, followed by a meeting in Geneva, Khartoum, or Nairobi to discuss and implement necessary changes Subsequently, the expert will finalize the report based on the agreed modifications.

The technical reports from experts will serve as the foundation for the Sudan Post Conflict Environmental Assessment Report, which will be prepared by UNEP Experts are tasked with reviewing the pertinent draft chapters of the PCEA report to ensure accuracy and relevance.

Experts will be compensated on a consultancy basis, with payments linked to the successful completion of project milestones and deliverables that meet established quality standards Additionally, UNEP will cover project-related transportation, accommodation, and external analysis expenses, provided these costs are agreed upon in advance.

T ECHNICAL ADVISORS

Technical advisors are experts with specialized knowledge who, due to existing employment obligations or other commitments, cannot dedicate extensive time to a project These professionals may originate from various sectors, including government, aid organizations, NGOs, or academic institutions Their typical responsibilities encompass tasks such as conducting desktop research, engaging in remote sensing activities, providing support during field missions, and reviewing reports.

Technical advisors working in government roles or for international aid organizations, such as the UN or World Bank, will not receive a salary, though all project-related expenses will be reimbursed In contrast, advisors from NGOs or academic institutions may receive compensation, contingent upon a formal agreement.

G OVERNMENT COUNTERPARTS AND FIELD MISSION ESCORTS

To facilitate technical discussions and information exchange, each expert will need one or more government counterparts Furthermore, all UNEP field missions should include a government counterpart in their convoy to ensure local access and effective liaison.

4 Details of Assessment Targets and Sites

I NTRODUCTION

UNEP has geographically located and briefly assessed each of the identified assessment targets Future updates will involve consultations and collaboration with theme experts, who will also review additional data sources to finalize the target list Some sites require accurate location identification, pending discussions with partners, and not all sites will be visited due to constraints related to finances, timing, access, and security.

Accordingly this list will be revised and re-issued in the project plan in January 2006.

UNEP assessment targets and sites

Listed by principal theme, with other themes listed ( )

 Lake Nasser and Lower Nile - Wadi Halfa to Semna (5)

 Merowe Dam and lower Nile - Kosti to Abu Hamad (5,7)

 El Obeid region drylands - Site name TBA

 Darfur pastoral-agricultural conflict flashpoint - Site name TBA (9)

 Blue Nile irrigation - Al Damazin to Sinja (4)

 Kassala irrigation - Khashmin Al Qirbah to Degheim (4)

 Malakal river port & The Sudd Northeast (4)

 Nasir region – border with Ethopia Gambella region (9)

 International bird migration routes and stopover points – Sites TBA

 Yambio and Maridi protected areas

 Bashir Marine Oil export terminal (3)

 Khartoum oil refineries – Concorp and El Jayli

 Adok region oilfields and the Sudd North West (7,9)

 Khartoum region IDP camp – Site name TBA (2)

 Darfur region IDP/refugee camp – Site name TBA (2)

 Nuba Mountains- Dilling to Kadugli (5,6)

 Torit – Imatong and Acholi mountains (5,6)

Each of the sites are briefly described in turn below

K HARTOUM URBAN ENVIRONMENT

Site Location: Khartoum and urban area – surrounding 30km Link to Blue and

Starting or Centre point and Boundary coordinates: 32.30E.15.30N

Field Access: Good road access throughout the area.

Security( as of Oct 2005): Needs review : Only IDP camps of concern.

Access permitting: Probably not required, except for some facilities and IDP camps. Technical lead(s): Urban Water resources

Khartoum, as the capital of Sudan, faces a variety of environmental challenges due to its industrial activities and growing population Key concerns include sewage discharges, inadequate waste management, air pollution, and urban sprawl These issues significantly impact the quality of the Nile's water and the living conditions in internally displaced persons (IDP) camps, many of which are either becoming permanent settlements or facing demolition.

Potential linked social issues: Widespread

Fieldwork Inspections and photographs of the water supply system, sewer outfalls, landfills, industrial facilities Interviews with Ministries, local government, site managers.

Environmental sampling: Potential for water quality sampling – to be reviewed. Literature references:

Remote sensing : Annotated GE/Landsat image.

Reporting: Dedicated site visit report in audit format

Comments: Not expected to be controversial except for IDP camp issues One of three case studies for urban environment.

P ORT S UDAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT

Site Location: Port Sudan, Northern State

Starting or Centre point and Boundary coordinates: 37E.19.30N

Field Access: Good road access to the township.

Access permitting: Probably not required, except in container port area.

Port Sudan, the primary coastal town, faces potential environmental challenges stemming from its economy, which relies heavily on sea and road freight, fishing, and tourism centered around coral reef diving The area experiences typical urban issues related to waste management, sewage disposal, and water treatment.

Potential linked social issues: Limited.

Remote sensing : Annotated GE/Landsat image

Comments: One of three case studies for urban environment.

J UBA URBAN ENVIRONMENT

Site Location: Juba and district to 10km

Starting or Centre point and Boundary coordinates: 4.51N 31.35E

Field Access: Poor road access throughout the area Landmines constrain movement

Access permitting: Probably not required, but should have a GOSS escort.

Potential environmental issues: As the new GOSS capital, Juba is currently a small town but growing very rapidly Normal urban issues expected (waste management, wastewater)

Fieldwork Inspections and photographs of key facilities and discharge points

Interviews with Ministries, local government, town planners Focus on planning issues

Environmental sampling: Potential for water quality sampling – to be reviewed. Literature references:

Remote sensing : Annotated GE/Landsat images

Comments: One of three case studies for urban environment.

R ED S EA COASTAL STRIP

Site Location: Port Sudan, Northern State and coastal strip 100km N and Sth Starting or Centre point and Boundary coordinates: 37E.19.30N

Field Access: Good road access to the Port Sudan township Poor roads run parallel to the coast, connecting facilities and villages.

Access permitting: Probably not required, except in container port area.

The Red Sea coastal strip is largely sparsely populated, yet it features significant developments such as Post Sudan, the Bashir Oil terminal, saltworks, and several small towns and villages, which may contribute to potential environmental issues in the region.

Important coastal and marine habitats include fringing and offshore coral reefs and mangroves

Fieldwork Inspections and photographs Potentially small boat trips with local operators

Comments: Site visits may be needed for updating and correlation of the existing data from the UNEP /Regional Seas programme which included extensive work on the Red Sea.

L AKE N ASSER AND L OWER N ILE - W ADI H ALFA TO S EMNA

Site Location: Nile River, Wadi Halfa, Egyptian border, Northern State, extending

Starting or Centre point and Boundary coordinates: 31 30 E 22.10 N.

Field Access: Poor road and slow railway to town 1200km from Khartoum

Recommended to fly in, then use local vehicles Avoid desert driving with local vehicles due to risk of breakdown and getting lost.

Access permitting: Probably not required

Technical lead(s): Water resources 2 Agriculture

Potential environmental issues: New Wadi Halfa is sited on the east side of Lake

Nasser, located at the Aswan Dam reservoir, offers a unique opportunity to examine the upstream impacts of a significant dam in arid environments Additionally, the survey should encompass the southern boundary of the lake, where traditional agricultural practices continue to thrive.

Potential social issues: The resettlement process for Lake Nasser included Wadi

Halfa, forcing a change from riverine agricultural society to the current status.

Fieldwork Inspections and photographs of the lake, river and riverine areas

Interviews with local officials, fishermen and farmers.

Remote sensing : Annotated GE/Landsat image only No interpretation.

Reporting: Dedicated site visit report

Comments: This site should be non-controversial however it will link into the new

Merowe dam issue so care is needed on objective data collection vs interviews Potential joint work with the World Bank managed Nile Basin Initiative team.

M EROWE D AM AND LOWER N ILE - K OSTI TO A BU H AMAD

Site Location: Nile River, dam at Merowe, area affected Kosti to Abu Hamad,

Starting or Centre point and Boundary coordinates: 32E.18 N extending 200Km

Field Access: Good road access to Merowe Poor road access upstream on sth side

Access permitting: Definitely required and access needs to be confirmed inc escort from HCENR.

Potential environmental issues: Merowe is the current construction site of a major new dam for hydropower on the Lower Nile Potential multiple and major issues.

Potential linked social issues: The resettlement process.

Fieldwork Inspections and photographs of the dam site, river and riverine areas

Interviews with dam construction management, ministry officials, local officials, residents, fishermen and farmers.

Literature references: Apparently a non-public EIA conducted by the contractor/design team.

Remote sensing : Annotated GE/Landsat image Showing final extent of flooding and other relevant impact indicators.

The site of the large dam is controversial and has attracted international scrutiny and internal conflicts UNEP (AM) will oversee government interactions, site inspections, and reporting There may also be opportunities for collaboration with the World Bank's Nile Basin Initiative team.

J ONGLEI C ANAL

Site Location: Jonglei canal construction sites, Jonglei State

Starting or Centre point and Boundary coordinates: Nthn limit 9.19N 31.32E

Field Access: Very isolated Poor roads Flood risk

Access permitting: Probably not required.

Technical lead(s): Water resources Wildlife

The 180 km canal project, which was halted at 80% completion, poses significant environmental concerns, particularly for the Sudd ecosystem If completed, the canal would have drastically altered the region, but even in its unfinished state, it likely disrupts local wildlife and vegetation, serving as both a firebreak and a barrier to animal migration.

Literature references: Detailed information should be found in the construction records.

Reporting: Dedicated separate report(s) on water resource and wildlife aspects Comments:

B OR AND SOUTH EDGE OF THE S UDD

Site Location: Sudd region , Jonglei and Unity States

Starting or Centre point and Boundary coordinates: Nth edge 9.30N 30.27E

Field Access: Very isolated Poor roads Flood risk Fly into Bor or other adjacent towns for short boat trips.

Technical lead(s): Water Resources Wildlife Forestry.

The Sudd, one of Africa's largest wetlands, remains largely undeveloped, presenting potential environmental issues Wildlife in the region may have been adversely affected by war and poaching activities Additionally, plans for a dike and a rural trunk road in Bor could further impact this vital ecosystem.

Reporting: Dedicated reports from 3 themes

AGRICULTURE AND LAND DEGRADATION SITES

E L O BEID REGION DRYLANDS - S ITE NAME TBA

Site Location: Northern Kordofan TBA

Starting or Centre point and Boundary coordinates: TBA - 13.43N 30 11E Field Access: Poor roads north of El Obeid.

Field team: This work should be done in close partnership with the UNCCD secretariat and FAO The University of Lund are also potential partners.

Desertification remains a contentious environmental issue, with the Sahel region, particularly around El Obeid, at the center of much research and debate A significant UNEP case study conducted in 1977 has led to ongoing investigations, notably by Lund University in Sweden This makes the area an ideal candidate for an objective analysis, focusing on current conditions and emerging trends, supported by a wealth of existing data sets.

Potential linked social issues: The case study/site has numerous social issues

The UNEP study will have limited discussion of these wrt the underlying causes of any desertfication/land degradation detected.

Fieldwork Inspections and photographs Potential detailed surveys, e.g vegetation transects for ground truthing Interviews with local government, farmers and pastoralists .

Remote sensing : Annotated GE/Landsat image for the selected sites Time lapse review of vegetation cover/desertification/land degradation indicators.

Comments: Potentially very useful input to the desertification debate but also very controversial if not handled well Need to work closely with partners.

D ARFUR PASTORAL - AGRICULTURAL CONFLICT FLASHPOINT - S ITE NAME TBA

Site Location: Darfur TBA – probably close to El Jenina/Junaynah

Starting or Centre point and Boundary coordinates: TBA – 13.26N 22.26E Field Access: Poor or no roads.

Field team: This work should be done in close partnership with FAO, UNDP and relevant partners on the humanitarian and peacekeeping side.

The pastoral-agricultural conflict in Darfur, which involves clashes between nomadic herders and sedentary crop farmers, is a significant factor contributing to the broader conflict in the region Numerous anecdotal accounts highlight the competition for limited resources, underscoring the environmental issues at play in this ongoing struggle.

(watering points, stock routes, grazing areas etc ) being a catalyst for conflict but limited and objective data and case studies are available

The UNEP proposal aims to examine one or two historical conflicts primarily driven by resource competition The focus will be on analyzing the scientific status of natural resources in these regions and their contribution to the conflict Ultimately, these case studies will illuminate two key issues related to resource management and its impact on conflict dynamics.

- What is the status of the environment and the specific natural resources of concern in the area of the conflict start point.

- What is the trend for the environment and specific resources, i.e stable, degrading or improving ?

Potential linked social issues: The case study/site has numerous serious social and human rights issues The UNEP study will avoid discussion of these to the extent feasible.

Fieldwork Inspections and photographs Interviews with local government, IDPs, farmers and pastoralists .

Remote sensing : Annotated GE/Landsat image Potential for time lapse review of vegetation cover.

Engaging in the Darfur debate can yield valuable insights, but it is essential to approach the topic with care to avoid controversy Collaborating closely with partners is crucial, as security concerns may limit fieldwork opportunities in various regions.

B LUE N ILE IRRIGATION - A L D AMAZIN TO S INJA

Site Location: El Ruysaris reservoir and downstream Blue Nile, El Gaderef State

Starting or Centre point and Boundary coordinates: 11.46N 34.21E to 13.09N

Field Access: Good roads throughout region.

Access permitting: Probably not required, except for reservoir works.

Technical lead(s): Agriculture Water resources

Field team: This work should be done in close partnership with FAO and WB Nile basin team.

The El Ruysaris reservoir, one of Sudan's earliest and largest irrigation projects, faces significant environmental challenges, particularly salinisation, which poses a threat to dryland irrigation Additionally, the use of pesticides and the risks of soil erosion and land degradation are critical issues that need to be addressed to ensure sustainable agricultural practices in the region.

Fieldwork Inspections and photographs.Interviews with local government, farmers.

Remote sensing : Annotated GE/Landsat image for the selected sites

Comments: Straightforward health check on a major irrigation scheme.

K ASSALA IRRIGATION - K HASHMIN A L Q IRBAH TO D EGHEIM

Site Location: Khashmin Al Qirbah dam and irrigation scheme, Kassala stata Starting or Centre point and Boundary coordinates: 14.55N 35.53E

Field Access: Good roads throughout region.

Technical lead(s): 1.Agriculture 2 Water resources

Field team: This work should be done in close partnership with FAO and WB Nile basin team.

Potential environmental issues: The Khashmin Al Qirbah reservoir is one of

Sudans earliest and largest irrigation schemes A major potential issue for dryland irrigation is salinisation Pesticide use and general soil erosion/land degradation may also be issues.

Fieldwork Inspections and photographs.Interviews with local government, farmers. Environmental sampling: Nil expected.

Remote sensing : Annotated GE/Landsat image for the selected sites

Comments: Straightforward health check on a major dry land irrigation scheme.

T OKAR D ELTA MESQUITE

Site Location: Tokar region, 150km southest of Port Sudan, Red Sea State.

Starting or Centre point and Boundary coordinates: 38E.18N

Field Access: Good road access Port Sudan Poor road access to Tokar.

Security( as of Dec 2005): Needs review – northern edge of the area of instability Access permitting: Probably not required.

Potential environmental issues: Tokar is reported as one of the major sites for the invasion of mesquite trees A case study in invasive species.

Potential linked social issues: Impact on pastoral herders ( camels cannot eat mesquite)

Fieldwork Inspections and photographs of the area affected Positive ID needed of mesquite vs other species

Remote sensing : Annotated GE/Landsat image Potential for time lapse assessment of mesquite invasion if discernable

Comments: Link to EC development programme.

M ALAKAL W HITE N ILE R IVER P ORT

Site Location: Malakal town, Upper Nile State

Malakal serves as a key internal port for exporting raw materials, including timber, from South Sudan Located 50 km WSW of the northeastern edge of the Sudd, the region faces potential environmental challenges due to its significant role in resource extraction.

Fieldwork Inspections and photographs Interviews with port personnel.

N ASIR REGION

Site Location: Nasir town, Upper Nile State

Technical lead(s): Forestry Wildlife Conflict.

Potential environmental issues: Nasir was historically one of the major southern conflict areas Initial satellite image analysis indicates severe deforestation.

Fieldwork Inspections and photographs Interviews with local government, farmers and timber workers.

Remote sensing : Annotated GE/Landsat image Time lapse assessment of deforestation

Reporting: Dedicated report from 3 themes

R UMBEK REGION

Site Location: Rumbek, Lakes state.

Starting or Centre point and Boundary coordinates: 6.56N 29.42E Rumbek Field Access: Remote Poor roads Flood risk

Access permitting: Probably not required but need a GOSS escort.

Field team: This work should be done in close partnership with USAID as they have ongoing projects in this area

Potential environmental issues: No data on this site inc status of park Initial satellite image review indicates severe deforestation in Rumbek region.

Fieldwork Inspections and photographs.Interviews with reseve management, farmers

Remote sensing : Time lapse assessment of forest cover.

J UBA REGION

Site Location: Juba and district to 50km

Field Access: Poor road access throughout the area Landmines constrain movement

Access permitting: Probably not required, but should have a GOSS escort.

Technical lead(s): 1.Forestry Wildlife Conflict.

Juba, the emerging capital of GOSS, is experiencing rapid growth as a small town However, initial satellite analysis reveals significant environmental concerns, particularly a widespread deforestation footprint in the areas surrounding the town and extending to the south.

Fieldwork Inspections and photographs of the pressures on forest resources

Interviews with Ministries, local government, farmers, merchants and timber workers.

Remote sensing : Annotated GE/Landsat images Time lapse assessment of forest cover.

W AUI REGION

Site Location: Waui and surrounding region, Bahr el Ghazal

Waui, a garrison town in South Sudan, is anticipated to become a key internal port and rail hub for exporting raw materials, including timber An initial review of satellite images shows that deforestation in the area is currently limited.

Fieldwork Inspections and photographs Interviews with railway personnel, farmers, foresters.

WILDLIFE CONSERVATION AND BIODIVERSITY SITES

J EBEL M ARA

Site Location: Northern and Southern Darfur

Starting or Centre point and Boundary coordinates: 12.57N 24.15 E

Field Access: Poor roadaccess throughout the area.

Security( as of Dec 2005): Rebel activity SLM/JEM Some landmine areas.

Technical lead(s): Wildlife Forestry Conflict.

Potential environmental issues: Jebel Mara is an isolated high point with a wetter microclimate resulting in denser tree cover, higher biodiversity and some remnant wildlife

Potential linked social issues: Sited in an area of conflict over land and water resources.

Fieldwork Inspections and photographs Interviews with local government, IDPs, farmers and pastoralists .

Remote sensing : Annotated GE/Landsat image Potential for time lapse review of forestry and vegetation cover.

Reporting: Dedicated site visit reports.

D INDER N ATIONAL P ARK & Q ALLABAT

Site Location: Dinder National Park & Qallabat,

Field Access: Poor roads Flood risk

Field team: This work should be done in close partnership with UNDP as they have an ongoing project with the park

The park faces potential environmental challenges, notably encroachment and poaching Initial reviews of satellite imagery reveal signs of encroachment and burn scars along the park's boundaries However, there is currently no data available regarding the impact of the Ethiopian border on the park's status.

Potential linked social issues: Wildlife- neighbour interaction Encroachment.

Fieldwork Inspections and photographs.Interviews with park management, farmers

Visit Qallabat (nearest town and Ethopian border post at NE edge of park).

Remote sensing : Annotated GE/Landsat image for the selected sites/park boundaries

Comments: Significant information already available from UNDP and govt.

Y AMBIO , M ARIDI AND Y EI REGION PROTECTED AREAS

Site Location: The mountainous areas south of Yambio, Maridi and Yei encompass the Bire Kapatua and Mbarizunga Game reserves, Lantoto National Park and the neighbouring DRC Garamba National park.

Field Access: Remote Poor roads Flood risk

Technical lead(s): 1.Biodiversity and protected areas

Field team: This work should be done in close partnership with USAID as they have ongoing projects in this area

Potential environmental issues: No data on this site inc status of game reserves

Initial satellite image review indicates limited deforestation but also a potential mining site south of Yambio The Garamba park area is the northern limit for chimpanzee habitat.

Fieldwork Inspections and photographs.Interviews with reseve management, farmers Visit Yambio and the mine if it exists.

Remote sensing : Annotated GE/Landsat image for the selected sites/park boundaries Time lapse assessment of forest cover.

Comments: Link to UNEP Great Apes Survival Project.

S OUTHERN N ATIONAL P ARK

Site Location: Southern National Park south of Waui and west of Rumbek

Field Access: No roads Remote Flood risk

Access permitting: Probably not required but GOSS escort needed.

Field team: This work should be done in close partnership with USAID as they have an ongoing project in the area.

Potential environmental issues: Limited data on park status.

Fieldwork Inspections and photographs.Interviews with park management ( if existing)

Remote sensing : Annotated GE/Landsat image for the selected sites/park boundaries

Comments: Significant information already available from USAID and others.

B OMA N ATIONAL P ARK

Field team: This work should be done in close partnership with the Boma Wildlife

Potential environmental issues: Limited data on this site inc status of park Initial satellite image review indicates limited deforestation in north of the park.

Fieldwork Inspections and photographs.Interviews with reseve management, farmers

N IMULE N ATIONAL P ARK & TOWNSHIP

Site Location: Nimule town and adjacent park, Eastern Equatoria

Starting or Centre point and Boundary coordinates: 3.35N 32.04 E

Security( as of Dec 2005): Poor LRA activity.

Access permitting: Need a GOSS escort

Field team: This work should be done in close partnership with USAID as they have an ongoing projects in this area

The park faces significant environmental challenges, primarily due to encroachment and poaching activities Satellite imagery reveals extensive deforestation within the park's boundaries, raising concerns about habitat loss Additionally, there is a lack of data regarding how the proximity to the Ugandan border affects the park's overall status.

Fieldwork Inspections and photographs.Interviews with park management, farmers

Visit Nimule (nearest town and Ethopian border post at NE edge of park).

OIL AND THE ENVIRONMENT SITES

B ASHIR M ARINE O IL EXPORT TERMINAL

Site Location: 40km southeast of Port Sudan, Red Sea State.

Starting or Centre point and Boundary coordinates: 37E.19.15N

Field Access: Good road access to the terminal.

Access permitting: Definitely required including a StatePet escort

The Bashir terminal, a crucial export point for Sudan's oil industry, handles 200,000 barrels per day and several tankers weekly, raising significant environmental concerns Key issues include the need for effective oil spill response planning and resources, as well as managing the impacts of tanker traffic and loading points Additionally, wastewater discharge and its effects on local fisheries within the exclusion zone are critical considerations for sustainable operations.

Potential linked social issues: Fisheries exclusion zone

Fieldwork Inspections and photographs of the facility Interviews with operators and management.

Literature references: Note Old OSR plan

The article highlights the significance of access permitting issues, which, while not anticipated to be controversial, are crucial It emphasizes the need for full management by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in alignment with oil industry operations Additionally, it points to the UNEP Regional Seas Programme, which is supported by a wealth of existing data.

K HARTOUM O IL R EFINERIES

Starting or Centre point and Boundary coordinates: TBA

Field Access: Good road access.

Potential environmental issues: Khartoum has two small oil refineries.

Fieldwork Inspections and photographs of the facility Interviews with operators and management.

Comments: Full UNEP management as per all oil industry work.

B ENTIU REGION OILFIELDS

Site Location: Bentiu town and surrounding oilfield, Unity state.

Field Access: Poor road access to the oilfield Probably a fly in site.

Potential environmental issues: Bentiu is the main land oilfield in Sudan Key topics are the exploration and production practices inc wastewater discharge.

Potential linked social issues: Numerous social issues linked to oilfield exclusion zones and community relations

Fieldwork Inspections and photographs of the wellfields, exploration sites, oil processing plant and pipeline pump stations Interviews with oilfield management and operators, government officials and local residents

Environmental sampling: Potential water sampling

Comments: Controversial with access permitting issues Full UNEP management as per all oil industry work.

A DOK REGION OILFIELDS

Site Location: Adok village and surrounding oilfield., Abeyei state.

Field Access: Poor road access to the oilfield Probably a fly in site.

Technical lead(s): Oil Wildlife Water resources

Adok, located at the southernmost tip of Sudan's main oilfield and adjacent to the Sudd, raises potential environmental concerns primarily related to exploration and production practices, particularly regarding wastewater discharge.

Potential linked social issues: Numerous social issues linked to oilfield exclusion zones and community relations

Fieldwork Inspections and photographs of the wellfields, exploration sites, oil processing plant and pipeline pump stations Interviews with oilfield management and operators, government officials and local residents

Environmental sampling: Potential water sampling

Comments: Controversial with access permitting issues Full UNEP management as per all oil industry work

CONFLICT AND DISPLACED POPULATIONS SITES

K HARTOUM IDP C AMPS

Field Access: Good road access to region.

Field team: This work should be done in close partnership with other UN agencies.

Potential environmental issues: Urban issues (waste, water ) and local resource depletion.

Potential linked social issues: Multiple

Fieldwork Inspections and photographs Interviews

Remote sensing : Annotated GE/Landsat /Quickbird image for the selected sites Reporting: Dedicated report

D ARFUR IDP C AMPS

Field Access: Good road access to region.

Field team: This work should be done in close partnership with other UN agencies.

Potential environmental issues: Urban issues (waste, water ) and local resource depletion.

Potential linked social issues: Multiple

Fieldwork Inspections and photographs Interviews

Remote sensing : Annotated GE/Landsat /Quickbird image for the selected sites Reporting: Dedicated report

N UBA M OUNTAINS - D ILLING TO K ADUGLI - R ASHAD

Site Location: Northern Kordofan – TBA (Jebel Rashad)

Starting or Centre point and Boundary coordinates: TBA – 12.06N 30.15E

Field Access: Very Difficult Poor roads away from Kadugli Limited roads in the east.

Security( as of Oct 2005): Sensitive – numerous mined areas.

Technical lead(s): Conflict Agriculture Forestry

The Nuba Mountains, a region marked by prolonged conflict in the 1990s, face significant environmental challenges Land competition in the adjacent lowlands has been identified as a primary driver of this strife Additionally, the area's steep hillsides are inherently susceptible to erosion, with visible signs of land degradation and deforestation observable from aerial views.

Potential linked social issues: The case study/site has numerous social issues

The UNEP study will have limited discussion of these wrt the underlying causes of any land degradation detected.

Fieldwork Inspections and photographs Potential detailed surveys, e.g vegetation transects for ground truthing Interviews with local government, farmers and pastoralists .

Remote sensing : Annotated GE/Landsat image for the selected sites Time lapse review of vegetation cover/desertification/land degradation indicators.

Comments: A sensitive area post CPA.

Torit – Imatong and Acholi mountains region

Site Location: South of Torit and Kapoeta, Eastern Equatoria

Starting or Centre point and Boundary coordinates: Torit

Field Access: Possible fly in site at Torit Mountainous Poor roads Flood risk Security (as of Dec 2005): Minefields LRA activity.

Technical lead(s): Conflict Forestry Wildlife

Potential environmental issues: The southern Imatong mountains were historically one of the southern conflict areas ( still an LRA activity base) Initial satellite image analysis indicates severe deforestation.

Potential linked social issues: Conflict related poaching and timber sales.

Fieldwork Inspections and photographs Interviews with local government, farmers and timber workers.

Remote sensing : Annotated GE/Landsat image Time lapse assessment of

Tiêu đề	Post Conflict Environmental Assessment Scoping Study
Trường học	United Nations Environment Programme
Chuyên ngành	Environmental Awareness and Capacity Building
Thể loại	Scoping Study
Năm xuất bản	2005
Thành phố	Geneva

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Số trang	35
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