ARCH 2350 The Archaeology of the Caucasus

ARCH 2350 The Archaeology of the Caucasus Professor John Cherry Friday – 5:20 pm, Winter Semester 2009 Seminar Room, Joukowsky Institute for Archaeology and the Ancient World The goal of this seminar is to provide students with an overview of the long-term archaeological record from the Caucasus and its near neighbors, as well as an understanding of the history of research in this area during Imperial Russian, Soviet, and contemporary times Readings will cover a range of periods, prehistoric and historic, following the interests of the class Course Requirements As in all graduate seminars, the basic expectation is that students will come to class not only having read and thought about all of the required readings, but also prepared to lead or contribute to extended discusssion and critique of them For certain classes, students will be responsible for brief presentations of specific assigned articles A 20-25 page research paper is required, on a topic to be agreed well in advance with the instructor A brief written outline of the proposed research topic is due by March 13; oral presentation of the papers will take place in the final two meetings of the seminar on April 10 and April 17; final written versions are due by May Readings There are no assigned textbooks for the seminar An extensive bibliography, mainly in English, is to be found below Readings for each class will be made available, wherever possible, in electronic form as pdf files posted to the wiki for the seminar, at: http://proteus.brown.edu/archaeologyofthecaucasus/Home Readings available only in hard copy will be placed on the reserve shelf in the third-floor library of the Joukowsky Institute, along with certain other books that constitute basic resources for the class Schedule Jan 23 Outline of content and goals of the seminar Introduction to the geography, environment, politics, state of archaeological research, etc in the southern Caucasus Readings: Hewsen, R.H (1997) “The Geography of Armenia” In R.G.Hovannisian (ed.), The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, 1-17 New York: St Martin’s Press Hewsen, R.H (2001) Armenia: A Historical Atlas Chicago: University of Chicago Press [Browse] Jan 30 Archaeological research traditions in the Caucasus — Russian, Soviet, post-Soviet Readings: Bulkin, V.A., L.S Klejn, G.S Lebedev (1982) “Attainments and problems of Soviet archaeology.” World Archaeology 13: 272-95 Khatchadourian, L (2008) “Making Nations from the Ground Up: Traditions of Classical Archaeology in the South Caucasus.” AJA 112: 247-78 Kohl, P.L (1993) “Nationalism, politics, and the practice of archaeology in Soviet Transcaucasia.” Journal of European Archaeology 1(2): 181-88 Kohl, P.L., and G Tsetskhladze (1995) “Nationalism, Politics, and the Practice of Archaeology in the Caucasus.” In P.L Kohl and C.P Fawcett (eds.), Nationalism, Politics, and the Practice of Archaeology, 149-74 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Lindsay, I., and A.T Smith (2006) “A History of Archaeology in the Republic of Armenia.” JFA 31(2): 165-84 Smith, A.T (2005) “Prometheus Unbound: Southern Caucasus in Prehistory.” Journal of World Prehistory 19(4): 229-79 [Read if time; otherwise read for Feb 6] Feb The Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age of the southern Caucausus The puzzle of the Kura-Araxes Culture Readings (everyone to read first two, individual student reports on the remainder): Sagona, A.G (2006) The Heritage of Eastern Turkey from Earliest Settlements to Islam South Yarra, Victoria: Macmillan Ch 3: “From Villages to Cities (5500-1150 BC)”, pp 45-75 Batiuk, S, and M Rothman (2007) “Early Transcaucasian Cultures and their Neighbors: Unraveling Migration, Trade, and Assimilation.” Expedition 49(1): 7-17 Edens, C (1995) “Transcaucasia at the End of the Early Bronze Age.” BASOR 299/300: 5364 Rothman, M.S., and G.Kozbe (1997) “Muş in the Early Bronze Age” Anatolian Studies 47: 105-126 Kushnareva, K.Kh (1997) The Southern Caucasus in Prehistory: Stages of Cultural and Socioeconomic Development from the 8th to the 2nd Millennium BC University Museum Monograph 99 Trans H.N Michael Philadelphia: University Museum, University of Pennsylvania Ch 3: “The Early Bronze Age (Middle of the Fourth to the Third Quarter of the Third Millennium B.C.)”, pp 43-79 Badalyan, R.S., P Lombard, C Chataigner, and P.S Avetisyan (2004) “The Neolithic and Chalcolithic phases in the Ararat Plain (Armenia): the view from Aratashen.” In A Sagona (ed.), A View from the Highlands: Studies in Honor of Charles Burney, 437-65 Herent, Belgium: Peeters Burney, C., and D.M Lang (1971) The People of the Hills: Ancient Ararat and Caucasus London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson Ch 3: “From Caucasus to Euphrates — The Early Transcaucasian Culture”, pp 43-85, and plates Kohl, P.L (2007) The Making of Bronze Age Eurasia Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Excerpt from Ch (“The Kura-Araxes Cultural-Historical Community of Transcaucasia”), pp 72-86 Feb 13 Pastoral nomadism, kurgans, and bronzes: the South Caucasian Middle Bronze Age, the Trialeti Culture, and Anatolian merchant colonies Readings: Simonian, H.E et al (1996) “Pasteurs et chefs de guerre au Bronze Moyen.” In J Santrot (ed.), Arménie: Trésors de l’Arménie ancienne des origins au IVe siècle, 54-69 Paris: Somogy Editions d’Art [Mainly for pictures.] Puturidze, M (2003) “Social and Economic Shifts in the South Caucasian Middle Bronze Age.” In A.T Smith and K.S Rubinson (eds.), Archaeology in the Borderlands: Investigations in Caucasia and Beyond, 111-27 Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, UCLA Kushnareva, K.Kh (1997) The Southern Caucasus in Prehistory: Stages of Cultural and Socioeconomic Development from the 8th to the 2nd Millennium BC University Museum Monograph 99 Trans H.N Michael Philadelphia: University Museum, University of Pennsylvania Ch 4: “The Middle Bronze Age (Last Centuries of the Third to the Middle of the Second Millennium B.C.)” pp 81-149; read 81-114, skim the remainder, looking at illustrations Rubinson, K.S (2003) “Silver Vessels and Cylinder Sealings: Precious Reflections of Economic Exchange in the Early Second Millennium BC.” In A.T Smith and K.S Rubinson (eds.), Archaeology in the Borderlands: Investigations in Caucasia and Beyond, 128-43 Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, UCLA Rubinson, K.S (2006) “Over the Mountains and Through the Grass: Visual Information as ‘Text’ for the ‘Textless’ “ In D.L Petersen, L Popova, and A.T Smith (eds.), Beyond the Steppe and the Sown: Proceedings of the 2002 University of Chicago Conference on Eurasian Archaeology, 247-63 Leiden: Brill Aruz, J., et al (eds.) (2008) Beyond Babylon: Art, Trade, and Diplomacy in the Second Millennium B.C New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art Section pp 70-93 Feb 20 The roots of complex societies in the Caucasus: models for the rise of territorial polities and socially stratified institutions in the Late Bronze Age Readings: Petrossian, L.A 1996) “Métallurgistes, agriculuteurs, princes et commerants au Bronze Final and au Fer Ancien.” In J Santrot (ed.), Arménie: Trésors de l’Arménie ancienne des origins au IVe siècle, 72-115 Paris: Somogy Editions d’Art [Mainly for pictures.] Smith, A.T (2006) “Before Argishti: The Roots of Complex Societies in Caucasia Notes from the Tsakahovit Plain, Armenia.” In D.L Petersen, L Popova, and A.T Smith (eds.) (2006) Beyond the Steppe and the Sown: Proceedings of the 2002 University of Chicago Conference on Eurasian Archaeology, 172-82 Leiden: Brill Badalyan, R S., A T Smith, and P S Avetisyan 2003 “The Emergence of Socio-political Complexity in Southern Caucasia.” In A.T Smith and K.S Rubinson (eds.), Archaeology in the Borderlands: Investigations in Caucasia and Beyond, 144-66 Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, UCLA Smith A.T., R Badalyan, P Avetisyan, and M Zardaryan (2004) “Early Complex Societies in Southern Caucasia: A Preliminary Report on the 2002 Investigations by Project ArAGATS on the Tsakahovit Plain, Republic of Armenia.” AJA 108: 1-41 Smith, A.T (1998) “Late Bronze/Early Iron Age fortresses of the Ararat and Shirak Plains, Armenia: typological considerations.” Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia: An International Journal of Comparative Studies in History and Archaeology 5(2): 73-97 [There will be some additional readings] Feb 27 The Urartian Kingdom (Kingdom of Van) I: formation, history, territory Readings: Zimansky (1995c) “The Kingdom of Urartu in Eastern Anatolia.” In J.M Sasson et al (eds.), Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, Vol II, 1135-46 New York: Scribner Burney, C., and D.M Lang (1971) The People of the Hills: Ancient Ararat and Caucasus London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson Ch 5: “From the Rise of Urartu to the Birth of Armenia”, pp 127-73 (only) (For an historical narrative.) Zimansky, P (1995a) “An Urartian Ozymandias.” The Biblical Archaeologist 58(2): 94100 Zimansky, P (1995b) “Urartian material culture as state assemblage: an anomaly in the archaeology of empire.” BASOR 229/300: 103-115 Smith, A T (2003) The Political Landscape: Constellations of Authority in Early Complex Polities Berkeley: University of California Press Pp 156-83, 232-70 Mar The Urartian Kingdom II: sites, artistic production (For this class we will be joined by Prof Ömür Harmanşah) Readings: (A) Everyone Joukowsky, M (1996) Early Turkey: Anatolian Archaeology from Prehistory through the Lydian Period (Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt) Ch 9: “The Urartian Period (ca 825 – 600), pp 337-67 (For an archaeological overview of some key sites, with refs.) Hamaïakian, S et al (1996) “Ler rois d’Ouratou: guerriers, constructeurs et administrateurs l’âge du fer (IXe – début du VIe siècle avant J.-C.).” In J Santrot (ed.), Arménie: Trésors de l’Arménie ancienne des origins au IVe siècle, 118-175 Paris: Somogy Editions d’Art [Mainly for pictures of artwork.] Smith, A.T (1999) “The making of an Urartian landscape in southern Transcaucasia: a study of political architectonics.” AJA 103: 45-71 (B) Short student reports on individual Urartian sites (e.g., Erebuni, Karmir Blur, Horom, Armavir, Bastam, Toprakkale, Tushpa) Mar 13 The Caucasus, the Achaemenid Empire, and the Yervandid Dynasty Readings: Burney, C., and D.M Lang (1971) The People of the Hills: Ancient Ararat and Caucasus London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson Ch 6: “Armenia and Georgia — History and Institutions”, pp 183-205 (only) (For an historical narrative.), or Garsoïan, N (1997) “The Emergence of Armenia.” In R.G.Hovannisian (ed.), The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, 37-62 New York: St Martin’s Press Knauss, F (2005) “Caucasus.” In P Briant and R Boucharlat (eds.) (2005) L’Archéologie de l”Empire Achéménide: Nouvelles Recherches, 197-220 Paris: De Boccard or Knauss, F (2006) “Ancient Persia and the Caucasus.” Iranica Antiqua 41: 79-118 Zardaryan, M.H., and H.P Akopian (1994) “Archaeological excavations of ancient monuments in Armenia, 1985-1990.” Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia: An International Journal of Comparative Studies in History and Archaeology 1(1): 169-95 Zardaryan, M H., A V Tonikyan, S E Alcock, and J F Cherry (2007) “Les investigations du project ‘Vorotan’ dans le région de Suynik.” Les dossiers d’archéologie (Mai-Juin 2007: Arménie) 321: 60-63 Khatchadourian, L (2008) Social logics Under Empire: The Armenian “Highland Satrapy” and Achaemenid Rule, ca 600-300 BC Ph.D Dissertation, Classical Art and Archaeology, University of Michigan [Ch 7: “Landscape and Social Logics: Settlement Patterns in the Highland Satrapy”.] Mar 20 The Armenian Highlands in the Achaemenid Period: Issues of Politics, Authority, and the Social Order (For this class we will be joined by Dr Lori Khatchadourian (Chicago), who will lead a discussion on the Armenian Highlands in the Achaemenid period and her own excavations at the site of Tsakahovit.) Reading: Khatchadourian, L (2008) Social logics Under Empire: The Armenian “Highland Satrapy” and Achaemenid Rule, ca 600-300 BC Ph.D Dissertation, Classical Art and Archaeology, University of Michigan [Selections, to be determined, along with other readings chosen by Dr Khatchadourian.] Mar 27 Spring Recess, no class Apr Archaeology of the Artaxiad and Arsacid Periods Readings: Khatchatrian, Zh (1998) “Artaxata: capitale dell’Armenia antica (II sec A.C.–IV D.C.).” In Ai piedi dell’Ararat: Artaxata e l’Armenia ellenistica-romana, edited by A Invernizzi, 95151 Firenze: Le lettere Vardanyan, R (ed.) (2003) From Urartu to Armenia: Florilegium Gevork A Tirats’yan in Memoriam Wetteren: Cultura [Selections, to be determined.] Tonikyan, A.V (1996) “The layout of Artashat and its historical development.” Mesopotamia 27: 161-87 Tonikyan, A.V (1996) “Architecture of the dwelling houses of Artashat, capital of ancient Armenia.” Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia: An International Journal of Comparative Studies in History and Archaeology 3(1): 15-37 Khatchadourian, L (2008) “Unforgettable Landscapes: Attachment to the Past in Hellenistic Armenia.” In Negotiating the Past in the Past: Identity, Memory, and Landscape in Archaeological Research, N Yoffee (ed.), 43-75 Tucson: University of Arizona Press Ter-Martirissov, F.I (1997) “Un peuple convoité: l’état Arménien et les Achéménides, les Ervandides, les princes Hellénistiques et les empereurs Romains (VI e siècle avant J.-C – IVe siècle après J.-C.).” In J Santrot (ed.), Arménie: Trésors de l’Arménie ancienne des origins au IVe siècle, 178-249 Paris: Somogy Editions d’Art [Mainly for images.] Apr 10 Student presentations of term papers –I Apr 17 Student presentations of term papers –II May Final term papers due Bibliography Adler, D.S., Guy Bar-Oz, Anna Belfer-Cohen, and Ofer Bar-Yosef (2006) “Ahead of the game: Middle and Upper Palaeolithic hunting behaviors in the Southern Caucasus” Current Anthropology 47(1): 89-118 Alcock S E., J F Cherry, A V Tonikian, and M H Zardaryan 2006 “The Vorotan Project, Armenia, 2005.” In In the Field: The Archaeological Expeditions of the Kelsey Museum, edited by L E Talalay and S E Alcock, 88-89 Kelsey Museum Publication Ann Arbor: Kelsey Museum of Archaeology Amiran, R (1965) “Yanik Tepe, Shengavit, and the Khirbet Kerak Ware.” Anatolian Studies 15: 165-67 Areshian, G.E (1990) “Les Éleveurs non sédentaires et les civilisations agricoles l’âge du bronze sur le Plateau Arménien et au Caucase.” I n H.-P Francfort (ed.), Nomades et Sédentaires en Asie Centrale, 19-25 Paris: Éditions CNRS Avetisyan P., R Badalyan, A Gevorkyan, and O Khnkikiyan 2000a “The 1998 Excavation Campaign at the Middle Bronze Age Necropolis of Sisian, Armenia.” SMEA 42(2): 16173 Avetisyan P., R Badalyan, and A T Smith 2000b “Preliminary Report on the 1998 Archaeologial Investigations of Project ArAGATS in the Tsakahovit Plain, Armenia.” SMEA 42(2): 19-59 Avetisyan, P., C Chataigner, and G Palumbi 2006 “The Results of the Excavations in Nerkin Godedzor (2005-2006).” Aramazd: Armenian Journal of Near Eastern Studies 1: 6-18 Ayvazian, A (1990) The Historical Monuments of Nakhichevan Detroit: Wayne State University Press Azarpay G (1968) Urartian Art and Artifacts: A Chronological Study Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Badalian, R.S., C Edens, P.L Kohl, and A.V Tonikian (1992) “Archaeological investigations at Horom in the Shirak Plain of Northwestern Armenia, 1990.” Iran 30:31-48 Badalian, R.S., C Edens, R Gorny, P.L Kohl, D Stronach, A.V Tonikian, S Hamaïakian, et al (1993) “Preliminary report on the 1992 excavations at Horom, Armenia.” Iran 31: 1-24 Badalian, R.S., P.L Kohl, D Stronach, and A.V Tonikian (1994) “Preliminary report on the 1993 excavations at Horom, Armenia.” Iran 32: 1-29 Badalyan, R S 2002 Obsidian Kavkaza: Istochniki I Rasprostranenie Siria v Epokhu Neolita-Rannevo Zheleza (po Resultatam Analizov Neutronnoy Aktivatzii) Unpublished PhD dissertation, Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Yerevan Badalyan, R.S., P Lombard, C Chataigner, and P.S Avetisyan (2004) “The Neolithic and Chalcolithic phass in the Ararat Plain (Armenia): the view from Aratashen.” In A Sagona (ed.), A View from the Highlands: Studies in Honor of Charles Burney, 437-65 Herent, Belgium: Peeters Badalyan, R S., A T Smith, and P S Avetisyan 2003 “The emergence of socio-political complexity in southern Caucasia.” In Archaeology in the Borderlands: Investigations in Caucasia and Beyond, edited by A T Smith and K Rubinson, 144-66 Los Angeles: The Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at UCLA Badalyan, R S., and P S Avetisyan 2007 Bronze and Early Iron Age Archaeological Sites in Armenia: I, Mt Aragats and its Surrounding Region BAR International Series 1697 Oxford: Archaeopress Badalyan, R., C Chataigner, and P L Kohl 2004 “Trans-Caucasian Obsidian: The Exploitation of the Sources and their Distribution.” In A View from the Highlands: Archaeological Studies in Honour of Charles Burney, edited by A Sagona, 437-65 Herent: Peeters Barnett, R.D 1982: Urartu In Cambridge Ancient History 3.2, 314-371 Bar-Yosef, O., A Belfer-Cohen, and D.S Adler (2006) “The implications of the MiddleUpper Palaeolithic chronological boundary in the Caucasus to Eurasian prehistory.” Anthropologie 44(1): 49-60 Batiuk, S, and M Rothman (2007) “Early Transcaucasian cultures and their neighbors: unraveling migration, trade, and assimilation.” Expedition 49(1): 7-17 Bedoukian, P.Z (1978) Coinage of the Artaxiads of Armenia London: Royal Numismatic Society Belli, O (1986) The Capital of Urartu: Van, Eastern Anatolia Istanbul: Net Turistik Yayinlar Belli, O., and V Bahşaliyev (2001) Middle and Late Bronze Age Painted Pottery Culture in the Nakhichevan Region Istanbul: Kanaat Basimevi Biscione, R (1994) “Recent Urartian Discoveries in Armenia: The Columbarium of Erevan” Studi Miceni ed Egeo-anatolici 34: 115-35 Biscione, R (2003) “Pre-Urartian and Urartian settlement patterns in the Caucasus, two case studies: the Urmia Plain, Iran, and the Sevan Basin, Armenia.” In Archaeology in the Borderlands: Investigations in Caucasia and Beyond, edited by A T Smith and K Rubinson, 167-84 Los Angeles: The Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at UCLA Biscione, R., S Hmayakyan, N Parmegiani, and Y Sayadyan (eds.) 2002 The NorthEastern Frontier: Urartians and Non-Urartians in the Sevan Lake Basin I: The Southern Shores Rome: Istituto di Studi sulle Civilità dell’Egeo e del Vicino Oriente Blackman, J., R Badaljan, Z Kikodze, and P Kohl (1998) “Chemical Characterization of Caucasian Obsidian Geological Sources.” In L’obsidienne au Proche et Moyen Orient: du volcan l’outil, edited by M.-C Cauvin, A Gourgaud, B Gratuze, N Arnaud, G Poupeau, J.-L Poidevin, and C Chataigner, 205-231 BAR International Series 738 Oxford: Archaeopress Bochum (1995) Armenien: Wiederentdeckung einer alten Kulturlandschaft (Exhibition Catalogue, Bochum Museum.) Bochum: Bochum Museum Bournoutian, G (1993) A History of the Armenian People Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Braund, D (1989) “Coping with the Caucasus: Roman responses to local conditions in Colchis.” In D.H French and C.S Lightfoot (eds.), The Eastern Frontier of the Roman Empire: Proceedings of a Colloquium held at Ankara in September 1988, 31-43 Oxford: British Archaeological Reports Braund, D (1994) Georgia in Antiquity: A History of Colchis and Transcaucasian Iberia, 550 BC – AD 562 Oxford: Clarendon Press Briant, P., and R Boucharlat (eds.) (2005) L’Archéologie de l”Empire Achéménide: Nouvelles Recherches Paris: De Boccard Bulkin, V.A., L.S Klejn, G.S Lebedev (1982) “Attainments and problems of Soviet archaeology.” World Archaeology 13: 272-95 Burney, C., and D.M Lang (1971) The People of the Hills: Ancient Ararat and Caucasus London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson Cherry, J F., E Z Faro, and L Minc (forthcoming) Field Survey and Geochemical Characterization of the Southern Armenian Obsidian Sources Submitted to Journal of Field Archaeology Cherry, J F., E Z Faro, and L Minc 2007 Field Exploration and Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis of the Obsidian Sources in Southern Armenia Bulletin of the International Association for Obsidian Studies Bulletin 39: 3-6 Cherry, J F., S E Alcock, and J Gates-Foster 2008 “Archaeological Impacts of Soviet-era Land Amelioration Programs in the Southern Caucasus.” Paper presented at the •th Meeting of the Archaeological Institute of America, Chicago, January • 2008 Cherry, J F., S W Manning, S E Alcock, A V Tonikyan, and M H Zardaryan 2008 “Radiocarbon Dates for the Second and First Millennia B.C from Southern Armenia.” Aramazd: Armenian Journal of Near Eastern Studies [2007]: ã ầilingiroglu, A and Salvini, M (eds.) 2001: Ayanis (Rome) Çilingiroglu, A., and D French (eds.), Anatolian Iron Ages (Oxbow Monograph 13), 131-148 Curtis, J 1996: Urartian Bronze Belts Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 86, 118-136 Der Nersessian, S (1989) L’art arménien Paris: Flammarion Dignas, B., and E Winter (2007) Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity: Neighbours and Rivals Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Djaparidze, D., V Djaparidze, G Bosinski, T Bugianisvili et al (1992) “Der altpalaolithische Fundplatz Dmanissi in Georgien (Kaukasus): Lage und Entdeckung.” Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 36 [1989]: 67-115 Dodgeon, M (1994) The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars, AD 226-363: A Documentary History London: Routledge Edens, C (1995) “Transcaucasia at the End of the Early Bronze Age.” BASOR 299/300: 5364 Frankel, D (1979) The Ancient Kingdom of Urartu London: British Museum Furtwängler, A., and O Lordkipanidze (eds.) (2000) Iberien (Kingreich Kartli) und Seine Nachbarn in Achaimenidischer und nachachaimenidischer Zeit: Akten des Internationalen Symposiums in T’bilisi, Georgien, vom 28.9-3.10.1997 Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan 32 Gabunia, L., A Vekua, and D Lordkipanidze (2000) “The environmental contexts of early human occupation of Georgia (Transcaucasia).” Journal of Human Evolution 38: 785–802 Gagoshidze, J (1996) “The Achaemenid influence in Iberia.” Boreas 19: 125-36 Garsoian, N (1997) “The emergence of Armenia.” In The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, vol 1, 37-62 New York: St Martin’s Press Golonova, L.V., and V.B.Doronichev (2003) “The Middle Palaeolithic of the Caucasus.” Journal of World Prehistory 17(1): 71-140 Hakobyan, H 2002 “The surface pottery of the Early Armenian, Hellenistic and Roman periods from the southern Sevan Basin.” In The North-Eastern Frontier Urartians and Non-Urartians in the Sevan Lake Basin, edited by R Biscione, S Hmayakyan, and N Parmegiani, 301-17 Rome: Istituo di studi sulle ciliviltà dell’egeo e del vicino oriente Hammond, N.G.L (1996) “Alexander in Armenia.” Phoenix 50(2): 130-37 Harutunyan, N V 2001 Korpus Urartskikh Klinoobraznikh Nadpisei (Corpus of Urartian Cuneiform inscriptions) Yerevan: Izdatel’sztvo “gitutiun” NAN RA Hewsen, R.H 2001 Armenia: A Historical Atlas Chicago: University of Chicago Press Hinds, J.G.F (1983-4) “Greek and Barbarian peoples on the shores of the Black Sea.” Archaeological Reports 30: 71-97 Hinds, J.G.F (1992-3) “Archaeology of the Greek and Barbarian peoples around the Black Sea.” Archaeological Reports 39: 82-112 Invernizzi, A (1998) Ai piedi dell’Ararat: Artaxata e l’Armenia ellenistica-romana Florence: Le Lettere Joukowsky, M (1996) Early Turkey: An Introduction to the Archaeology of Anatolia from prehistory therough the Lydian period Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt [With bibliography on Uratian archaeology, 365-67.] Kacharava, D.D (1984) “Archaeological investigations on the eastern Black Sea Littoral, 1970-80.” Archaeological Reports 30: 98-101 Kacharava, D.D (1990-91) “Archaeology in Georgia 1980-1990 (post-prehistoric to premedieval).” Archaeological Reports 37: 79-86 Kalantar, A (1994) From the Stone Age to the Middle Ages (selection of articles, edited by G Karakhanian) Civilisations du Proche-Orient 1, Archéologie et environnement Karapetyan I A 2003 Kayastani nyutakan mshakuyte m.t.a VI-IV dd (The Material Culture of Armenia: 6th – 4th centuries B.C.) 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Paris: Bibliothèque nationale de France Khanzadian, E.V (1995) Metsamor 2: La Nécropole, vol 1, Les tombes du Bronze moyen et récent Neuchâtel-Paris: Recherches et Publications Khanzadian, E.V., K.A Mkrtchyan, and E.S Parsamyan (1973) Metsamor Yerevan: Izdatelstvo AN Armyanskoy SSR Khatchadourian, L 2008b “Making Nations from the Ground Up: Traditions of Classical Archaeology in the South Caucasus.” AJA 112: 247-78 Khatchadourian, L 2008c “Unforgettable Landscapes: Attachment to the Past in Hellenistic Armenia.” In Negotiating the Past in the Past: Identity, Memory, and Landscape in Archaeological Research, N Yoffee (ed.), 43-75 Tucson: University of Arizona Press Khatchadourian, L 2008a Social logics Under Empire: The Armenian “Highland Satrapy” and Achaemenid Rule, ca 600-300 BC Ph.D Dissertation, Classical Art and Archaeology, University of Michigan Khatchatrian, Zh Forthcoming The Sisian Nakharar Tomb Trans Z Pogossian and ed G Traina Herent: Peeters Khatchatrian, Zh 1998 “Artaxata: capitale dell’Armenia antica (II sec A.C.–IV D.C.).” In Ai piedi dell’Ararat: Artaxata e l’Armenia ellenistica-romana, edited by A Invernizzi, 95151 Firenze: Le lettere Kleiss, W., Hauptmann, H et al (1976) Topographische Karte von Urartu Archaologische Mitteilungen aus Iran Erganzungsband Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Kleiss W., and S Kroll 1976 “Zwei Plätze des Jahrhunderts v Chr in Iranisch Azerbaidjan.” Archaolögische Mitteilungen aus Iran 9: 107-24 Knauss, F (2005) “Caucasus.” In P Briant and R Boucharlat (eds.) 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