Engineering Materials Amretashis Sengupta Chandan KumarSarkar Editors Basics to Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Engineering Materials More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/4288 Amretashis Sengupta • Chandan Kumar Sarkar Editors Introduction to Nano Basics to Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Springer Editors Amretashis Sengupta School of VLSI Technology Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology Shibpur Howrah India ISSN 1612-1317 Engineering Materials ISBN 978-3-662-47313-9 DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-47314-6 Chandan Kumar Sarkar Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering Jadavpur University Kolkata India ISSN 1868-1212 (electronic) ISBN 978-3-662-47314-6 (eBook) Library of Congress Control Number: 2015941119 Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015 This work is subject to copyright All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made Printed on acid-free paper Springer-Verlag GmbH Berlin Heidelberg is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Dedicated to Sri Sri Kaibalyanath, my parents and my teachers Amretashis Sengupta F oreword Nanotechnology looks very much on the course to kick-start a new era in science and technology as well as industry in decades to come The true potential of the nanoscale, if properly exploited, would significantly improve many aspects of human living for the better In this scenario, nanotechnology education will play a pivotal role in preparing industry and society to fully embrace this new paradigm The efforts of Sengupta and Sarkar in providing students with a useful resource on this topic under one cover for venturing into the world of nanotechnology are most commendable A good aspect of this book is that it does not require any prerequisite of detailed knowledge of physics and materials sciences, but rather endeavors to introduce these concepts in a self-contained manner In this sense, the book strikes a nice balance between the building blocks of nanoscale physics and advanced topics such as nanotransistors, memories, and interconnects I feel that this book will be an important read for the young nanotechnologists and early-stage researchers, especially those working in the field of nanoelectronics Prof Stevenson Fung Department of Physics The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong China Preface It is said that some of the biggest surprises often come in small packages such a statement fits perfectly in the case of nanotechnology This interesting new field of science and technology is getting more and more intertwined with the thread of our daily lives by means of nanoscale devices in consumer electronics, nanomaterials, and composites in textiles, aerospace, automobile, rehabilitation aids, and various other products Not only nanotechnology is employed in the high-tech products, but also it is actively pursuing pressing global problems such as safe drinking water, better crops, and cleaner energy As nanotechnology builds momentum to become the game changer of the twenty-first century, the study of nanoscience and technology as an interdisciplinary subject in academic institutions also holds a key to its success People and ideas from various fields of natural and applied sciences and engineering can come together under the aegis of the nanotech wave to transform the future for the better In this wave, this book is but a tiny ripple to provide students new to the field of nanoscience and technology the basic skill sets and building blocks to form a better understanding of the subject With a special focus on nanoelectronic devices, this book is likely to be useful for early-stage researchers working in the domain of nanoelectronics as well The materials and chapters for this edited volume have been collected from various experts and researchers working actively in the con cerned fields We hope the students would find it a suitable companion as they take their first steps into the marvelous world of nanoscience and technology Finally, we would like to express our sincere thanks to all the contributors and authors, and colleagues without whose active participation it would not have been possible to bring out this book Our special thanks to our students for their enthusiasm which motivated us in the first place to initialize such an effort Howrah and Kolkata May 2015 Amretashis Sengupta Chandan Kumar Sarkar ix Contents Introduction Amretashis Sengupta and Chandan Kumar Sarkar Fundamentals of Quantum Theory Amretashis Sengupta Basic Solid-State Physics and Crystallography Amretashis Sengupta 27 Quantum Nanoengineering Arkaprava Bhattacharyya and Vijay K Arora 59 Quantum Effect on Properties of Nanomaterials Chandan Kumar Ghosh 73 Advanced Characterization Techniques Chandan Kumar Ghosh 113 Nanoscale MOSFET: MOS Transistor as Basic Building Block Soumya Pandit 145 Applications of Nanotechnology in Next-Generation Nonvolatile Memories Amretashis Sengupta, Bikash Sharma and Chandan Kumar Sarkar Nanocrystalline Thin Film Gas Sensors Amretashis Sengupta 173 205 xi Editors and Contributors About the Editors Dr Amretashis Sengupta received his B.Sc (Hons.) in physics in 2005 and M.Sc (physics) with special ization in Electronics in 2007 from the University of North Bengal, India He recieved his M.Tech (Nano Science and Technology) degree in 2010 from Jadavpur University, India He received the Ph.D (Engg.) degree from Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India, in December 2012 He is a recipient of university medals for ranking 1st class with 1st in M.Sc and M.Tech examinations He was awarded the DST INSPIRE Fellowship for his doctoral work at Jadavpur University and the DST Postdoctoral Fellowship in NanoScience and Technology for his postdoctoral work at Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore He received the DST INSPIRE Faculty award from the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, in 2013 He is currently an assistant professor at the School of VLSI Technology, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology (BEST), Shibpur, India His research interests are first principles-based simulations on 2D materials, non-equilibrium Green’s function (NEGF)-based nanoelectronic device simulation for Graphene and other alternate 2D channel material FET, and nanocrystal-based nonvolatile memories He is a member of IEEE and a reviewer of various reputed international journals such as IEEE T-ED, Journal of Computational Electronics, and Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids and Silicon Xlll ... even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors and the editors... are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty,... engineering can come together under the aegis of the nanotech wave to transform the future for the better In this wave, this book is but a tiny ripple to provide students new to the field of nanoscience