COMPREHENSIVE HAZARD ANALYSIS FOR STARKE COUNTY INDIANA

Purpose

This Comprehensive Hazard Analysis enhances awareness of potential threats to Starke County residents, ensuring that the Starke County Emergency Management Agency, along with elected officials and response agencies, is well-prepared to effectively plan for, respond to, and recover from identified hazards that pose risks to life, property, and essential services.

Scope

This document replaces the most recent community hazard analysis, dated 2002, that was prepared by the Starke County Emergency Management Agency, and will be reviewed yearly.

Mission

The Starke County Emergency Management Agency is dedicated to effectively managing emergencies and disasters through a comprehensive strategy Our mission focuses on offering clear guidance for mitigating risks, preparing for potential crises, responding to emergencies, and facilitating recovery efforts We aim to protect the lives of Starke County residents, their homes, and the overall well-being of our communities.

Starke County – Facts and Figures

Starke County, covering 309 square miles, is home to approximately 22,832 residents and features nine townships: California, Center, Davis, Jackson, North Bend, Oregon, Railroad, Washington, and Wayne The county's largest city, Knox, has around 3,721 inhabitants, while the majority of the population resides in rural areas and the towns of North Judson and Hamlet.

Starke County's governance structure includes the County Board of Commissioners, along with the mayors of Knox, North Judson, and Hamlet Furthermore, the leadership is enhanced by the Trustees of the nine townships, all playing a vital role in the county's administration.

Starke County is geographically bordered by Marshall County to the east, Laporte County to the west and north, and Pulaski County to the south, with the City of Knox situated centrally within the County Predominantly flat, Starke County features the Kankakee River as its northern boundary and is home to two lakes—Koontz Lake in the northeast and Bass Lake in the south Additionally, the Yellow River is the only major river that flows through the entirety of the County.

4 Statewide, Starke County ranks 66th in total population out of the 92 Counties in Indiana

Starke County's economy is driven by manufacturing, government, service, and professional trades, with manufacturing contributing approximately $36 million and government activities adding another $33 million each year.

Starke County boasts a robust transportation system that facilitates diverse economic activities, featuring key roadways such as United States routes 30 and 35, along with State routes 8 and 10, which connect local communities to other regions in the state Additionally, the county is served by an airport located north of Knox and two rail lines that provide essential freight transport to the towns of Knox and Hamlet.

Starke County’s Hazard Base – A Summary

Starke County faces a dynamic hazard landscape influenced by population shifts, business activities, land use changes, technological advancements, and emerging threats like terrorism and weapons of mass destruction To effectively prepare for and respond to these evolving hazards, Starke County has developed a flexible emergency management system aligned with the "all-hazards, all-risks" approach endorsed by the Indiana State Emergency Management Agency and the Federal Emergency Management Agency This system addresses a wide range of natural, technological, and manmade hazards that pose challenges to government agencies, communities, businesses, and residents While some hazards may not have immediate impacts, their potential threat necessitates comprehensive emergency planning and preparedness efforts across all levels of government Proactive programs and thorough hazard assessments are crucial to prevent tragic losses of life and property, as well as to mitigate long-lasting emotional and economic repercussions.

2 Approximately 85 – 90% of the homeowners have property insurance policies.

3 Because of its geography and location, the principle natural hazards to Starke County (in order of likelihood) include: (1) droughts; (2) wildfires; and (3) animal health emergencies

4 Starke County’s principle technological hazards (in order of likelihood) include:

(1) hazardous materials events (fixed-sites and transportation-related); (2) tire fires; and (3) structural fires

Starke County faces various technological threats, largely stemming from its status as a major manufacturing hub These challenges are similar to those experienced in other regions across the state and nation.

5 Starke County’s principle manmade hazards (in order of likelihood) include: (1) arson; (2) civil disturbances; and (3) terrorism.

Starke County Emergency Management Agency – Focus for the Future

Flooding

Hazard Description

Dam failures can lead to devastating consequences, including loss of life and extensive damage to property and natural resources downstream These failures can happen not only during severe weather events but also due to inadequate maintenance, poor operation, or vandalism The unexpected nature of dam failures often leaves little to no time for evacuation, making their impact particularly catastrophic Additionally, river flooding can exacerbate these risks, highlighting the importance of proper dam management and maintenance to prevent such disasters.

Flooding in areas adjacent to rivers and streams is a natural phenomenon that has existed for centuries When left untouched, floodplains can absorb excess water, mitigating damage from floods However, urban development has heightened the risk of severe flooding, as rainwater now rapidly flows off impervious surfaces like streets and rooftops, channeled through artificial drainage systems instead of soaking into the soil.

Flooding poses a significant threat by damaging or destroying both public and private property, disrupting utilities, and rendering roads impassable Additionally, it can devastate agricultural areas and crops, hinder emergency services, and tragically result in the loss of human and animal lives.

Flood-prone areas exist across Starke County and the broader State, with human development and the types of structures built serving as key indicators of flood risk and potential damage According to the Indiana Department of Natural Resources Water Division, approximately 25 percent of these regions are at risk of flooding.

Starke County’s land area is flood prone, including approximately

(4) The primary sources of flooding for Starke County are the Kankakee River and the Yellow River

River flooding predominantly happens in early spring due to excessive rainfall or a combination of rainfall and snowmelt While severe thunderstorms can lead to localized flooding in the summer or fall, their effects are usually confined to smaller drainage areas Flash floods, characterized by intense and rapid water flow in small streams or dry creek beds, often carry significant debris Additionally, urban flooding presents unique challenges due to the concentration of water in developed areas.

(1) Urban flooding involves the overflow of storm systems and is typically the result of inadequate drainage following heavy rainfall or rapid snowmelt.

Flooding can occur not only from rivers, streams, or lakes overflowing but also due to excessive rainfall, saturated ground, and poor drainage systems Recently developed areas in the County often face drainage issues, particularly affecting storm drains and sewer systems This can lead to water, sewage, and debris backing up into homes and basements, resulting in structural damage, mechanical failures, and posing significant public health risks.

Significant County Events

a Dam Failure There is no significant history of dam failure in Starke

County. b River Flooding There is no significant history of river flooding in Starke

County. c Flash Flooding There is no significant history of flash flooding in Starke

County. d Urban Flooding There is no significant history of urban flooding in

Programs and Initiatives

a Dam Failure Because there is a low probability of occurrence, Starke

County has not established programs and initiatives specific to this hazard. b River Flooding Because there is a low probability of occurrence, Starke

County has not established programs and initiatives specific to this hazard. c Flash Flooding Because there is a low probability of occurrence, Starke

County has not established programs and initiatives specific to this hazard. d Urban Flooding Because there is a low probability of occurrence,

Starke County has not established programs and initiatives specific to this hazard.

Analysis and Impact

Dams play a crucial role in State and County infrastructure, offering significant benefits to communities However, historical events reveal that dam failures can lead to catastrophic outcomes, including loss of life and property damage Many aging dams are situated in flood-prone areas, and while mitigation efforts can reduce risks, they may not completely eliminate the threat of breaches and downstream flooding Understanding potential hazards and having effective response procedures are essential for managing these risks effectively.

Controlling floodplain development is essential for minimizing flood-related damages, yet many communities still experience increased development in flood-prone areas despite state and local regulations In contrast, Starke County takes a proactive approach by strictly regulating the construction of homes and businesses in these vulnerable zones County leadership has recognized that effective land use management and stringent enforcement of building codes, informed by a history of flooding events, can enhance safety from flood hazards and significantly lower the costs associated with flood losses.

Indiana's waterways, as illustrated in Figure 1, play a crucial role in the state's flood management efforts, particularly in Starke County Despite established flood mitigation programs, prolonged rainfall can overwhelm these systems, making every river, stream, and lake a potential flood hazard Flash flooding, characterized by its unpredictability and destructive nature, poses an additional risk to these waterways.

Starke County must prioritize the development of infrastructure, including homes, roads, bridges, and highways, in flood-prone areas to safeguard against loss of life, property, and essential services Flash floods are recognized by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as the leading weather-related cause of fatalities, highlighting the urgent need for effective flood management Beyond immediate destruction, flooding leads to post-disaster hazards such as contaminated water and food sources, mold growth, and the proliferation of waterborne pathogens, which pose significant health risks to the community To address these challenges, Starke County should leverage available programs and resources from Federal and State governments Urban flooding often results in drainage, water, and sewage issues, leading to mold and mildew development, as well as structural and mechanical problems, further exacerbating public health risks.

Drought

deficiency of rainfall, generally lasting for an extended period of time.

Drought is a common climatic phenomenon in Indiana and Starke County, characterized by varying rainfall levels, from light to high averages Unlike typical arid conditions in low-rainfall areas, drought results from a significant decrease in precipitation over an extended period, often impacting the growing season The severity of drought is influenced by factors such as location, duration, geographical extent, and the demands placed on water supply by human activities and agricultural practices Furthermore, drought is distinct from other natural hazards due to its unique characteristics and impacts.

(1) It is difficult to determine the exact beginning or end of a drought period, because the effects may accumulate slowly and linger, even after the event is generally considered over.

(2) The lack of a clear-cut definition of drought often makes it difficult to determine whether one actually exists, and if it does, the degree of severity.

(3) Drought impacts are often less obvious than other natural hazards and are typically spread over a much larger geographical area.

Many communities lack effective contingency plans for drought situations, which significantly undermines their capacity to manage such crises Droughts can have devastating effects on communities and regions, leading to a range of challenges and difficulties.

(1) Shortages of water needed for human consumption; industrial, business, and agricultural uses; power generation; recreational acti- vities; and basic transportation uses.

(2) Significant decrease in the quantity and quality of agricultural products.

(3) Decline of water quality in lakes, streams, and other natural bodies of water.

(4) Malnourishment of wildlife and livestock.

(5) Increase in wildfires and fire-related losses to timber, homes, and other property.

(6) Decline in tourism in areas dependent on water-related activities.

(7) Decline in land values because of physical damage from drought conditions and/or decreased economic or functional use of the property.

(8) Increases in insect infestations, plant disease, and wind erosion.

(9) Potential loss of human life resulting from food shortages, extreme heat, fire, and other health-related problems, such as diminished sewage flows and increased pollutant concentrations in surface water.

Starke County, Indiana, has faced significant drought conditions from 1999 to 2003, characterized by a severe lack of rainfall and prolonged high temperatures These conditions led to critical water shortages at Bass Lake and dangerously low levels in private wells across the county The impact of droughts has been profound, adversely affecting local farmers and tourism in the Bass Lake area Figure 2 illustrates the extent of the drought's severity across the nation during this period.

Conditions ranged from moderate to extreme drought.

In the United States, no single agency monitors drought conditions, and Indiana, in particular, lacks detailed records of drought events Instead, various federal and state agencies collaborate to evaluate and assess factors such as rainfall, temperatures, and the economic and social impacts of drought, including environmental damages Key contributors to this Comprehensive Hazard Analysis include the United States Geological Survey, which plays a vital role in collecting and analyzing stream flow data to gauge drought severity In Starke County, the agency monitors numerous stream gauges annually and gathers information on water quality, reservoir levels, and groundwater contents Additionally, the National Weather Service is a primary agency involved in these efforts.

The National Weather Service is a federal agency that collects and publishes crucial data on precipitation and weather-related events, serving as a valuable resource for assessing potential drought conditions The United States Department of Agriculture offers various programs to assist farmers and agricultural businesses in Starke County affected by natural disasters, particularly droughts This includes emergency loans from the Farm Service Bureau for those who have experienced significant losses and are eligible for federal assistance under a Presidential Disaster Declaration Additionally, the National Drought Mitigation Center focuses on research and information dissemination to help the public and agencies reduce their vulnerability to drought through prevention and risk management strategies Collaborating with the International Drought Mitigation Center, these organizations work together to enhance drought preparedness and response efforts.

The Information Center, similar to the National Drought Mitigation Center, serves as a crucial hub for drought-related research, policy guidance, planning support, training, and educational resources These agencies play an essential role in coordinating various programs and initiatives aimed at addressing drought challenges.

Starke County, like the rest of Indiana, faces significant challenges due to drought, with both urban and rural areas being particularly vulnerable Urban centers, such as Knox, experience heightened water shortages that can disrupt local businesses due to competition for limited resources Prolonged drought negatively affects agricultural activities, impacting the quality and quantity of crops and livestock, while also increasing the risk of destructive wildfires that threaten residential and commercial properties Unfortunately, drought often receives insufficient attention from community leaders and emergency management officials, resulting in inadequate contingency planning The entire Starke County region, including shallow Bass Lake, is at risk, as it relies solely on rainwater and lacks emergency water storage solutions A severe drought could lead to the loss of livestock and crops, threaten local businesses, and strain private wells, increasing reliance on local water supplies Additionally, the economic ramifications could extend to declines in tourism and retail income.

Extreme Temperatures

often accompanied by other extreme meteorological conditions.

Extreme temperatures in Starke County, whether from the sweltering heat of summer or the biting cold of winter, present significant and potentially life-threatening challenges for residents, particularly affecting vulnerable groups such as seniors, children, individuals with health issues, and those living in poverty Extreme summer heat, often marked by high temperatures and humidity, can lead to prolonged heat waves, which pose serious risks to public health and safety.

Heatstroke occurs when the body's core temperature rises to dangerously high levels, impairing its ability to cool down This severe condition can lead to symptoms such as delirium, stupors, a coma-like state, or even death Prompt cooling measures are crucial to mitigate the serious effects of heatstroke.

Heat exhaustion is a milder condition than heatstroke, caused by fluid imbalance from excessive sweating, leading to symptoms like dizziness and fatigue Treatment typically involves rehydrating and lowering body temperature Similarly, extreme winter cold can lead to temperature-related fatalities, primarily due to illnesses exacerbated by the cold, such as stroke, heart disease, and pneumonia.

Hypothermia occurs when the body temperature drops to 95°F (35°C) or lower, impairing the body's ability to maintain warmth and perform essential functions This serious condition can lead to confusion, unconsciousness, and even death It primarily affects young individuals who lack experience in managing cold temperatures during winter outdoor activities.

Frostbite is a serious condition where body tissues freeze, leading to potential tissue death and, in severe cases, secondary infections Treatment primarily focuses on protecting unaffected areas, and re-warming should only occur in a medical facility due to the risks of intense pain, bleeding, and infection.

Starke County has not experienced any notable instances of extreme summer heat or extreme winter cold throughout its history.

Starke County has not developed specific programs or initiatives for extreme summer heat and extreme winter cold due to their low probability of occurrence.

Starke County has not established programs and initiatives specific to this hazard.

Starke County faces significant risks from extreme summer heat, particularly in urban areas like the City of Knox, where a dense population increases vulnerability to heat-related hazards Prolonged exposure to high temperatures poses serious dangers, especially for residents who may be more susceptible Local human service agencies and volunteer organizations play a crucial role in addressing these risks and supporting the community during heat events.

The Starke County Health Department, along with medical facilities and schools, plays a crucial role in educating the community about the dangers of extreme weather conditions, including severe heat and unpredictable winter cold Given Indiana's history of winter storm emergencies, it is essential to develop outreach programs that inform residents—especially seniors and children—about the risks associated with extreme cold These programs should provide guidance on protecting oneself during power outages, managing heat loss, and staying safe when unable to leave home due to severe weather.

Fire Hazards

Tire fires pose a significant hazard in Indiana, where thousands of scrap tires are generated each year While many are disposed of at regulated storage sites, such as the approved junkyards in Starke County, illegal dumping remains a persistent issue Numerous unapproved locations exist throughout the county, where private residents have been dumping scrap tires and other waste for years, creating potential environmental risks and challenges for local officials.

Tire disposal sites pose significant fire hazards due to the vast accumulation of scrap tires, which serve as a substantial fuel source This extensive quantity makes conventional firefighting methods largely ineffective, as the burning oil released from the tires can easily spread flames to nearby areas.

(2) Tire fires differ from conventional fires in the following ways:

(a) Relatively small tire fires can require significant fire resources to control and extinguish.

(b) Those resources often cost much more than Starke County government can absorb compared to standard fire responses.

Major tire fires can have severe environmental impacts, as the extreme heat generated can transform a standard vehicle tire into approximately 2 gallons of oily residue, which poses a risk of contaminating soil and waterways Additionally, structural fires represent a significant threat in Starke County, with an average of one to two fire-related fatalities and around six injuries occurring annually over the past five years in residential and commercial properties Wildfires also contribute to the overall fire hazards in the area, further emphasizing the need for fire safety measures.

(1) When conditions are right, forests and wild land areas may become vulnerable to devastating wildfires.

In recent decades, Starke County has experienced a significant shift in wildfire hazards due to increased residential and commercial development near forested areas The current fire service personnel levels are insufficient to provide comprehensive fire protection for these new structures Additionally, arson remains a critical issue, with 10-20 homes destroyed annually by arsonists, highlighting the serious threat it poses to community safety and complicating efforts to assess local fire hazards.

2 Significant County Events a Tire Fires

(1) The most recent tire fire began in the fall of 2010 at the C&C

A fire in California Township has caused significant damage, affecting multiple homes and leading to ground and water contamination The blaze originated when a vehicle on the property ignited, subsequently spreading to nearby tires and other vehicles in the yard.

In the summer of 2002, a fire at Singleton Salvage in Washington Township spread to the nearby residential area, igniting due to uncontrolled open burning.

(3) During 2001 a fire started and impacted Brown Tire, located in Center Township The fire started as a result of open burning The fire impacted 24 nearby homes. b Structural Fires

(1) There have been numerous structural fires with significant numbers of deaths or injuries.

(2) The following graph shows the major structural fires that have taken place in Starke County between 1999 and 2002 and the estimated damage costs associated with each event.

Significant Structural Fires in Starke County Communities

Date Location Characteristics of the Event

Toto’s Discount Center was devastated by a fire caused by a faulty electrical connection in a soft drink cooler at Richard’s Retail Outlet Fire departments from neighboring counties provided mutual aid to combat the blaze Fortunately, the Discount Center has now been rebuilt and is ready to serve the community once again.

In 2001, a significant fire at Toto’s Discount Center caused extensive damage to the building, primarily due to a hot tar torch igniting on the roof The incident prompted assistance from mutual aid fire departments in the response efforts.

In 1999, the Starke County Courthouse Annex suffered severe damage from a fire linked to a potential electrical issue, leading to its reconstruction at the same site Additionally, Starke County has faced numerous wildfires, primarily in wooded and grassy areas adjacent to new residential developments, often caused by open and careless burning Furthermore, arson remains a significant concern, with about 20 incidents annually affecting both inhabited and vacant homes, predominantly during the summer months.

3 Programs and Initiatives a The Indiana Department of Environmental Management

The agency oversees policies and guidelines that assist local jurisdictions in creating effective tire management programs, aiming to reduce environmental impact, public health risks, and pest control issues To achieve these goals, the Indiana Department of Environmental Management collaborates with elected officials from Starke County, industry leaders, public health officials at both state and local levels, the State Fire Marshal’s Office, and the Department of Natural Resources.

The State Waste Tire Management Fund offers crucial financial support for the development and maintenance of programs aimed at managing scrap tire storage sites and mitigating associated risks Additionally, the Indiana State Fire Marshal’s Office plays a vital role in enhancing firefighter training across Indiana and Starke County by establishing selection standards, qualifications, and certifications for instructors, while also assisting local fire departments with training programs to improve firefighter proficiency Furthermore, the office actively promotes fire prevention and suppression initiatives and engages the public through educational outreach on fire safety.

Homeland Security includes the State Fire Marshal’s Office, Emergency Medical Services, Emergency Management, and the Public Safety Training Institute This umbrella organization enhances accessibility to vital resources such as additional fire support, supplemental training, grants, and funding for Starke County and surrounding areas.

The State comprises 91 counties, and the State Emergency Management Agency offers technical support for the development of various public safety programs Additionally, the National Fire Protection Association plays a crucial role in enhancing fire safety standards and practices.

Association has been one of the primary organizations in the United States conducting research on fires and fire-related issues for more than

For over a century, the United States Fire Administration has been instrumental in developing fire prevention and protection codes and standards They consistently share vital fire safety information with both local fire departments and the general public to enhance awareness and safety measures.

The United States Fire Administration, a division of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, plays a crucial role in leading and coordinating fire prevention, control, training, and Emergency Medical Services across the nation It offers essential training for firefighters through the National Fire Academy.

Hazardous Materials Events

release of hazardous materials either from a fixed site or in transport that may have the potential to pose a risk to life, health, safety, property, and the environment.

In recent decades, rapid technological advancements have led to the increased presence of hazardous materials in various sectors, including businesses, agriculture, universities, hospitals, and utilities This extensive use of chemicals poses significant risks to transportation systems within our communities, including highways, railways, air travel, marine routes, and pipelines To mitigate these risks, hazardous materials are strictly regulated by Federal and State agencies during their manufacture, transport, storage, use, and disposal These substances, which include corrosives, explosives, flammable materials, radioactive materials, poisons, oxidizers, and dangerous gases, can threaten life, health, property, and the environment if released Despite safety measures, accidental releases can and do occur, often due to human error, potentially causing serious harm to Starke County and its residents Immediate and effective response actions are crucial, although they may not always be practical or feasible.

Hazardous materials released at fixed sites can significantly threaten health, safety, property, and the environment These materials are often found in concerning quantities across various sectors, including business, industry, agriculture, universities, hospitals, utilities, and community facilities.

Communities located within a 5-mile radius of hazardous materials sites face the highest risk of incidents While many have established comprehensive response plans and procedures, the potential for hazardous releases remains if adequate mitigation efforts are not implemented promptly.

The uncontrolled release of hazardous materials during transportation poses significant risks to health, safety, property, and the environment Every day, various transportation modes—highways, railroads, marine routes, airways, and pipelines—transport thousands of hazardous materials through communities across the nation An accident involving these shipments could trigger a local emergency, impacting numerous individuals.

The United States Department of Transportation oversees the shipping of over 18,000 materials, with areas within a 5-mile radius of major transportation routes being particularly at risk for hazardous materials incidents In Indiana, all regions are potentially vulnerable, but urban and industrial areas in the northern and central parts of the state face heightened risks due to their dense populations, extensive transportation networks, and the significant volume of hazardous materials transported daily.

Starke County has been fortunate to avoid large-scale hazardous materials incidents that could lead to multiple fatalities or serious injuries Instead, the county has faced several minor releases that have prompted local firefighters, hazardous materials teams, emergency management, and law enforcement to respond swiftly in order to stabilize these situations and minimize potential harm to residents Below is a summary of the significant releases that have occurred within the county.

Significant Hazardous Materials Events in Starke County (1997 to 2003)

Date Location Characteristics of the Event

Township A methamphetamine lab located in Wayne Township exploded Eight people were arrested and one death was associated with this event.

During 2003, anhydrous ammonia was released after a portable storage tank’s hitch broke The tank ended up 1/8 mile from the Yellow River.

In 1997, a railway incident near Center Township led to a 12-hour evacuation of the surrounding rural area due to a head-on collision between two railcars on the Norfolk & Southern Railroad The railroad company played a crucial role in the recovery efforts following the accident.

3 Programs and Initiatives a Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act Title III On

On October 17, 1986, the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act was enacted, highlighting Title III, which mandates hazardous materials emergency planning, reporting, and training In Indiana, the Indiana State Emergency Management Agency oversees this program Title III's emergency planning requirements necessitate the establishment of a State agency response commission, emergency planning districts, and local emergency planning committees These bodies are tasked with developing and executing emergency plans, as well as managing material safety data sheets and chemical inventories Additionally, the Community Right-to-Know provisions empower the public by granting access to information about hazardous materials in their communities and the quantities of toxic substances released into the environment.

(1) State Emergency Response Commission The Indiana State

Established in 1989 and restructured in 1992, the Emergency Response Commission consists of 13 members appointed by the Governor, with the Executive Director of the State Emergency Management Agency serving as chair The commission includes representatives from various State agencies, the public, and diverse professional fields such as agriculture, industry, labor, education, local government, and environmental stewardship Its primary role is to monitor Title III activities within the State, develop policies for program administration, and provide professional staff support to assist agencies in planning, training, and executing Title III initiatives.

The Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act Title III mandates the formation of local emergency planning committees in each Indiana county These committees are tasked with creating emergency response plans for facilities within their jurisdictions that fall under Title III regulations.

The Starke County Local Emergency Planning Committee serves as the main body for executing Title III planning, training, and exercises related to emergency preparedness Several facilities in Starke County are recognized as being subject to Title III emergency regulations due to the presence of extremely hazardous substances in quantities that meet or exceed the minimum thresholds set forth in Section 302 of the Act.

The transportation, manufacturing, storage, and disposal of hazardous materials are strictly regulated by Federal and State agencies, with the United States Department of Transportation's Office of Hazardous Materials Safety overseeing compliance at the Federal level This agency not only enforces hazardous materials transportation regulations but also works to enhance the safety of hazardous materials shipping across various modes of transport.

(a) Researching and developing improved containment and/or packaging.

(b) Setting standards and fostering interagency coordination efforts in hazardous materials transportation planning.

(c) Managing data and developing training specific to transporta- tion incidents.

The United States Department of Transportation has established regulations that dictate the appropriate type and size of containers for shipping hazardous materials These regulations also require that containers be properly labeled and that placards are displayed prominently to ensure safety and compliance.

The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) investigates significant transportation accidents in the United States and provides safety recommendations to transporters and government entities It publishes a list of essential safety improvements for nationwide implementation, which, while not mandatory, have led to widespread adoption across the country The NTSB maintains a strong collaborative relationship with the United States Department of Transportation, enhancing its effectiveness in promoting transportation safety.

Hazardous materials planning and training are essential for sites mandated to report under Title III, necessitating a comprehensive response plan that encompasses key critical areas.

(a) A hazard identification (including chemical inventories, loca- tions, release detection, and chemical-specific response infor- mation).

(b) A vulnerability analysis and map (including a vulnerability zone, special populations affected, and other facilities and areas that may contribute to risk).

(c) Population protective actions (including warning, access con- trol, evacuation, and in-place sheltering).

(d) Response procedures (including both on-site and transporta- tion releases).

Earthquakes

shifting, or breaking of the fault lines beneath the ground.

Earthquakes can vary in intensity, from minor tremors to major ground movements that cause significant damage, lasting from seconds to minutes, often occurring without warning The energy released during an earthquake travels in seismic waves, and while scientists can map known faults to assess community vulnerability, accurate predictions of earthquakes remain elusive Most injuries during an earthquake are caused by falling debris rather than ground movement itself, with potential disruptions to communication systems, power lines, and water supplies, leading to contamination and resource shortages In Indiana and the central United States, geological conditions increase the likelihood of soil liquefaction, which destabilizes the ground and threatens structural integrity, particularly along the Wabash and White Rivers This region, which includes Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Arkansas, Mississippi, Tennessee, and Kentucky, is situated within the New Madrid and Wabash Valley Seismic Zones, where numerous geologic faults pose a risk of seismic activity, with Starke County being near several of these potentially unstable faults.

2 Significant County Events There is no significant history of earthquakes in

Starke County Figure 3 and Figure 4 show the fault lines within the State of Indiana and earthquake epicenters for Indiana and surrounding States between

3 Programs and Initiatives Because there is a low probability of occurrence,

Starke County has not established programs and initiatives specific to this hazard.

Starke County has not experienced significant earthquakes like other areas in the U.S., but the potential for such an event exists With effective training, public education initiatives, and proactive leadership, the community's vulnerability to seismic events can be significantly minimized.

Thunderstorm Hazards

include severe winds, hailstorms, lightning, and tornadoes that may cause extensive damage and disruption to communities and threaten the lives of residents and animals.

Thunderstorm hazards, stemming from severe thunderstorms, can either be localized or affect vast areas Key hazards include hail and lightning Hail, often generated by strong thunderstorms, typically falls near the storm's center but can be displaced by high-altitude winds, creating unexpected risks Hailstones vary in size from pea-sized to baseball-sized, with instances of larger-than-softball hail reported Lightning, another significant hazard, is caused by electrical discharges within thunderstorms.

Lightning is frequently underestimated as a threat, yet it results in significant damage to various structures and leads to numerous fatalities and serious injuries across the United States annually Additionally, severe winds, including windstorms and straight-line winds, pose a considerable risk to safety and property.

Windstorms, classified by the National Weather Service as winds exceeding 58 miles per hour, frequently occur in Indiana and can cause significant damage to homes, businesses, and agriculture, often necessitating temporary shelter for those without power Notably, over 90% of damaging winds from severe thunderstorms arise from straight-line winds rather than tornadoes Tornadoes, characterized by violently rotating columns of air descending from cumulonimbus clouds, can produce winds exceeding 300 miles per hour and typically have a path length of about 16 miles, with some extending up to 200 miles These tornadoes usually measure less than half a mile in width and have historically caused substantial fatalities, averaging 80 to 100 deaths annually across the nation, with Indiana experiencing about 25 tornadoes each year.

Significant weather events in Starke County include annual hail occurrences, with notable instances in 2003 when hailstones the size of half dollars were reported Additionally, lightning is a frequent phenomenon during thunderstorms, contributing to the area's weather patterns.

Many individuals underestimate the hazards posed by severe weather, particularly lightning, which can cause significant damage; for instance, in 2003, the Starke County Courthouse suffered $50,000 in damages due to a lightning strike Additionally, severe winds reaching 60 miles per hour impacted the Bass Lake area in the same year, uprooting trees, disrupting electrical power, damaging homes, and even dislodging boats from their moorings Fortunately, Starke County does not have a notable history of tornado occurrences.

The National Weather Service offices issue warnings for severe weather events, including thunderstorms, while local agencies like the Starke County Emergency Management Agency and law enforcement play a crucial role in educating the public on safety measures Each November, Severe Storm Awareness Week is held to highlight storm dangers and provide essential information on stormproofing homes, recognizing warnings, preparing emergency supplies, and sheltering in place, ensuring communities are well-informed about thunderstorm hazards.

Severe thunderstorms can cause devastating damage with little warning, impacting homes, businesses, and the overall safety of Starke County residents It is crucial for officials to implement programs that enhance preparedness and build stronger structures to withstand severe weather Community warning sirens are essential for alerting residents to impending storms, helping to protect lives and property The impacts of hail can be significant, leading to injuries, damage to crops, and disruptions in power and communication, which hinder effective government response and expose residents to harsh conditions Additionally, the economic repercussions include costs from crop loss and repairs to damaged structures and vehicles, while public facilities and equipment may also suffer, affecting essential services.

Starke County faces a critical shortage of emergency water supply, heightening the risk of lightning-induced structural and wildfires, which can lead to costly repairs and damage to public facilities, equipment, and vehicles Severe winds, including windstorms and straight-line winds, pose additional threats, causing flying debris and structural collapses that may result in injuries or fatalities The loss of power and communication lines severely hampers the government's ability to perform essential functions, while storm debris can lead to road closures and further economic impacts due to repair costs Substandard construction in the area is particularly vulnerable to significant damage, exacerbating the challenges faced by local authorities in maintaining services and infrastructure.

Severe Winter Weather Hazards

Transportation Accidents

means of transport, whether aircraft, automobile, rail, or marine vessel, in which damage, personal injury, and/or death may have occurred or has the potential to occur.

1 Hazard Description a Within the past 30 to 40 years, America’s transportation system has become one of the world’s leaders in moving people and goods around the country and to places around the globe In doing so, roadways, rail lines, and air service routes have been established to accommodate the growing transportation demands What once took months to accomplish, can now only take a matter of hours With these advancements, how- ever, the unfortunate possibility of accidents involving the movement of people and cargo has also increased. b Throughout Starke County, numerous roadways exist, including United States Routes 30, 35 Air routes also cross over and connect Starke County to locations throughout the country Additionally, NS and CSX Railroads have rail lines that have traffic on them virtually every hour of the day. c These systems have the potential to cause a significant number of injuries and fatalities The devastating effects that can come from trans- portation accidents may impact various types of property, and also have devastating effects on the environment.

2 Significant County Events There is no significant history of transportation accidents (Air, Land, or Water) in Starke County.

3 Programs and Initiatives a Federal Programs

(1) United States Department of Transportation The United States

Department of Transportation is the main organization responsible for regulating all modes of transportation and setting policies on safety standards within the country

The Federal Highway Administration is tasked with setting guidelines for highway construction, regulating speed limits, and implementing traffic control measures It collects essential accident data across the United States, which enables the administration to develop public education and safety programs focused on drivers, particularly targeting substance abusers and teenage motorists.

The Federal Motor Carrier Administration (FMCSA) aims to reduce motor vehicle accidents involving large commercial transport vehicles in the United States It achieves this by setting policies and standards for commercial carrier licensing, offering grants to state and local governments for safety inspection and education programs, and exploring innovative technologies and systems that enhance safe driving conditions.

(4) Federal Railroad Administration This agency is responsible for ensuring the following:

(a) Track inspections and maintenance programs are current and ongoing.

(b) Nationwide signal and train control systems are in working order and meet Federal guidelines.

(c) Motive power and train equipment is in good condition and can provide the services required.

(d) All operators of trains and track systems are educated and provided with ongoing safety and professional programs to limit the danger of rail travel.

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is dedicated to ensuring the safe and efficient transportation of individuals and cargo via various types of civil aircraft across the nation.

(a) Regulates the manufacture, operation, certification, and maintenance of all aircraft.

(b) Operates and controls a network of airport towers, air traffic control centers, and flight service stations.

(c) Develops air traffic rules and standards.

(d) Allocates the use of airspace.

(e) Provides for the security and control of air traffic to meet the national defense requirements. b State Programs

The Indiana Department of Transportation collaborates closely with federal agencies to manage and mitigate the risks of both air and land accidents throughout the state It enforces federal regulations and Indiana Code across major roadways, airports, airfields, and rail lines Additionally, the agency offers essential materials, technical assistance, and personnel resources during emergencies, including flooding, severe storms, and extreme winter weather.

The Indiana State Police operates district offices across the state to effectively monitor traffic conditions, facilitate accident reporting, enforce federal and state drug and alcohol laws for impaired drivers, and provide year-round updates on road conditions Additionally, local programs complement these efforts to enhance public safety and awareness.

Starke County is served by multiple law enforcement agencies, including the Starke County Sheriff’s Department and the police departments of Knox, North Judson, and Hamlet These agencies focus on enforcing local ordinances and addressing transportation issues, particularly concerning hazardous or impaired drivers and unsafe road conditions caused by weather or accidents Additionally, they collaborate with Federal and State agencies to provide support during emergencies, disasters, and transportation investigations.

(2) Starke County Highway Department The Starke County Highway

The Department is responsible for overseeing the maintenance and operation of roadways in Starke County, ensuring that construction projects and traffic trends are effectively coordinated It allocates necessary resources and prepares equipment and personnel for potential events, enabling the County to efficiently respond to traffic accidents and other incidents This proactive approach allows Starke County to effectively manage its responsibilities and deploy the right resources for various activities.

4 Analysis and Impact Starke County, as well as the rest of the nation, is no longer closed off from the rest of the world due to the significant means and modes of travel available to private citizens, business, and industry Each year the number of drivers on highways increases, along with the number of injuries and deaths In addition, both rail and air transport accidents continue to remain a significant threat because of their devastating physical and psychological effects and their potential to injure or kill large numbers of victims in a single event.

Civil Disturbances

results in a disruption of essential functions and/or rioting, looting, arson, or other unlawful behavior.

Civil disturbances pose significant challenges for local communities, as they must balance the constitutional rights of individuals to assemble with the overarching need for public safety While most demonstrations occur peacefully, there are instances where certain groups aim to disrupt normal activities, potentially leading to injuries and property damage It is crucial for communities to prioritize personal safety and protect both private and commercial properties during such events.

Large-scale civil disturbances are infrequent but typically arise from specific triggers, including intense labor disputes, contentious judicial proceedings, controversial government actions, catastrophic resource outages, conflicts among special interest groups, or the perceived unjust death or injury of a respected individual within a community.

In 1996 and 1997, Ku Klux Klan rallies significantly affected the City of Knox, prompting the involvement of State Police to support the Starke County Sheriff’s Department Additionally, mutual-aid agreements for law enforcement were activated to address the situation.

Handling events that could lead to civil disruption poses significant challenges for law enforcement, often leaving them outnumbered and underprepared To address this, Starke County law enforcement agencies undergo extensive riot control training at the Starke County Law Enforcement Specialized Training and Development Center, designed to simulate a small town environment for realistic scenario practice This facility allows officers to set training objectives related to civil disturbances and hostage situations Additionally, to improve accountability and documentation, Starke County law enforcement now records civil disturbances using video, with most patrol cars equipped with dash-mounted cameras to capture critical incidents.

Civil disturbances, while rare in Indiana and Starke County, pose a constant risk, especially with the rapid dissemination of information through various media platforms that can escalate situations and incite unrest These events typically result in detrimental outcomes for all involved, as instigators often fail to achieve their objectives, while local communities endure business losses, property damage, and a lingering negative reputation Local leaders face the daunting task of recovery without guaranteed support from state or federal resources Additionally, significant law enforcement presence is required for crowd control, alongside public works assistance to secure affected areas, as disturbances can lead to injuries, fatalities, and disruptions to emergency services The economic ramifications include costs tied to preparedness, response, and recovery efforts, highlighting the extensive impact of civil disturbances on public facilities and community well-being.

Infrastructure Failures

in a temporary loss of essential functions and services.

Starke County residents rely heavily on both public and private utility infrastructure for essential services such as electricity, heating, air conditioning, water supply, sewage treatment, storm drainage, communication, and transportation The failure of any of these interconnected systems, even for a brief period, can lead to severe consequences For instance, power outages during extreme weather can be life-threatening, and inoperable water or wastewater treatment systems can trigger significant public health crises, risking disease outbreaks Additionally, failures in storm drainage systems can result in serious flooding, underscoring the critical need for these utilities to function effectively.

2 Significant County Events There is no significant history of infrastructure failures in Starke County.

3 Programs and Initiatives Because there is a low probability of occurrence,

Starke County has not established programs and initiatives specific to this hazard.

Despite the existence of codes and standards governing infrastructure in Indiana and Starke County, the potential for emergencies and disasters affecting critical systems remains Striving for "disaster proof" facilities is financially impractical for many communities; instead, it is more beneficial to evaluate existing systems, learn from past incidents, and identify necessary upgrades Given that much of the infrastructure is aging, disruptions are likely to increase By implementing effective community design and thorough emergency planning, specific issues related to infrastructure failures can be addressed, ultimately minimizing their environmental and community impact across Starke County and beyond.

Petroleum and Natural Gas Pipeline Accidents

petroleum or natural gas, or of the poisonous by-product hydrogen sulfide from a pipeline.

Petroleum and natural gas pipelines present a significant hazard in Indiana communities, particularly in Starke County, where leaks or eruptions can lead to extensive property damage, environmental contamination, injuries, and fatalities, often due to third-party damage during construction or digging activities Indiana's well-developed gas and petroleum networks include wells, production facilities, extensive cross-country transmission pipelines, storage facilities, and local distribution systems, with 6-7 pipelines located within Starke County While the petroleum and natural gas industries have a historically good safety record and pipelines remain the safest transportation method for these products, the risks of fires, explosions, spills, and ruptures are still present.

Hydrogen sulfide poses a significant danger, particularly in areas surrounding oil and gas wells, pipeline terminals, and facilities for storage and transportation of sulfur-rich gas or oil This highly toxic gas is not only lethal but also becomes explosive at elevated temperatures, highlighting the critical need for safety measures in these environments.

500 degrees Fahrenheit when mixed with air.

2 Significant County Events There is no significant history of petroleum and natural gas pipeline accidents in Starke County.

3 Programs and Initiatives Because there is a low probability of occurrence,

Starke County has not established programs and initiatives specific to this hazard.

The southwestern region of Indiana, particularly Starke County, is significantly impacted by petroleum and natural gas pipelines, making preparedness for pipeline incidents essential To effectively manage and recover from such accidents, local authorities must implement protective measures for both residents and the environment while coordinating with Federal and State officials and company management This requires comprehensive planning, thorough training programs, and realistic exercises to validate emergency response plans and assess the performance of response personnel in real-world situations.

Public Health and Animal Health Emergencies

The health and well-being of the public and animals, including livestock, pets, and wildlife, can be jeopardized by various threats, such as national issues or local situations that pose significant dangers.

1 Hazard Description a Public Health Emergencies

Public health emergencies encompass various scenarios, including disease outbreaks, significant food or water contamination, and prolonged disruptions to water and sewer services They can arise independently or as secondary effects of other disasters, such as floods or tornadoes A defining feature of these emergencies is their potential to negatively affect a large population, often transcending county or jurisdictional boundaries to impact entire states or regions.

One of the most significant emerging public health threats is the deliberate release of radiological, chemical, or biological agents in densely populated areas, as evidenced by the anthrax incidents in the eastern United States This alarming potential for future attacks has prompted community leaders across the nation to consider necessary protective measures to safeguard public health.

Animal health emergencies, similar to public health crises, can arise from various threats including disease outbreaks, food contamination, exposure to harmful substances, and shortages of essential resources like food, water, and medical care Recognizing the severe and distressing impacts of such emergencies is crucial, as they affect not only our household pets but also the livestock that is vital to our predominantly agricultural state.

Public health and animal health emergencies can arise as primary events or as secondary consequences of disasters like floods or tornadoes Many government agencies are focusing on preventing the spread of animal-borne diseases, which can originate from various pathogens, some of which are communicable to humans while others affect only animals Key diseases under investigation by animal health officials include mad cow disease, West Nile virus, foot and mouth disease, rabies, and pseudo-rabies.

Starke County has a minimal history of public health emergencies; however, in 2001, an animal health crisis occurred when a dairy farm in Oregon Township was condemned due to the accidental consumption of chemicals by the cattle, leading to their destruction and burial.

Starke County has not implemented specific programs for public health emergencies due to their low likelihood of occurrence However, in response to animal health emergencies, various government agencies have actively worked to mitigate the risks posed by diseases and both natural and manmade events affecting the animal population in the county Key agencies involved in these efforts play a crucial role in safeguarding animal health during emergencies.

(1) United States Department of Agriculture The United States

The Department of Agriculture is the main federal agency responsible for creating and enforcing regulations, standards, and programs that ensure the health and safety of livestock and animals used in agriculture.

(a) Monitoring animals around the country through an extensive surveillance system.

(b) Establishing regional offices within the United States and close working relationships with both State and local animal care specialists and animal producers.

We offer essential guidance, technical assistance, and financial support to ensure the safety, care, sanitation, and production of animals, aiming to mitigate the risks of widespread diseases and address challenges posed by various emergencies or disasters.

The Indiana Board of Animal Health actively addresses the impact of emergencies on animals by collaborating with the Indiana State Emergency Management Agency to create response plans for domestic and foreign disease threats They conduct statewide monitoring of animal health, care, and production in farms and facilities, while also enhancing public awareness through training programs and online resources detailing potential diseases in Indiana.

(3) Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service The Purdue

The Extension Service is a statewide initiative in Indiana that connects local communities and animal producers with experts in agricultural and animal services With extension offices in all 92 counties, this program provides essential information and resources to develop policies that safeguard livestock and wildlife By conducting research and offering training, the Extension Service plays a vital role in managing animal health emergencies, particularly in Starke County.

The Indiana Office of the Commissioner of Agriculture establishes essential guidelines and standards for livestock production and quality across the state This organization collects vital data on crop growth and livestock trends, monitoring significant changes in agricultural production Additionally, it collaborates with farming cooperatives, agricultural businesses, and various animal-based industries, while maintaining strong partnerships with the Purdue Extension Service and the Indiana Board of Animal Health.

The United States Department of Agriculture is dedicated to ensuring the safety of food products by preventing disease and facilitating effective emergency preparedness and response for animal welfare during disasters.

The Indiana Department of Natural Resources plays a crucial role in monitoring the health and status of wildlife across the state With a focus on all species, the agency maintains detailed records on animal interactions, human impacts, and the effects of invasive species and diseases Regional offices throughout Indiana manage state parks and recreational areas, promoting awareness of the state's diverse yet vulnerable wildlife Funding from entrance fees, donations, and hunting and fishing licenses supports public education initiatives, training programs, and wildlife surveys, while also helping to maintain Indiana State Parks.

The Starke County Extension Office, in collaboration with the Starke County Emergency Management Agency, plays a pivotal role in emergency preparedness for animals in the county They have implemented the Animal Health Emergency Support Function as part of the Starke County Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan and are active members of the Emergency Management Advisory Council This partnership has led to the promotion of educational programs for responders and the public, focusing on potential threats in Starke County and community prevention strategies Additionally, the Extension Office serves as a vital link between local farmers and animal producers and federal and state resources, ensuring the safety and productivity of the county's animal population.

Radiological Incidents

materials from a fixed nuclear facility or while in transport, as well as, those releases resulting from a direct or indirect nuclear attack.

Radiological incidents, though highly unlikely, pose a significant threat to Starke County and the entire state of Indiana, with the potential for nuclear fallout and extended radiation exposure to devastate communities The aftermath of such incidents could result in severe public health crises, including high fatality rates and the destruction of vital infrastructure Furthermore, these events would lead to environmental contamination, affecting groundwater and food sources, rendering affected areas uninhabitable for years Radiological incidents can be categorized into various types, each with its own implications for safety and recovery.

Starke County does not have any nuclear power generating facilities; however, several nuclear power plants are located within 50 miles in neighboring states The Braidwood Station in Illinois affects Jasper, Lake, and Newton Counties, while the Donald C Cook Nuclear Plant in Michigan impacts Elkhart, Kosciusko, LaGrange, Lake, LaPorte, Marshall, Porter, St Joseph, and Starke Counties Additionally, the Dresden Station in Illinois influences Lake and Newton Counties, and the Palisades plant in Michigan affects Elkhart and LaPorte Counties.

(b) Figure 5 shows the location of these nuclear power plants and their neighboring Indiana Counties.

While Starke County may not be directly impacted by nearby facilities, any incident resulting in a release could lead to requests for resources and support personnel for response efforts This assistance may involve sheltering displaced residents and meeting their basic needs, as well as offering medical screening and additional medical support as required.

Indiana's extensive interstate highway system and the presence of businesses utilizing irradiated materials heighten the risk of serious accidents involving these substances In Starke County, the network includes two U.S routes, 30 and 35, along with several state routes and county roads, further contributing to the potential for hazardous incidents.

Most materials transported within the state primarily pass through the central region, predominantly via rail cars The bulk of these substances are low-level radioactive materials, which emit minimal radiation In contrast, high-level radioactive materials, such as spent nuclear fuel and other by-products from scientific or medical facilities, are typically moved using commercial ground or freight carriers.

The United States faces a persistent threat of nuclear attack, particularly in strategic areas such as military bases, population centers, and key industries Although the end of the Cold War and the shift toward democracy in former adversaries have altered the nature of this threat, it remains significant Despite the dismantling of numerous nuclear warheads aimed at the U.S., a substantial number of nuclear weapons still exist globally, capable of simultaneous destruction Additionally, the control over nuclear materials in the former Soviet Union is inconsistent, and the number of nations developing nuclear capabilities continues to rise, even with the international nonproliferation treaty in place Consequently, the risk of a nuclear attack on the U.S is likely to persist in the foreseeable future.

Recently, the nation has been alerted to a potential threat posed by a specific type of nuclear attack that could impact numerous large metropolitan areas This threat involves the use of "dirty bombs," which combine conventional explosives with radioactive materials, raising serious safety and security concerns for urban populations.

"Dirty nukes" refer to conventional explosives that are combined with or contain radioactive materials, resulting in a dual threat of deadly explosions and potential exposure to harmful radiation Furthermore, the incorporation of radioactive substances into infrastructure such as buildings, vehicles, or roadways can create a lingering public health risk long after an incident occurs.

2 Significant County Events There is no significant history of radiological incidents in Starke County.

3 Programs and Initiatives Because there is a low probability of occurrence, Starke County has not established programs and initiatives specific to this hazard.

Since the Cold War's conclusion, public perception of the nuclear war threat has significantly diminished, yet the risk persists, albeit with low likelihood Numerous Federal, State, and local agencies are actively engaged in addressing this issue and are committed to strategic planning to safeguard citizens Starke County will also maintain its focus on planning and training for radiological incidents, ensuring that response personnel receive updated and accurate guidance.

Terrorist Incidents

against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in the furtherence of political, social, or religious objectives.

Terrorism manifests in various forms today, with civilian bombings, assassinations, and extortion being the most prevalent These acts have become increasingly common globally, as diverse religious, ethnic, and nationalistic groups strive to influence political and social agendas The Federal Bureau of Investigation identifies six primary types of terrorist organizations, each characterized by distinct levels of activity.

International terrorists, including the al Qaeda network, are perceived as significant threats, particularly following their involvement in the September 2001 attacks on the United States These groups regard the U.S as a prime target and typically face few restrictions on their movements within the country.

(2) Left-Wing Terrorists The demise of the Soviet Union has eroded the activity of leftist and socialist-oriented European terrorist groups; however, Latin America-based groups remain active.

Right-wing terrorist groups are on the rise, showing an increase in both membership and activities that promote antigovernment and racist ideologies These groups are engaging in paramilitary training and accumulating weapons, highlighting a concerning trend in domestic extremism.

Special-interest extremists, particularly violent anti-abortion groups, remain active and pose a significant threat These individuals often resort to terrorism to advance their agendas or retaliate against perceived injustices related to various causes, including animal rights, environmental concerns, and corporate influence.

State sponsors of international terrorism, including Cuba, Iran, Libya, North Korea, Syria, and Sudan, maintain diplomatic missions in the United States, despite ongoing allegations of their diplomats' involvement in terrorist-related activities.

Loosely affiliated extremists pose a significant threat to the United States, viewing it as a prime target for terrorist activities These groups, lacking direct sponsorship, have shown proficiency in utilizing advanced technology, making them a formidable challenge for law enforcement and intelligence agencies Their potential to employ terrorist tactics, including hazardous materials and infrastructure disruptions, could severely disrupt communities Key targets include government buildings, public service facilities, schools, hospitals, transportation hubs, and other prominent structures, highlighting the urgent need for enhanced security measures.

Starke County has been fortunate to avoid widespread terrorist attacks, yet it has experienced significant incidents that can be classified as terrorist acts due to their political or social motivations Notably, after the 2001 attacks on America, the Anthrax scare led to the temporary closure of the Ober Township Post Office Additionally, in 1996, a bombing incident involving the Mayor of Knox's car caused damage to three vehicles, highlighting the county's encounters with politically motivated violence.

3 Programs and Initiatives In Starke County, the Emergency Management

The Indiana Terrorism Consequence Management Program has enhanced the County Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan by incorporating a Terrorism Consequence Management Element, enabling Starke County to effectively mitigate, prepare for, respond to, and recover from terrorism-related incidents This comprehensive planning element ensures a direct connection between local resources and those of federal and state governments for coordinated response efforts Starke County has also partnered with the State Emergency Management Agency’s Preparedness Division and the Indiana Counter-Terrorism and Security Council to support the proactive measures being implemented by community leaders and first responders.

In recent years, the landscape of terrorism has evolved significantly, with new tools and methods emerging Additionally, the rise of threats such as nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons of mass destruction has heightened national awareness regarding the importance of developing effective mitigation and response strategies for these dangers.

School and Workplace Violence

Informational Resource Listing

Indiana Census Bureau - SEE Census Website for Indiana Link Indiana State Emergency Management Agency - www.in.gov/sema

- Indiana State Fire Marshal's Office - www.state.in.us/sema/osfm

U S Census Bureau – www.census.gov

Federal Emergency Management Agency - www.fema.gov

- United States Fire Administration - www.usfa.fema.gov Indiana State Police - www,state.in.us/isp

State Emergency Response Commission –http://www.in.gov/sema/ierc/index2.html Federal Bureau of Investigation - www.fbi.gov

- National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime - www.fbi.gov/hq/isd/cirg/ncavc.htm Indiana Department of Personnel - www.in.gov/jobs

Indiana Information Network - www.ai.org

U S Army Corps of Engineers - www.usace.army.mil

National Weather Service Office (Indianapolis Office) - www.crh.noaa.gov/ind

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration - www.noaa.gov

- Emergency Management Weather Information Network - http://iwin.nws.noaa.gov/emwin/index.htm

Indiana University - www.indiana.edu

- Indiana Geological Survey - www.adamite.igs.indiana.edu

St Louis University (Earthquake Center) – http://www.eas.slu/Earthquake_Center

U S Geological Survey - www.usgs.gov

Indiana Commission of Agriculture - www.in.gov/oca

U S Department of Agriculture - www.usda.gov

Indiana Department of Environmental Management - www.ai.org/idem/index National Drought Mitigation Center – www.drought.unl.edu

Indiana is home to several key organizations that play a vital role during disasters The Indiana Volunteer Organizations Active in Disasters (INVOAD) focuses on coordinating volunteer efforts for effective disaster response The Norfolk Southern Railroad provides essential transportation services, although their website appears to be currently inaccessible Additionally, the Indiana Department of Transportation oversees the state's transportation infrastructure, ensuring that roads and highways are maintained for emergency access For more information on drought management and resources, you can visit the University of Nebraska-Lincoln's drought site.

For comprehensive information on air transport, visit the Air Transport Information page at www.ai.org/dot/modetrans/airports/aerials.html For details on train and passenger rail services, check out www.ai.org/dot/modetrans/train/page8.html Additionally, you can find essential bus transport information at www.ai.org/dot/modetrans/bus/tran_3.html.

American Red Cross - www.redcross.org

National Transportation Safety Board – www.ntsb.gov http://nfpa.org/catalog/home/index.asp

U S Department of Transportation - www.dot.gov

- Office of Hazardous Materials Safety – http://hazmat.dot.gov

- Federal Highway Administration - www.fhwa.dot.gov

- Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration – http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov

- Federal Railroad Administration - www.fra.dot.gov/site/index.htm

- Federal Aviation Administration - www2.faa.gov

- Office of Pipeline Safety – http://ops.dot.gov

Indiana Department of Natural Resources - www.state.in.us/dnr

- Division of Law Enforcement - www.state.in.us/dnr/lawenfor/index.htm

- Division of Water - www.state.in.us/dnr/water

The Division of Forestry in Indiana oversees forest management and conservation efforts, ensuring sustainable practices The Indiana Utility Regulatory Commission regulates utility services to promote fair rates and reliable service for residents The Indiana State Department of Health is dedicated to public health initiatives, providing essential health services to all Hoosiers The Indiana Board of Animal Health focuses on animal health and welfare, protecting livestock and public health The Center for Earthquake Research and Information conducts research and provides data on seismic activity, while Purdue University Cooperative Extension Services offers educational resources and support to enhance agricultural practices in the state.

U S Department of Health and Human Services - www.os.dhhs.gov

- U S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - www.cdc.gov

* Div of Adolescent & School Health - www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dash/about/index.htm www.cdc.gov/ncipc/dvp/dvp.htm

Cinergy provides energy solutions in Indiana, while Vectren offers utility services through its dedicated website The Indiana Criminal Justice Institute focuses on enhancing public safety and justice in the state The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms oversees regulations related to these substances, and the Indiana Department of Correction is responsible for managing the state's correctional facilities and rehabilitation programs For more information, visit their respective websites.

U S Department of Justice - www.usdoj.gov

- Office for the Victims of Crimes - www.ojp.usdoj.gov/ovc

- Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention - www.ojjdp.ncjrs.org

-Victims Assistance Academy - Follow links in Office for the Victims of Crimes

Indiana Counter-Terrorism and Security Council - www.in.gov/c-tasc Indiana Department of Education - www.doe.state.in.us

- Indiana School Safety Specialist Academy - www.doe.state.in.us/isssa/welcome.html Indiana Department of Labor - www.in.gov/labor

- Indiana Occupational Safety and Health Division - www.in.gov/labor/iosha

U S Department of Education - www.ed.gov

U S Department of Labor - www.dol.gov

- Occupational Safety and Health Administration - www.osha.gov

U S Office of Personnel Management - www.opm.gov

Starke County Government http://www.starkeCounty.com City of Knox http://www.cityofknox.netStarke Memorial Hospital http://www.starkememorial.com

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Each hazard was assigned a score The scoring was based on the following scale Once, completed, this established an overall probability for each hazard.

2 Slight chance that an incident such as this will occur.

3 Hazard is possible in this area.

4 Hazard has occurred here in the past and is likely to occur again.

5 High impact and high probability that this event will occur in the area specified.

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Starke County, Indiana Hazard Identification Worksheet

Severe Winds – Windstorm and Straight-Line Winds 3 or 4

Petroleum/Natural Gas Pipeline Accidents 2

A community profile serves as an essential assessment tool, offering crucial insights into the various components that define a community It encompasses an analysis of the community's history, current and future land use patterns, geographic and climatic factors, and the transportation network Additionally, it provides a demographic and economic breakdown of the population, highlights key industries, identifies important community facilities, and outlines major organizations, all of which are vital for understanding the community's overall dynamics.

The community profile relies heavily on data from various local agencies, including the Planning Commission, Chamber of Commerce, Economic Development Authority, Aging Office, educational institutions, and school districts This data is most impactful when visualized on a hazard map, which illustrates the geographic connections among essential facilities, population distributions, and land use patterns in relation to identified hazard areas.

II Sectoring for Hazard Analysis

Sectoring divides the community into subparts to develop a more detailed, targeted hazard analysis and to establish a set of mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery strategies.

Sectors can be established based on existing geopolitical boundaries, such as townships or natural geographic features like rivers, or they can be artificially constructed by dividing a community into halves or quadrants.

In many cases, the community profile sectoring uses directional quadrants (i.e., northwest, northeast, southwest, southeast).

Item 1 Provide the name of the County or jurisdiction to which this profile applies.

Item 2 Provide the sector name or designation (i.e., northwest, northeast, southwest, southeast) to which this profile applies, if using the sectoring technique.

Item 3 Provide the name, agency, and title of the individual completing the profile.

Item 4 On lines 4.1 through 4.8 of the Community Profile Worksheet, provide the major geographical characteristics of the sector/jurisdiction (e.g., mountains, rolling hills, rivers).

Item 5 In Sections 5.1 through 5.6, provide the names of the facilities where there are major population concentrations, and provide the estimated number of occupants for each of those locations.

Section 6.1 – Provide an estimate of the total population during the daytime and nightime hours (6:00 a.m to 6:00 p.m and 6:00 p.m to 6:00 a.m.). Section 6.2 – Provide an estimated of the total population for each day of the week.

Section 6.3 - Provide an estimate of the total population during peak or seasonal times.

Item 7 Provide the names and addresses of the essential public and private facilities in

Item 8 Provide the names and addresses of the essential public and private resources in Sections 8.1 through 8.5.

Item 9 Identify and list the known potential hazard locations within your community, and provide information on the key historical data for the jurisdiction, going back a minimum of 10 years and, for a more comprehensive outlook, 30 years Provide this information in Sections 9.1 through 9.33 Remember to keep the focus on this worksheet to be YOUR jurisdiction and try to refrain from incorporating data from outside areas.

Section 10.1 – Provide an estimate of the total population that is more than 65 years old.

Section 10.2 – Provide an estimated percentage of the ethnic diversity within the community.

Section 10.3 – Provide an estimate of the total population that is under 18 years old.

Section 10.4 – Provide an estimate of the total number of residents with flood insurance.

Section 10.5 – Provide an estimate of the number of residents that actually hold flood insurance Section 10.6 – Provide an estimate of the total number special needs populations. Section 10.7 – Provide an estimate of the population that is under the poverty level.

Section 10.8 – Provide an estimate of the total number of residents with earthquake insurance.

Section 10.9 – Provide an estimate of the total number of residents with property insurance.

Item 11 Provide the percentage of the population covered by warning sirens in

Section 11.1 and give the locations and addresses of the actual sirens inSection 11.2.

Due to the heightened awareness of both international and domestic terrorism threats, it is crucial to keep much of the community information confidential Maintaining information security is essential throughout the development of the Comprehensive Hazard Analysis Sensitive details, including staffing numbers and equipment capabilities, should not be included in the final document Instead, this critical information should be safeguarded by the relevant agencies responsible for these resources, as well as the County's Emergency Management Agency.

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Starke County 3 Name, Agency, and Title of

Director Starke County Emergency Management Agency

4.4 Major Lakes: Bass and Koontz

5.1 Group Homes (>100 occupants) Township, Our Lady of Holy Cross Nursing Home (occupancy 100+)

Multi-Residential Homes (apartments, condominiums >100 occupants)

Oak Manor, Center Township, occupancy 250 occupants)

MPI (Michigan Precision Industries) 250 occupants

5.5 Health Facilities (e.g., hospitals, mental health facilities, medical clinics, trauma and long-term care)

Knox: Starke Memorial Hospital, 53-bed medical facility with 90 staff physicians, building occupancy 200.

5.6 Other Major Populations Centers (shopping centers and arenas)

Bailey’s Discount Center, Toto, occupants 500

F * Bass and Koontz Lake weekenders Fall

S * Bass and Koontz Lake weekenders

S * Bass and Koontz Lake weekenders Winter

7 Essential Public and Private Facilities

Sheriff’s Department, 50 officers Knox Knox Police Department, 7 officers Knox Hamlet Police Department, 4 officers

North Judson Police Department, 4 officers North Judson

7.2 Fire Stations (paid and volunteer)

9 stations in Starke County, 25 volunteer officers per fire station

7.3 Infrastructure Knox, sewage treatment Knox

North Judson, sewage treatment North Judson Bass Lake, sewage treatment Bass Lake Hamlet, sewage treatment Hamlet Major bridges

Between Starke & LaPorte Counties on U.S Route 30; Passing over the Kankakee River at U.S Route 35 and U.S Route 421.

7.5 Health Facilities (hospitals, mental health facilities, medical clinics, trauma care, long-term care)

7.6 Other Essential Public/Private Facilities (e.g., government centers, courthouses, record centers, prisons, jails, shopping centers)

Starke County Courthouse, 30 occupants Knox

Starke County Jail, 6 staff & 70 inmates Knox

8 Essential Public and Private Resources

Baily’s Discount Store North Judson

Starke County Airport, general aviation, 18,000 foot runway 3 miles northeast of Knox

Kankakee Valley Family Church Farmers in the area

9 Hazard Locations and Historical Data

A Last four years in a row Starke County has declared a Local Emergency The entire County has been impacted by drought conditions, including private wells Water level in Bass Lake was critical Urban areas around the County’s lakes were also impacted Droughts have a significant impact on farmers and tourism near the lakes Burn restrictions in place on a nearly annual basis

A The most recent tire fire began in the fall of 2010 at C&C Salvage located in California Township The adjoining residential neighborhood was impacted by the fire The fire started as a result of open burning.

B During 2001, a fire started and impacted at Brown Tire located in Center Township The fire started as a result of open burning and impacted the

24 homes in an adjoining neighborhood.

A During 2002, Toto’s Discount Center was completely destroyed by fire The fire started because of a defective electrical connection in a soft drink cooler in Richard’s Retail Outlet Mutual aid fire departments from surrounding Counties assisted in fighting the fire The Discount Center has since been rebuilt.

B During 2001, a fire at Toto’s Discount Center resulted in destruction of a majority of the structure The fire started from a hot tar torch being used on the roof Mutual aid fire departments assisted in the response.

C During 1999, the Starke County Courthouse Annex was severely damaged in a fire The fire was linked to a possible electrical problem The building was rebuilt at the same location.

A Woods, grass, and field fires have occurred in areas where new homes abut wilderness areas Open burning and careless burning are the common causes of these fires.

A Inhabited and vacant residential structures are typically the ones involved in arson in Starke County Numerous events have occurred – approximately 10-20 homes per year are destroyed by arson

A During 2003, a methamphetamine lab located in Wayne Township exploded Eight people were arrested and one death was associated with this event.

B During 2003, anhydrous ammonia was released after a portable storage tank’s hitch broke The tank ended up 1/8 mile from the Yellow River.