INTRODUCTION
Introduction
Since the 1970s, significant advancements have been made in understanding the design and construction practices that contribute to healthy buildings, emphasizing their impact on occupant health and well-being Hal Levin, a sustainable building advocate, expanded the definition of "healthy buildings" in 1995 to encompass not only the effects on occupants but also the broader environmental implications He stated that “a healthy building is one that adversely affects neither the health of its occupants nor the larger environment.”
Modern buildings can be designed to consume 10% to 25% less energy than average structures, with several verified examples demonstrating their energy efficiency These resource-efficient buildings enhance occupant comfort and satisfaction, creating more productive environments for work, study, or recreation They offer greater control over thermal and lighting conditions, often improve air quality, and can be constructed at lower costs Additionally, they utilize materials that minimize the consumption of non-renewable resources and reduce environmental impact, all achievable with existing technology.
Many professionals in the building industry perceive the term "environmental" negatively, associating it with costly and labor-intensive regulations like asbestos and lead abatement These remediation efforts are often viewed as unnecessary or potentially more harmful than leaving the hazardous materials in place Unfortunately, significant resources are spent on removing toxic substances that were once standard in construction However, the goal of environmentally sustainable building is to avoid such mistakes by considering both short and long-term impacts from the outset While past installations of harmful materials were made without knowledge of their dangers, we now recognize that many current building practices also pose risks to health and the environment, and there may still be harmful practices that we have yet to identify.
This thesis explores sustainable building through various chapters, beginning with an introduction in chapter one Chapter two examines the concept, benefits, and barriers associated with sustainable building practices In chapter three, the focus shifts to initiatives, developments, and environmentally friendly materials in sustainable construction Chapter four discusses rating systems for assessing sustainability A case study of the Near East University library building is presented in chapter five, evaluated according to the LEED rating system Finally, chapter six summarizes the findings and offers recommendations to enhance the quality of the case study building.
Aim of study
This research focuses on sustainable concepts and ideas related to building sustainability, exploring various forms of sustainability and their material applications It analyzes sustainable methods with an emphasis on widely accepted practices and examines green building rating systems A case study is conducted on the Near East University library, utilizing one of these rating systems to illustrate the principles discussed.
Scope of study
This thesis examines various works and compiles findings from professionals, organizations, and rating systems in the field of sustainability The research conducted serves as a guide to support the thesis's central idea: the urgent need for sustainability in existing buildings.
Research methodology
A variety of methods to find answers to my thesis topic exists To get a firm footing, a review of the literature that speaks to these issues (including relevant surveys) and
I researched several architects and firms renowned for their sustainable building practices, including Hal Levin, Peter R Nobile, III, Pliny Fisk, and James Batchelor By incorporating insights from these studies and guidance from my advisors, my thesis synthesizes these valuable findings into a cohesive exploration of sustainable architecture.
LITERATURE REVIEW AND DEFINITIONS
Sustainable Development?
Sustainable development refers to a form of progress that fulfills the current generation's needs while ensuring that future generations can also meet their own needs This definition was established by the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), chaired by Norwegian Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland.
The word development in this definition implicates two important aspects of the concept:
The concept is inherently interdisciplinary, transcending specific fields to encompass a global application that affects everyone and everything, both now and in the future Rather than having a fixed objective, the focus lies on the ongoing process of development itself, which is defined by two key principles.
• the concept of needs, comprising of the conditions for maintaining an acceptable life standard for all people, and
• the concept of limits of the capacity of the environment to fulfill the needs of the present and the future, determined by the state of technology and social organization
Maslow's hierarchy of needs identifies deficiency needs, including psychological, safety, and social needs, followed by aesthetic needs However, these needs must be balanced against natural limitations such as finite resources, declining productivity from overexploitation, deteriorating water quality, and loss of biodiversity To ensure a sustainable future, it is crucial to fulfill human needs without exacerbating these limitations Thus, all political, technical, and social developments should be assessed based on their ability to meet needs while reducing constraints, promoting sustainable development as a guiding principle.
Green Building
A sustainable approach to building design requires a comprehensive consideration of all resources involved, including materials, energy sources, and user contributions Creating green buildings necessitates addressing various conflicting priorities, as every design choice carries environmental consequences Efforts to enhance sustainability in architecture can be categorized into four key areas.
• Minimizing external pollution and environmental damage
• Reducing embodied energy and resource depletion
• Minimizing internal pollution and damage to health
Green design, as defined by the ASHRAE Green Guide, is an approach that respects and minimizes negative impacts on nature, prioritizing health, environmental, and resource conservation performance throughout a building's life-cycle This holistic approach expands on traditional design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and delight, incorporating new environmental, resource, and occupant health considerations to create sustainable and eco-friendly buildings.
• Reduce human exposure to noxious materials
• Conserve non-renewable energy and scarce materials xxiii
• Minimize life-cycle ecological impact of energy and materials used
• Use renewable energy and materials that are sustainably harvested
• Protect and restore local air, water, soils, flora and fauna
• Support pedestrians, bicycles, mass transit and other alternatives to fossil-fueled vehicles
Green buildings are high-quality structures that offer longer lifespans, lower operating and maintenance costs, and enhanced occupant satisfaction compared to standard developments Both discerning buyers and those with limited resources prefer these buildings and are often willing to pay a premium for their benefits Surprisingly, many well-designed green buildings can be constructed at little or no additional cost compared to conventional designs The key factors for success in green building include a commitment to superior performance, effective collaboration during the design process, openness to innovative approaches, and access to relevant information, rather than simply having a large construction budget.
Sustainable design
Sustainable design involves the careful integration of architecture to fulfill current needs while ensuring that future generations can also meet their own requirements It emphasizes the long-term preservation of ecosystem components and functions, promoting a balance that supports both present and future well-being.
Many other definitions of sustainable development have also been offered, some general and some more precise The followings illustrate the variety of foci evident in discussions of sustainable development
Sustainable development necessitates fulfilling the essential needs of all individuals while providing avenues for economic and social growth It also entails the ability of development projects to remain viable both organizationally and financially A development initiative is deemed sustainable if it not only safeguards the environment and fosters opportunities but also sustains its operations and generates its own funding once donor support has ceased.
"[Improves] the quality of human life while living within the carrying capacity of supporting ecosystems." [6]
Sustainable practices involve utilizing natural renewable resources in a way that preserves their availability and quality for future generations This approach ensures that essential resources like soil, groundwater, and biomass remain abundant and intact, preventing degradation or depletion over time.
"[Maximizes] the net benefits of economic development, subject to maintaining the services and quality of natural resources." [8]
Current decisions must not jeopardize future living standards, emphasizing the need for economic systems to be managed in a way that allows us to benefit from our resources while preserving and enhancing our asset base.
" Is taken to mean a positive rate of change in the quality of life of people, based on a system that permits this positive rate of change to be maintained indefinitely."
The Rocky Mountain Institute outlines five elements for sustainable design:
Thorough planning and design are essential for achieving sustainability in construction Unlike traditional design, sustainable design emphasizes early decision-making, which significantly influences energy efficiency, passive solar design, daylighting, and natural cooling.
• Sustainable design is more of a philosophy of building than a prescriptive building style Sustainable buildings don't have any particular look or style
• Sustainable buildings don't have to cost more, nor are they more complicated than traditional construction
• Integrated design, that is design where each component is considered part of a greater whole, is critical to successful sustainable design
Sustainable design should prioritize minimizing energy consumption and enhancing human health Key design elements include energy-saving architectural features, an energy-conserving building envelope, and efficient mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems that promote both energy efficiency and occupant well-being.
Sustainable design starts with a deep understanding of place, allowing us to inhabit environments without causing harm By being attuned to the unique characteristics of a location, we can make informed design choices, including optimizing a building's solar orientation, preserving the natural landscape, and ensuring access to public transportation.
Connecting with nature, whether in urban or natural settings, revitalizes designed environments Effective design enhances our awareness of our relationship with the natural world.
In nature, nothing goes to waste; the byproducts of one organism serve as nourishment for another, creating closed loops within natural systems By aligning with these living processes, we honor the needs of all species and foster regeneration instead of depletion By making natural cycles and processes visible, we revitalize our designed environments and enhance our connection to life.
Sustainable design emphasizes understanding the environmental impact by assessing site conditions, embodied energy, material toxicity, and energy efficiency in design and construction To reduce negative environmental effects, it is crucial to utilize sustainably sourced building materials, select low-toxicity options during manufacturing and installation, and incorporate recycling practices on-site.
Sustainable designers are increasingly prioritizing co-creative design processes by actively engaging with a diverse range of voices, including systems consultants, engineers, and local communities By incorporating collaboration early in the design phase, rather than as an afterthought, designers ensure that the needs and perspectives of end users—such as neighborhood residents and office employees—are integrated into their projects Design charettes have become a standard practice, fostering meaningful dialogue and enhancing the overall effectiveness of sustainable design initiatives.
Sustainable design should prioritize the diverse cultures, races, religions, and habits of its users, emphasizing the importance of empathy and sensitivity to the needs of individuals and the community in the built environment.
Environmental Sustainability
Environmental sustainability aims to preserve the Earth for future generations in a condition that is equal to or better than what we inherited It is defined by the ability to engage in human activities indefinitely without depleting natural resources or causing harm to the environment.
• Resource consumption would be minimal
All materials used will consist entirely of 100% post-consumer recycled materials or renewable resources that are sustainably harvested, ensuring no environmental harm and preventing resource depletion.
• Recycling of waste streams would be 100%
• Energy would be conserved and energy supplies would be ENTIRELY renewable and non-polluting (solar thermal and electric, wind power, biomass, etc.)
Sustainable Construction
Sustainable construction focuses on creating and managing a healthy built environment while adhering to resource-efficient and ecological principles Buildings designed with sustainability in mind strive to minimize their environmental impact by enhancing energy and resource efficiency Key principles include the responsible use of materials and innovative design practices that promote environmental stewardship.
• minimizing non-renewable resource consumption
• eliminating or minimizing the use of toxins xxvii
Sustainable building, as defined by an OECD Project, refers to structures that minimize negative impacts on both the built and natural environments This concept encompasses building practices aimed at achieving integral quality across economic, social, and environmental dimensions By promoting the rational use of natural resources and effective management of building stock, sustainable building contributes to resource conservation, reduced energy consumption, and enhanced environmental quality.
Sustainable building emphasizes the entire life cycle of structures, integrating environmental quality, functional performance, and future values Historically, the focus has been on the sheer size of building stock, often neglecting quality concerns As most countries now face a saturated housing market, the demand for higher quality in construction is increasingly significant To promote sustainability in building practices, it is essential to implement policies that acknowledge current market conditions The construction sector's environmental initiatives and user demands play crucial roles in this transition Governments can significantly enhance sustainable building efforts by supporting these developments The OECD has outlined five key objectives to guide the advancement of sustainable buildings.
• Energy Efficiency (including Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction)
• Pollution Prevention (including Indoor Air Quality and Noise Abatement)
• Harmonization with Environment (including Environmental Assessment)
• Integrated and Systemic Approaches (including Environmental Management
An Overview of Sustainable Building
2.6.1 Elements of Sustainable Building xxviii
Many professionals in the building industry view the term "environmental" negatively, often linking it to costly and labor-intensive remediation regulations like asbestos and lead abatement This perspective is unfortunate, as it overlooks the core goal of sustainable building: preventing past mistakes by prioritizing environmentally responsible practices from the outset While earlier generations were unaware of the dangers posed by materials like asbestos and lead, we now recognize that numerous common building practices continue to have detrimental short- and long-term effects on both human health and the environment Sustainable building emphasizes the importance of making informed choices to avoid these issues in the future.
Sustainable building, commonly known as "green" or "environmentally sound" construction, embodies principles of timelessness and efficiency It is also characterized by high-tech features, earning the label of "high performance" or "smart" building Architect William Bobenhausen advocates for simply calling it "good" building design, a perspective I will adopt in this discussion.
The term "sustainable" has become a widely accepted keyword, particularly in the context of "sustainable development," which emphasizes the balance between environmental, social, and economic health The well-being of individuals, communities, and businesses is closely linked to both indoor and outdoor environmental conditions Sustainable building adopts an integrative approach, recognizing the interconnectedness of our natural and built environments.
Sustainable building refers to the design and construction of structures that utilize resource-efficient methods and materials, prioritizing the health of the environment and the well-being of occupants, construction workers, and future generations While construction inevitably impacts land and resources, it is essential to minimize these effects and ensure that our shelters do not pose harm to our health.
By thoughtfully designing indoor environments, we can create spaces that not only ensure comfort and health but also instill a sense of pride As essential as energy, air, and water, productive living spaces significantly contribute to human well-being While building designers typically focus on how natural elements like wind, water, and soil impact structural integrity, they often overlook how buildings themselves can influence these elements Furthermore, although designers consider the aesthetic impact of space configurations on users, they frequently neglect the health implications of the materials used in construction.
Most people spend a significant amount of their time indoors, whether at home, work, school, or shopping Buildings serve as enclosed environments that establish their own climate, lighting, and air and water circulation systems As Anne Whiston Spirn aptly states, “Buildings are mini ecosystems.” Consequently, the quality of these indoor conditions has a profound impact on the health and well-being of occupants.
Building construction and usage significantly contribute to public health issues and the consumption of vital resources such as energy, water, minerals, and wood According to a study by the Union of Concerned Scientists, home-related resource use ranks among the top environmentally harmful consumer activities, leading to major air and water pollution, global warming, and habitat alteration Specifically, four key activities were identified as particularly detrimental to the environment.
(1) Energy use for household appliances and lighting,
(2) Energy use for household heating, hot water, and air conditioning,
(3) Land and materials impacts from home construction, and
(4) Household water use and sewage generation [16].
Sustainable building encompasses a comprehensive approach that considers not only the interior and exterior aspects of a structure but also the surrounding environment and off-site factors at local, regional, and global levels Unsustainable practices can strain community resources and government services by increasing landfill waste, contributing to flooding, and escalating the need for road and utility infrastructure On a global scale, these practices significantly impact our climate due to reliance on greenhouse gas-emitting energy sources for heating, cooling, and lighting, as well as the use of building materials containing ozone-depleting chemicals.
Sustainable building encompasses a variety of methods, materials, and systems, ranging from traditional techniques like adobe walls and rainwater collectors to modern technologies such as occupancy detectors and grey water recycling According to architect William Bobenhausen, the essence of sustainability lies not in gadgets but in the mindset and process behind them Architect Andrew St John emphasizes that sustainable building is more about attitudes and approaches than merely technology or materials While technology can contribute to sustainability, it must be used judiciously, as some high-tech solutions may inadvertently cause harm Therefore, the choice to forgo certain technologies can be as critical as the decision to implement others.
Sustainable building encompasses both active and passive elements, aiming to enhance the efficiency, health, and comfort of indoor spaces while reducing environmental impacts and resource consumption Decisions in sustainable building typically align with three fundamental categories.
1 Materials & Equipment (specifications and application methods)
2 Active/Systems Design (mechanical, electrical, plumbing systems)
3 Passive/General Design (placement/orientation of building and rooms)
The third category focuses on the designer's ability to integrate the building and its design program within the natural environment, optimizing free resources like sunlight for light and heat, tree shade, and hillside insulation This approach minimizes land impact and reduces reliance on non-renewable or wasteful resources, as illustrated in the figure below, which demonstrates passive building siting considerations.
Fig 2.1 illustration of a passive design solar heating and cooling [18].
Sustainable building encompasses various critical elements that developers, architects, engineers, and contractors should consider at the project's outset Key questions include whether to construct new buildings or renovate existing ones, the size of the building's footprint, the optimal location for construction, and strategies to minimize land impact Additionally, it's essential to prioritize occupants' health and well-being, reduce energy and water consumption, minimize solid waste, and choose materials with the least environmental and public health impact throughout their lifecycle While not all issues can be addressed in every project, and some are specific to new construction or renovations, these considerations are vital for promoting sustainability in the building industry.
Could the project be done by renovating an old building rather than building a new one? xxxii
Implementing retrofitting in older buildings can enhance their efficiency, potentially lowering costs while conserving land, building materials, and energy resources It is crucial to consider the square footage and footprint of the new structure to maximize these benefits.
In the last fifty years, while family sizes have become smaller, the average house size has more than doubled from about 1,000 to over 2,000 square feet [19].
Larger buildings consume more materials and energy, resulting in a significant impact on the environment The ease of future renovations or adaptations plays a crucial role in minimizing resource waste and reducing the risk of premature demolition Unfortunately, many structures are often viewed as disposable, highlighting the need for sustainable building practices.
2 Site Selection/Land Use Context ã What were the previous uses of the land? Is there any soil or water contamination on or around the site? If so, this could mean that remediation would be required to make the site safe for children to play on, for growing vegetables on, keeping pets on, putting a well on, or building on, in general But remediating such a site would be better for the environment and the community than building on “virgin” land, away from existing infrastructure (See the next bulleted item.) Government assistance and liability relief is often made available to ease the process of cleaning up contaminated “brown fields.” ã How close is the site to other development and existing infrastructure, like utility services, roads, and public transportation? Reducing sprawl reduces people’s need to drive and thereby reduces air pollution, preserves open space and habitat, and reduces the need for government to spend taxpayers’ money on infrastructure expansion Suburban sprawl also saps the economic vitality of urban centers “Smart growth” management plans, such as Portland (Oregon) Metro’s “urban growth boundary” strategy, are increasingly being developed by cities and regions, as they attempt to curtail sprawl. xxxiii ã Does the site provide needed habitat for rare or endangered animal or plant species? The Union of Concerned Scientists says that “35 percent of land-based endangered species are threatened by expanding residential housing and the associated commercial development and roads” [20]. ã Does any part of the site include wetlands or a floodplain? Wetlands and floodplains serve vital ecological functions as water treatment and water overflow zones Building in these zones can endanger not only people and property on-site but also those downstream Flooding can not only lead to a loss of life, but can impose a massive economic cost on government (and indirectly, to the public at large) for disaster relief. ã Has a comprehensive site assessment been conducted? This should help identify all of the sensitive resources mentioned in this section.
3 Site Planning/Land Impacts ã How might the development degrade the soil and water quality or supply?
Environmental Architecture
Five principles of an environmental architecture [42]:
Creating a healthful interior environment involves implementing measures to prevent the emission of toxic substances and gases from materials and building systems It is essential to enhance indoor air quality through effective filtration systems and the incorporation of plants, which help to clean and revitalize the air.
Maximizing energy efficiency is essential in building design, focusing on minimizing energy consumption Implementing advanced cooling, heating, and lighting systems that prioritize conservation and utilize energy-saving products will significantly reduce overall energy use.
To promote environmental sustainability, it is essential to utilize ecologically benign materials in construction This involves selecting wood sourced from non-destructive forestry practices and evaluating other materials based on their production's toxic waste output By prioritizing these eco-friendly choices, we can significantly reduce the negative impact on the global environment.
To ensure sustainable design, it is essential to align the form and layout of the project with the site's unique characteristics, regional context, and local climate Implementing these measures will enhance environmental harmony and promote ecological balance.
To enhance the site's ecology, it is essential to implement accommodations for recycling and energy efficiency Additionally, building designs should foster a harmonious relationship between inhabitants and nature, ensuring a sustainable and balanced environment.
To achieve an efficient and elegant design, it is essential to integrate use areas, circulation, building form, mechanical systems, and construction technology Emphasizing symbolic connections with history, nature, and spiritual principles enhances the overall concept Ultimately, completed buildings should be well-constructed, user-friendly, and aesthetically pleasing.
Barriers to sustainable buildings
Barriers to sustainable building practices include an overemphasis on short-term economic gains, driven by globalization, political factors, and corporate profitability criteria This shift in focus prioritizes consumption over the preservation of ecosystem productivity and environmental values Additionally, a limited understanding of the necessary environmental improvements further exacerbates the tendency to prioritize immediate results over long-term sustainability.
A 1999 survey by the Architectural Practice Research Project at the Catholic University of America revealed that architects identified key reasons for the lack of sustainable design in most projects These reasons can be categorized into primary and secondary barriers that hinder sustainable architectural practices.
1 Lack of interests from clients: this was found to be as a result of either lack of education or awareness about sustainable buildings and also as a result of economical and financial constraints.
2 The lack of training and education in sustainable design/construction.
3 The failure of service fee structures to reflect long term saving.
4 The higher cost of sustainable buildings options.
1 The lack of technical understanding on the part of the subcontractors.
2 The lack of technical understanding on the part of the project team members
3 The lack of interest on the part of the project team members
4 The lack of “green” products suppliers in the area
Benefits of Sustainable Building
Building sustainably with low technological means offers numerous environmental, social, and economic advantages Key benefits include the protection of air and water quality, soil preservation, and flood prevention Additionally, it contributes to solid waste reduction, energy and water conservation, climate stabilization, and the safeguarding of the ozone layer Furthermore, sustainable practices promote the conservation of natural resources and protect open spaces, habitats, and biodiversity.
Environmental improvements offer benefits beyond health and aesthetics, extending to taxpayers as well By minimizing the use of water, energy, and materials, and strategically locating buildings near public transportation, communities can lower the need for expensive infrastructure expansions, such as water treatment facilities, utilities, landfills, and road systems.
On an even broader societal level, sustainable building can enhance the national security
Sustainable building practices not only decrease a country's reliance on fossil fuel imports but also provide significant advantages for various stakeholders, including designers, contractors, occupants, construction workers, developers, and owners These benefits extend beyond societal gains, enhancing the overall value and efficiency of construction projects.
Enhancing a building's air quality and natural lighting significantly boosts the health, comfort, and productivity of both occupants and construction workers, leading to substantial savings for employers.
Developers and design or construction firms can enhance their market differentiation by appealing to clients seeking expertise in sustainable building By showcasing their experience in eco-friendly projects, these firms not only attract new customers but also benefit from the positive publicity that sustainable building initiatives generate.
Early adopters among building professionals gain regulatory advantages by implementing gradual, voluntary changes that prepare them for upcoming regulations, allowing them to avoid sudden adaptations Their proactive leadership can also influence the prevention of new regulations It is important to note that merely meeting existing codes means that any further decline in building quality would be illegal.
Lower construction costs can be achieved by reducing material usage and saving on disposal expenses through recycling Additionally, downsizing mechanical equipment and avoiding certain infrastructure extension fees contribute to cost savings However, it's important to note that the initial expenses of other sustainable building measures may exceed these savings if not chosen and balanced thoughtfully.
Investing in energy efficiency can significantly lower operating costs by saving on energy and water, with paybacks typically realized within one to five years According to Norman Willard of the U.S Environmental Protection Agency, energy savings can reach up to 50%, and in some instances, consumption can be reduced by as much as 80% These savings are particularly impactful for low-income residents, who allocate a larger portion of their earnings to home utility expenses compared to higher-income households.
Incorporating environmentally-sensitive features into buildings significantly enhances their value, as owners and developers should recognize that the least expensive development options may not yield the highest profits Sustainable design not only lowers operating costs but also increases a building's appeal to potential buyers For instance, Condé Nast Publications chose the 4 Times Square building as its new headquarters largely due to its sustainable design Research indicates that sustainable projects experience higher rental rates and improved tenant retention, underscoring the financial benefits of eco-friendly construction.
Daylighting is an effective sustainable building feature that offers numerous environmental, social, and economic advantages By harnessing natural light, buildings can reduce their reliance on fossil fuels for lighting and heating, leading to lower energy expenses Additionally, increased natural light enhances occupant health and well-being, which can decrease labor costs In retail spaces, the benefits of daylighting may also translate into increased sales.
Sustainable building practices offer numerous advantages, but they can also present conflicting effects that necessitate careful consideration of trade-offs For instance, the trend of constructing tightly-sealed buildings, which was prevalent in the 1970s, often results in air circulation issues, as the same air is recycled throughout the day Balancing these factors is crucial for optimizing both environmental benefits and indoor air quality.
Improving a building's energy efficiency, as seen in the '80s, can inadvertently cause indoor air quality issues Careful design of daylighting is essential to prevent increased air conditioning demands while reducing heating costs Additionally, the advantages of using 'green' materials may be diminished by the environmental impact of transporting them over long distances, such as bamboo flooring sourced from China.
Need for sustainable alternatives
Energy-intensive materials such as steel, cement, glass, aluminum, plastics, and bricks are commonly utilized in building construction The transportation of these materials over long distances contributes to significant energy consumption The extensive use of these resources not only depletes energy reserves but also has detrimental effects on the environment.
To address the growing demand for buildings, it is essential to optimize the use of energy resources and raw materials by developing simple, energy-efficient, and sustainable building alternatives Key principles for creating sustainable building technologies include energy conservation, minimizing the use of high-energy materials, and prioritizing environmentally friendly practices Additionally, it is important to reduce transportation needs by maximizing the use of local materials and skills, utilize industrial and mine wastes in building material production, recycle construction waste, and harness renewable energy sources By adhering to these principles, building technologies can achieve sustainability while efficiently sharing resources and minimizing environmental impact.
Initiatives and developments in sustainable building technologies
The Centre for ASTRA (Application of Science and Technology for Rural Areas), established in 1974 at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) in Bangalore, focuses on developing technologies that promote sustainable development Recently, this center has undergone a renaming process to reflect its evolving mission.
The Centre for Sustainable Technologies focuses on creating eco-friendly and energy-efficient building solutions by maximizing the use of local resources and skills This initiative is a key aspect of ASTRA's mission, emphasizing the importance of sustainable development The interdisciplinary approach to research and development in building technologies has been a priority for the Department of Civil Engineering for many years, highlighting their commitment to innovation in sustainable construction practices.
Innovative building technologies include stabilized mud blocks, steam cured blocks, and fine concrete blocks, alongside rammed earth and mud concrete blocks Additionally, lime–pozzolana cements and soil-lime plaster enhance construction durability Composite mortars, beam and panel roofs, and reinforced brickwork/tile-work roofs contribute to structural integrity Ferro cement and ferroconcrete roofing systems, as well as unreinforced masonry vaults and domes, offer versatile design options Ribbed slab construction and filler slab roofs provide efficient load distribution, while rammed earth foundations and reinforced block-work lintels ensure stability Lastly, solar passive cooling techniques and containment reinforcement techniques are essential for creating earthquake-resistant masonry structures.
A large number of buildings (> 12,000) have been built using these alternative building technologies.
Stabilized mud blocks (SMB) are dense solid blocks created by compacting a mixture of soil, sand, stabilizer (such as cement or lime), and water After a curing period of 28 days, these blocks are ready for wall construction, available in two sizes: 305 × 143 × 100 mm and 230 × 100 mm.
Standardized blocks measuring 190 × 100 mm are 2.5 to 2.8 times larger in volume than conventional burnt clay bricks The compressive strength of these blocks is influenced by soil composition, block density, and stabilizer percentage (cement/lime), with sandy soils containing 7% cement achieving wet compressive strengths of 3–4 MPa Increasing the stabilizer quantity enhances strength The main benefits of Stabilized Mud Blocks (SMB) include significant energy efficiency with a 70% reduction in energy use compared to burnt bricks, cost savings of 20–40% in comparison to traditional brick masonry, the potential to eliminate plastering, and an aesthetically pleasing finish.
Figure 3.1 productions of stabilized mud blocks using a manual press [50].
Filler slab roofs consist of solid reinforced concrete slabs with a portion of the concrete in the tension zone replaced by lighter, cost-effective filler materials Options for filler materials include brick panels, Mangalore tiles, stabilized mud blocks, hollow concrete blocks, and hollow clay tiles The amount of concrete that can be substituted depends on the shape of the filler and the thickness of the slab; for instance, a 125 mm thick solid slab can accommodate a filler block of 60–70 mm Utilizing stabilized mud blocks allows for a 25% replacement of concrete, which can significantly reduce costs, saving approximately 15–20% on concrete expenses.
Figure 3.2 Ceiling of a typical filler slab roof using stabilized mud block filler [51] xlv
3.2.3 Composite beam and panel roofs
This concept exploits the efficiency of beam and slab construction.
The roofing system features a combination of partially precast or cast-in-situ ribs and beams, spaced appropriately and covered with various panel options, such as precast concrete, reinforced brickwork, and hollow hourdi tiles These panels connect to the beams via shear connectors to create a composite action, allowing for flexibility in beam materials, including precast reinforced concrete, rolled steel, and timber The panels can have different profiles, including curved, folded plate, or flat shapes, with curved panels forming a composite jack-arch roof This roofing system offers several advantages, including the potential for prefabrication and rapid installation, enhanced quality assurance, material savings leading to cost-effectiveness, and the option to use hollow panels for improved thermal comfort.
Figure 3.3 Composite reinforced tile-work panel roofs [52].
A high-density block can be created by compacting a mixture of lime, industrial waste products such as fly ash, expansive soils like black cotton soil, and sand The reaction between lime and fly ash or clay minerals forms water-insoluble bonds that enhance the block's strength, although these reactions are slow at ambient temperatures (~30°C) To accelerate this process, steam curing for approximately 10 hours at 80°C is employed, resulting in significantly increased strength The production process involves mixing the raw materials—lime, cement, fly ash or black cotton soil, sand, and water—then forming the mixture into dense blocks using a soil block press, followed by stacking and steam curing the blocks for 10–12 hours Various block sizes can be manufactured, with compressive strength influenced by the mix composition, block density, and stabilizer percentage For instance, a mix of 25% fly ash, 6% lime, and 2% cement can produce blocks with a wet compressive strength exceeding 6 MPa, suitable for constructing 3–4 story load-bearing buildings with spans of 3–4 meters By adjusting mix proportions, even higher strength blocks can be achieved, which are notably superior to local burnt bricks and soil cement blocks (SMB) The advantages of these blocks include their suitability for small-scale industries, utilization of industrial waste and problematic soils, energy efficiency, environmental friendliness, and enhanced strength.
Energy in common and alternative building technologies and buildings
Energy consumption in buildings can take place in two ways:
(i) energy capital that goes into production and transportation of building materials and assembling of the building (embodied energy), and
(ii) Energy for the maintenance/servicing of a building during its useful life
The second factor is significantly influenced by the climatic variations of the region, while the first is a one-time investment that can vary greatly based on the selection of building materials and construction techniques A table can illustrate the energy content associated with different common and alternative walling and roofing systems.
Table 3.1Embodied energy in various walling and roofing systems [53]
Building elements Units Energy per unit (MJ)
The data reveals that the energy content of SMB masonry and steam-cured block masonry is approximately one-fourth and two-thirds, respectively, of that needed for traditional burnt brick masonry Additionally, alternative roofing systems such as SMB filler slabs, composite panel roofs, and ribbed slab roofs can replace conventional reinforced concrete roofs, leading to energy savings of 20–40% Furthermore, ferroconcrete tile roofs utilize 30% less energy compared to conventional Mangalore tile roofs Overall, it is evident that adopting alternative building technologies significantly reduces the embodied energy in construction systems.
Impact of alternative building technologies
The total embodied energy of buildings can be calculated by integrating the energy values of their various components, as illustrated in Table 3.2 This energy is measured based on actual construction quantities, with comparisons made per 100 m² of built-up area Multi-storied reinforced concrete buildings, commonly used in urban areas, consume the most energy at 4.21 GJ/m² In contrast, conventional 2-storey load-bearing brick buildings use 2.92 GJ/m², which is 30% less Buildings utilizing alternative materials, such as SMB walls and filler slab roofs, demonstrate even greater energy efficiency, consuming only 1.61 GJ/m²—about 40% less than multi-storied buildings and 55% less than conventional brick structures This significant reduction in embodied energy, approximately 50%, highlights the benefits of alternative building technologies in promoting energy efficiency and lowering greenhouse gas emissions, ultimately contributing to environmental protection.
• Energy efficient, consuming less than half of the energy required for conventional building methods leading to energy conservation
• ãTechniques are simple and employ maximum local resources and skills
• Decentralized production systems and small-scale operations that generate local employment
• Reduce cost and energy involved in transportation of building products.
Table 3.2 Total embodied energy in a building [55]
Building and specifications Number of storey’s
Total built-up area of the building
Equivalent amount of coal per 100 m2 (tonnes) xlix
Reinforced concrete framed structure with in filled burnt brick masonry walls
Load-bearing brick masonry walls, reinforced concrete slab roof, mosaic tile floor
SMB filler slab roof, terracotta tile floor finish
Table 3.3 Strategies to reduce building-related mass flows
Re-use existing buildings Build new buildings
Build smaller buildings to accommodate the same functions
Re-use building materials Dispose of them
Recycle building materials that cannot be re- used
Instead of land filling or incinerating them
Table 3.4 Major determinants of indoor air quality
Site characteristics: Outdoor air and ground source pollutants
Occupant activities: Type, schedule, location within building
Building environmental control: Ventilation, thermal comfort, pollutant source control` l
Building materials and furnishings: Emissions, durability, maintenance and cleaning requirements
Appliances and equipment: Supplies, lubricants
Construction IAQ requirements: Construction: material protection, temporary ventilation, commissioning
Building operational manuals: Completeness, clarity, IAQ inventory
Materials considered/selected as sustainable materials
Sustainable materials are characterized by their low life-cycle impacts, such as floor tiles made from recycled glass, which repurpose waste that would otherwise contribute to landfill Consequently, materials suitable for sustainable design can be categorized into distinct groups.
• Products that are made with salvaged recycled or agricultural waste content.
• Products that conserve natural resources
• Products that avoid toxic or other emissions
• Products that reduce environmental impacts during construction, demolition or renovation.
• Products that save energy or water.
• Products that contribute to a safe, healthy indoor environment.
3.5.1 Products that are made with salvaged, recycled or agricultural waste content:
Sustainability in building products hinges on the materials used and their sources Salvaged products contribute significantly to resource conservation by reusing items instead of creating new ones, ultimately saving energy Products with post-consumer recycled content, like rubber flooring made from recycled tires, may have usage restrictions due to potential off-gassing of harmful chemicals In contrast, post-industrial recycled content involves using industrial by-products, such as iron ore slag in mineral wool insulation and fly ash from coal power plants Additionally, materials derived from agricultural waste, primarily straw from cereal grain harvesting, offer eco-friendly alternatives in construction.
3.5.2 Products that conserve natural resources:
The materials discussed in this section play a crucial role in conserving natural resources through various innovative products These include items designed to use less material than traditional solutions, such as pier foundation systems that reduce concrete usage and concrete pigments that enhance the aesthetic of slabs, eliminating the need for additional flooring Additionally, products known for their exceptional durability or low maintenance requirements contribute to environmental sustainability by reducing the frequency of replacements and minimizing maintenance impacts Examples of such durable products include fiber-cement siding, fiberglass windows, slate shingles, and vitrified clay waste pipes.
Rapidly renewable products are materials that have a shorter harvest cycle compared to traditional wood, making them a more sustainable choice These biodegradable materials are primarily derived from agricultural crops, contributing to environmental conservation Notable examples of rapidly renewable products include natural linoleum and form release agents made from plant oils.
3.5.3 Products that avoid toxic or other emissions [57]:
Green and sustainable building products are defined by their low manufacturing impacts, use of natural materials, and ability to reduce pollution during building maintenance These products can be categorized as follows: Natural or minimally processed products, such as wood and natural stone, minimize energy use and chemical release Alternatives to conventional preservatives-treated wood eliminate harmful substances like arsenic and carcinogenic compounds Products that avoid ozone-depleting substances, including certain foam insulations, contribute to environmental protection Alternatives to PVC reduce the risk of hazardous emissions and endocrine disruptors Additionally, products that minimize pesticide treatments, such as physical termite barriers, enhance safety and sustainability Lastly, innovative wastewater disposal systems and green roofing solutions decrease pollution and waste from operations, promoting a healthier environment.
3.5.4 Products that reduce environmental impacts during construction, demolition, or renovation. liii
Building products can enhance environmental sustainability by minimizing pollution and adverse impacts during construction, renovation, or demolition Key categories include products that lessen the effects of new construction, such as erosion-control solutions and foundation products that eliminate excavation needs, along with exterior stains that lower atmospheric emissions Additionally, products like fluorescent lamps, ballast recyclers, and low-mercury fluorescent options help reduce environmental harm during demolition and renovation processes Lastly, modular carpet tiles are designed to minimize ecological impacts during space reconfiguration and renovations.
3.5.5 Products that save energy or water.
The environmental impacts of operating a building, particularly regarding energy and water usage, often surpass those associated with its construction Key strategies for mitigating these effects include utilizing building components that enhance energy efficiency, such as structural insulated panels and high-performance windows, as well as selecting energy-efficient appliances like low-energy water heaters and refrigerators Additionally, incorporating renewable energy sources and fuel cell technology significantly reduces reliance on fossil fuels, promoting sustainability Finally, implementing water-conserving fixtures, including efficient toilets and showerheads, along with innovative solutions like rainwater catchment systems, further contributes to environmental conservation.
3.5.6 Products that contribute to a safe healthy indoor environment liv
RATING SYSTEMS
What are Rating Systems?
Building rating systems are essential for evaluating and comparing green buildings, providing structured frameworks for performance criteria that enhance accuracy in promoting sustainable design, construction, and operation These tools establish standards and benchmarks for green buildings, allowing for objective assessments of their environmental impact The lv rating system offers a comprehensive "menu" of green measures that can be integrated into buildings, with points awarded based on the implemented features After applying appropriate weightings, a total score is calculated to determine the building's overall green rating.
The key advantage of rating systems is that they are a tool that provides credible frameworks for specifying and achieving high performance buildings.
Green building rating systems in general focus on the following five categories of building design and life cycle performance:
Each category has specific prerequisites and credits that must be fulfilled according to design and performance standards To achieve certification, projects must satisfy all prerequisites, which are essential even though they do not contribute to the overall score Meeting these requirements is mandatory, regardless of the fulfillment of other credit criteria.
Credit requirements in building design can vary from simple features to complex analyses, impacting performance levels When a design meets or surpasses these requirements, it earns points that contribute to its overall rating, similar to other rating systems The total points accumulated determine the award of a label or certificate, signifying the building's recognition as a green structure.
Criticisms of rating systems
(a) They are not universally applicable; only being encouraged in the narrow sector of stand-alone building construction. lvi
(b) They require constant updating A rigorous revision schedule is necessary to maintain accuracy of the assessment, as well as maintain the potency and attraction of the certification.
(c) Many schemes do little to foster an integrated design strategy.
(d) Environmental impact projections are based on assumptions.
The amount of energy/resources consumed by building users is estimated at design stage. Behavioral issues by occupants are largely ignored, which can greatly affect a building’s overall performance.
Buildings often serve multiple purposes throughout their existence, with their operational lifespan typically extending beyond that of their occupants However, current rating systems primarily assess a building's performance based on its initial commissioning, overlooking its potential for varied future uses.
Why use Rating Systems?
Building rating systems serve crucial functions by establishing standards for materials, systems, and strategies that contribute to environmentally friendly construction They act as essential tools for stimulating market demand for high-performance buildings, enabling owners and tenants to request green buildings and assess the sustainability of their options.
Organizations aiming to transform the market can leverage building rating systems to establish minimum performance standards and create industry benchmarks that exceed code requirements These systems enhance awareness of the societal impacts of buildings and serve as a valuable resource for sharing information on strategies to mitigate these effects.
Building rating systems are essential tools for advancing the implementation of high-performance buildings, as they guide the thought process and ensure that critical issues remain prioritized, even those that may have previously been overlooked.
They can serve to offer structured advice, including goals, strategies, and actions that are suitable for improving performance. lvii
Building rating systems have established a market by providing standardized recognition, allowing owners, developers, and professionals to earn credit, receive awards, and enhance their marketing efforts.
Some of the rating systems include the following:
BOMA go green
The BOMA Go Green Environmental Certification program, developed by the Building Owners and Managers Association (BOMA) Canada, is a nationally recognized initiative aimed at promoting environmental best practices in existing and occupied commercial buildings This voluntary program is designed to be administratively simple and cost-effective, making it accessible to both member and non-member building owners Unlike LEED, which sets specific environmental standards, the BOMA program emphasizes the creation of tailored environmental management plans and policies It assists building owners in evaluating their building's performance while providing recommendations for reducing energy consumption, lowering operating costs, and enhancing waste management practices The primary goal is to acknowledge and certify buildings that have successfully integrated sustainable practices into their operations.
A national initiative aimed at transforming the industry's environmental practices is centered around five best practice criteria This initiative is founded on the belief that many building management professionals are already adopting or intend to adopt effective environmental strategies in their daily operations.
The industry best practices are defined by ten essential criteria across five key environmental areas: resource consumption, waste reduction and recycling, building materials, interior environment, and tenant awareness.
Many other best practice requirements were considered and may be added as the program evolves. lviii
CASBEE
CASBEE, developed in Japan, aims to provide high assessments for superior buildings, incentivizing designers and stakeholders The assessment system is designed to be straightforward and applicable across various building types It also addresses unique issues relevant to Japan and Asia, and it integrates into the architectural process from the pre-design phase through to post-design stages.
The pre-design stage involves a comprehensive analysis of the natural, social, cultural, and business environments that underpin the planning process During this phase, stakeholders engage in multifaceted investigations to identify design themes and collaboratively develop shared concepts and policies.
In the design stage, the concepts and policies established during the pre-design phase are thoroughly evaluated to address ecological, technical, social, cultural, aesthetic, and economic factors This stage also includes a self-evaluation process to ensure that the design adheres to best practices.
Post design involves a thorough verification process after the design has been implemented, ensuring its effectiveness and sustainability throughout its life cycle Continuous retrospective evaluations lead to ongoing improvements in both the design and underlying concepts.
CASBEE-certified buildings are evaluated based on their environmental efficiency and overall environmental impact The assessment involves separate scoring for Q (Quality: environmental quality) and L (Load: building environmental load), culminating in a comprehensive evaluation of Building Environmental Efficiency (BEE).
The assessment system prioritizes "higher marks for improving load reduction quality" over simply "higher marks for load reduction," making it easier to comprehend According to the manual, this approach aligns with the idea that "improvements in quality and performance earn higher marks."
The CASBEE For New Construction 2008 Technical Manual categorizes various areas into detailed rankings, including Excellent (S), Very Good (A), Good (B+), Fairly Poor (B-), and Poor (C).
GRIHA
TERI's green building rating system, known as TERI–GRIHA, has been meticulously crafted through extensive research on global green building standards and local construction practices in India Its main goal is to facilitate the design of environmentally friendly buildings while assessing their sustainability The system adheres to both national and international codes, ensuring the implementation of best practices in green design.
The developed system aids in the design and evaluation of new buildings during their inception stages by assessing their predicted performance throughout their entire life cycle This evaluation encompasses key phases, including pre-construction, building design and construction, and operation and maintenance Each stage addresses critical issues to ensure optimal building performance and sustainability.
- Pre-construction stage (intra- and inter-site issues)
The planning and construction stages of building projects focus on key aspects such as resource conservation, efficient resource utilization, and the recovery and reuse of materials Essential resources addressed in this context include land, water, energy, air, and green cover Additionally, these stages emphasize the importance of occupant health and well-being, ensuring that sustainable practices are integrated throughout the construction process.
The building operation and maintenance stage is critical for ensuring the efficiency of building systems and processes It involves the continuous monitoring and recording of resource consumption, which is essential for optimizing performance and reducing costs Additionally, maintaining occupant health and well-being is a priority, as it directly impacts productivity and satisfaction Furthermore, addressing issues that affect both the global and local environment is crucial, as sustainable practices contribute to ecological preservation and enhance the overall quality of life.
TERI-GRIHA utilizes a 100-point system that includes mandatory core points and optional points that can be earned by meeting specific criteria Certification levels range from one star to five stars, determined by the total points accumulated, with a minimum requirement of 50 points for certification.
50 to 60 points, 61 to 70 points, 71 to 80 points, and 81 to 90 points will get one star,
‘two stars’, ‘three stars’ and ‘four stars’ respectively A building scoring 91 to 100 points will get the maximum rating viz five stars.
GREEN STAR
The Green Building Council of Australia (GBCA) has introduced the 'Green Star' rating system, a national environmental assessment tool for buildings This system evaluates various factors, including building management, occupant health and wellbeing, public transport accessibility, water and energy usage, the embodied energy of materials, land use, and pollution levels.
Green Star is dedicated to supporting the building industry in its shift towards sustainable development by providing an environmental rating system specifically designed for buildings within the property sector.
• set a standard of measurement for green buildings;
• promote integrated, whole-building design;
• identify building life-cycle impacts; and
• raise awareness of green building benefits. lxi
Green Star offers a comprehensive suite of rating tools for commercial offices throughout all development stages—design, construction, and operations Projects are assessed across eight environmental impact categories, along with an innovation category Points are granted for initiatives that align with Green Star's overall objectives and the specific criteria of the relevant rating tool credits These points are weighted to calculate an overall score, which ultimately determines the project's Green Star rating, represented by Stars to indicate performance levels.
4 Star Green Star Certified Rating signifies 'Best Practice'
5 Star Green Star Certified Rating signifies 'Australian Excellence'
6 Star Green Star Certified Rating signifies 'World Leadership' [65]
SBTool
The SB Tool system is a customizable rating framework that enables countries to create locally relevant rating systems while maintaining a common structure and terminology It takes into account regional conditions and values, and is available in local languages SBTool generates both relative and absolute results, making it an effective international benchmarking tool that informs local industries about regional performance and facilitates absolute data for global comparisons.
The system serves as a versatile rating framework that transforms into a practical tool once a third party calibrates it for their specific region, establishing relevant scope, weights, context, and performance benchmarks Its modular design facilitates the seamless integration of local criteria and language, ensuring adaptability to diverse needs.
It handles all four major phases; new and renovation projects; up to three occupancy types in a single project; provides relative and absolute outputs;
SBTool can be used for certification if calibrated by a third party, or it can be used by clients with large portfolios to identify their in-house performance requirements.
The system contains three levels of parameters that nest within each other; Issues, Categories and Criteria; lxii
Criteria are scored according to the following scale:
Criteria scores are weighted; category scores are the total of weighted criteria scores;Issue scores are the total of weighted Category scores.
HK BEAM
HK-BEAM, or the Hong Kong Building Environmental Assessment Method, is a private sector initiative aimed at guiding developers, designers, builders, and managers in creating and managing sustainable buildings in Hong Kong It establishes over 100 best practice environmental criteria that cover various aspects, including energy efficiency, building materials, construction pollution, and indoor environmental quality, providing a framework for measuring building performance and promoting environmental improvements.
HK-BEAM is Hong Kong's premier initiative for assessing and certifying the performance of both new and existing buildings, including refurbished structures It offers a comprehensive standard applicable to all building types, such as mixed-use complexes, and serves as a vital tool for promoting healthier, more efficient, and environmentally sustainable living and working spaces.
The HK-BEAM scheme shares similarities with many other rating systems, as it addresses a broad spectrum of sustainability issues and evaluates the entire lifecycle performance of buildings It certifies new constructions only after their completion to ensure actual performance is assessed, while also incorporating management, operation, and maintenance practices to guarantee optimal building performance.
HK-BEAM has evaluated more buildings and square meters per capita than any other global assessment scheme, primarily focusing on energy-intensive air-conditioned commercial and high-rise residential structures in Hong Kong By enhancing awareness of the environmental effects of buildings, HK-BEAM has played a significant role in advancing the development of green and sustainable buildings in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR).
BREEAM
BREEAM, established by the British Research Establishment in 1990, is the pioneering building rating system for assessing environmental performance Over the last ten years, it has transformed from a simple design checklist into a robust assessment tool applicable throughout different stages of a building's life cycle.
The BRE Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) is a voluntary green building rating system developed in the UK by the BRE Over time, BREEAM has expanded its reach and influence worldwide, with similar frameworks emerging in other regions, such as LEED in North America, Green Star in Australia, and HQE in France.
BRE assessment methods and tools assist construction professionals in comprehensively understanding and minimizing the environmental impacts of their designs and projects The BRE sustainability ratings range from "Pass" to "Outstanding," providing a clear framework for evaluating and improving sustainability in construction.
Achieving a strong BRE rating allows building owners and occupants to showcase their environmental performance, enhancing their sustainability credentials and facilitating the planning permission process with relevant authorities This certification not only boosts the real estate value of the construction but also brings a range of benefits, including environmental, social, and financial advantages.
The BREEAM assessment versions look at the same broad range of environmental impacts: ã management lxiv ã health and wellbeing ã energy ã transport ã water ã material and waste ã land use and ecology ã pollution
Credits are assigned based on performance across various categories, which are then combined using environmental weightings to generate a single overall score BREEAM evaluates buildings against specific criteria, resulting in an overall score that categorizes them into bands such as Pass, Good, Very Good, or Excellent.
The standard covers these main building types:
• Specialized buildings assessed under the BREEAM bespoke method.
Lastly, we shall go into the LEED rating system, which will be used in an analysis of an existing building in a subsequent chapter.
LEED
The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green Building Rating System is a voluntary, market-driven framework that establishes criteria for identifying and quantifying the sustainability of buildings This system allows for the comparison of a building's environmental performance, helping to define what constitutes a 'green' building.
LEED promotes a holistic approach to building design and construction by integrating established energy and environmental principles with innovative concepts It emphasizes collaboration throughout the entire building life cycle, ensuring effective practices are applied to create sustainable structures.
Project teams, including owners, developers, architects, and contractors, utilize the LEED rating system to establish green project objectives, pinpoint sustainable design strategies, track progress, and document their achievements in environmental performance.
LEED provides a menu of green building measures in five environmental categories:
The Innovation and Design Process category allows for the accumulation of points for outstanding building design and performance that exceeds LEED standards or showcases innovative practices in green building areas not explicitly covered by LEED Points are awarded based on performance metrics rather than strict guidelines, promoting creativity and a holistic design approach.
The major areas of concentration are as follows:
1 Sustainable Sites: The intent of the prerequisite and credits in this category is to encourage the reuse of existing buildings and sites, protect the land use and reduce the adverse environmental impact of new developments The design needs to incorporate a sediment and erosion control plan as a prerequisite Site selection could provide three credit points depending on the nature of site redevelopment or restoration.
Additional credits can be earned for effective stormwater management, minimizing heat islands, and reducing light pollution Furthermore, credits are available for incorporating bicycle stands, alternative-fuel refueling stations, and designated parking for carpools To qualify for these credits, it is essential to integrate these features into the design development, with design drawings serving as the main documentation.
2 Water Efficiency: This category of credits is aimed at water-use reduction and use of waste water technologies No prerequisites exist for this category Use of high-efficiency irrigation technology, rainwater use for irrigation and use of high efficiency plumbing fixtures could provide up to five points All plumbing fixtures should meet or exceed the performance requirements of the Energy Policy Act of 1992 Typical documentation and performance calculations involve calculating the total water demands of the facility and the level of water use reduction demonstrated by the design
3 Energy and Atmosphere: Energy efficiency, renewable energy and ozone protection are the main goals of this category of credits Three prerequisites and a total of 17 points can be claimed by meeting the credit requirements in this category The prerequisites aim at implementing building commissioning, meeting minimum energy performance and using non- CFC equipment ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-1999,
The Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings serves as the foundation for minimum energy performance requirements Designs that exceed the Standard 90.1-1999 can earn additional credits based on energy savings, with two rating points awarded for every 10% reduction in energy use, capped at 10 points Energy simulation tools must adhere to the Energy Cost Budget Method outlined in Section 11 of Standard 90.1-1999 for calculations Furthermore, incorporating on-site renewable energy technologies can yield up to three extra credit points, depending on the percentage of renewable energy utilized Additional credits are also available for not using HCFCs, utilizing green power, and for enhanced commissioning efforts.
4 Materials and Resources: This category is aimed at reducing the life-cycle environmental impact of materials and provides credits for waste reduction, materials reuse and recycling A prerequisite in this category requires all buildings to contain a storage area for collection and storage of recyclable materials generated by building occupants This requirement can be incorporated during building design and documented lxvii in the building drawings If the new building retains and reuses an already existing building shell, up to three points can be claimed Additional points can be obtained for recycling construction waste, using recycled materials in construction and for use of local or regional materials No specific performance calculations exist for obtaining credits in this category A spreadsheet can document the amount of materials used, calculate the percentage of recycled content, local materials used, etc to determine the levels to claim the credits.
5 Indoor Environmental Quality: The credit requirements in this category are aimed at reducing indoor pollutants, and improving the thermal comfort, indoor air and lighting quality Two prerequisites in this category require that the building design meets ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62-1999, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality,[73] for ventilation and provides the means for environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) control. Designers could use the ventilation rate procedure or the indoor air quality procedure to demonstrate and document compliance with Standard 62-1999 The second prerequisite can be met by designating the building as nonsmoking, or if it includes designated spaces to contain, capture and remove ETS The use of low-emitting adhesives, sealants, paints, carpets and composite wood can provide up to four credits The documentation for obtaining these credits requires a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for each material highlighting the volatile organic compound (VOC) limits Additional credit points are available for installing a permanent CO2 monitoring system, individual occupant controls, increased ventilation levels, providing day lighting, and for building flush-out before occupancy Several credits require design documentation in drawings and construction specifications.
6 Innovation and Design Process: Five points are available for innovative features and for incorporating green building categories not addressed by the LEED rating system. One point can be claimed for retaining a LEED Accredited Professional on the design team No set standard exists for claiming the credits in this category However, documentation of the design intent, benefits and approaches used for claiming the credit should be provided. lxviii
To obtain LEED certification, buildings must fulfill all Prerequisites in the Rating System and accumulate at least 32 points The Rating System's flexibility enables building owners, managers, and practitioners to select credits aligned with their performance objectives LEED ratings for Existing Buildings are granted based on specific point thresholds.
4.11.1 Criticisms on the LEED rating system.
The rapid adoption of LEED certification in property development is driven by rising energy costs and growing environmental awareness However, concerns persist that the trend towards eco-friendly buildings may lack genuine substance, raising questions about its long-term effectiveness.
Critics argue that buildings often leverage LEED and other "green" certifications as marketing tools without delivering substantial benefits in energy and resource efficiency Although some post-occupancy studies have indicated improvements in these areas, the lack of large-scale research results in inconclusive statistics Once a building receives LEED certification, it is not required to undergo renewal, raising questions about the validity of its green status if energy consumption remains unchanged A significant concern is that post-occupancy performance is not considered in the certification process, allowing properties to be marketed as "green" despite minimal actual reductions in energy use.
RATING OF THE NEAR EAST LIBRARY WITH THE LEED RATING SYSTEM
Introduction
This chapter evaluates the Near East University school library using the LEED rating system for existing buildings, focusing on an observational and analytical approach to assess various sustainability aspects The LEED framework emphasizes exterior site maintenance, efficient water and energy usage, procurement of environmentally friendly products, waste management, and the maintenance of indoor environmental quality (IEQ) Additionally, it offers guidelines for sustainable cleaning practices, recycling initiatives, and upgrades aimed at enhancing energy efficiency, water conservation, and material usage While the rating presented here is not official, it provides a comprehensive overview of the library's sustainability efforts.
The LEED rating system is favored for its diverse categories, including those for existing buildings, which provide a comprehensive framework for sustainability Its clear and easily interpretable guidelines for awarding points make it accessible, in contrast to the BRE rating system, which necessitates specialized training for effective analysis.
The LEED rating system is organized into six main categories, each containing specific subcategories or credits that contribute to the overall assessment of a building's sustainability and environmental performance.
Points are awarded based on specific prerequisites outlined in each category, such as the indoor environmental quality category, which requires minimum indoor air quality (IAQ) performance and environmental tobacco smoke control By adhering to the principles detailed in the rating system manual, credits and points can be effectively earned.
It is also pertinent to remember that the rating done is strictly as a result of my own views and understanding of sustainability and the rating system. lxxxi
Figure 5.1 the Near East University library under construction [82].
Location
Cyprus, the third largest island in the Mediterranean, is positioned at the 35-degree North meridian and is located 65 km from Turkey, 95 km from Syria, 350 km from Egypt, and 750 km from Greece The island features two prominent mountain ranges: the Besparmak Mountains, also known as "five fingers," which stretch 150 km along the northern coast from Girne to Karpaz, and the Trodos Mountains, located in the southern region between Guzelyurt and Magusa, extending 120 km from east to west.
Climate
Cyprus, the hottest and driest island in the Mediterranean, boasts an impressive 340 days of sunshine annually The rainy season lasts from November to March, with the majority of rainfall occurring between December and February Spring in Cyprus is mild, featuring vibrant flowers in April, while early May can be windy, leading to rising temperatures later in the month During the peak summer months of July and August, temperatures often exceed 30 degrees Celsius, and autumn lingers well into November.
• Temperature: Summer temperatures are high in the lowlands, even near the
The Mediterranean Sea influences the climate of the central plain, where mean daily temperatures in July and August reach approximately 29°C, peaking at an average maximum of 38°C In contrast, January temperatures average around 10°C in the central plain and drop to 5°C in the higher elevations of the Kyrenia Mountains.
• Rainfall: The higher mountain areas are moister than the rest of the island The
Kyrenia range produces 550 millimeters of rainfall along its ridge at an elevation of 1,000 meters Plains along the northern coast and in the Karpass Peninsula area average at 400-
450 millimeters of annual rainfall The least rainfall occurs in the Mesaoria, with 300-400 millimeters a year.
In winter, the relative humidity ranges from 60% to 80%, while in summer, it typically falls between 40% and 60%, with even lower levels during midday Fog occurrences are rare, and overall visibility remains generally clear.
Winds in the region typically range from light to moderate and can vary in direction While strong winds may occasionally be experienced, gales are uncommon and primarily occur in exposed coastal areas and high-elevation locations.
The island boasts an impressive average of over 300 days of sunshine each year, with nearly 6 hours of sunlight daily during winter and up to 12 hours in the summer months From April to September, sunshine is particularly plentiful, especially in the Mesaoria region of the eastern lowland, where bright sunny days occur 75% of the time.
Figure 5.2 mean monthly temperature of Cyprus [86] lxxxiii
Figure 5.3 mean monthly precipitation in Cyprus [87]
Figure 5.4 mean monthly relative humidity [88]
The climate of Cyprus is classified as a composite climate, characterized by hot, dry summers and mild, short winters with occasional rains, particularly in Nicosia, which experiences the least rainfall on the island, averaging only 300 to 400 mm annually In contrast, Kyrenia exhibits a hot-humid climate due to its geographic location.
Climatic Aspects of the Cypriot Buildings
Vernacular Cypriot settlements have developed regional solutions to combat heat, with houses closely grouped to provide mutual shade from the midday sun The design features a favorable building height-to-street width ratio, creating comfortable walking spaces and inviting residents, particularly women, to socialize outdoors These homes boast a variety of open and semi-open areas, including open-to-sky courtyards, front verandas, and back sundurmas, all enhancing access to greenery The courtyards, known as avlu in Turkish and havli in local Cypriot Turkish, offer a sense of enclosure and intimacy, skillfully blending hard and soft landscaping elements.
The open courtyards of houses create comfortable living spaces, serving multiple purposes such as social gatherings, food preparation, and laundry drying, particularly during warm seasons In summer, these courtyards capture cool air, enhancing airflow and reducing indoor temperatures With their greenery and small gardens, they offer residents a direct connection to nature However, in hot-humid climates, centrally located courtyards may hinder effective cross-ventilation, necessitating alternative designs to meet climatic requirements.
‘outdoor rooms’ for varied purposes As the climate is appropriate, the upper terraces of the houses were used for drying food and airing clothes as well lxxxv
Near East Library
• Site location and building characteristics
The Near East University library, located in Nicosia, is positioned in the northeast area of the campus, near the school's entrance and close to lecture rooms and departments However, its location is not centrally accessible for all students, particularly those in medical and engineering fields, whose departments are situated farther away The library's design was influenced by its placement within a densely populated area and the need to integrate with existing university facilities, promoting smooth pedestrian flow between the faculties As a result, the building was designed to extend in a north-south direction.
Plate 1 showing the library lxxxvi
The design of the library incorporates a spacious forecourt to enhance visual connectivity and separate library activities from student leisure time This open area facilitates various cultural events at the university, despite deviating from the library's original design The building, oriented north to south, minimizes exposure to the harsh southern sun, while openings on the west elevation are limited to reduce disturbances from the westerly sun Although direct sunlight is largely avoided, ample daylight is maintained within the interior spaces, with controlled sunlight allowed in areas such as foyers and hallways The façade features curtain walls with tempered glass glazing, promoting a flexible library design that accommodates future expansions and wiring needs However, the Near East University library can only be expanded in one direction, which poses feasibility challenges due to the building's orientation.
Plate 3 showing the tiled front of the library with no greens
Plate 4 showing the library entrance
The building utilizes natural ventilation and cooling methods, complemented by mechanical systems, to enhance heating, ventilation, and air conditioning efficiency, particularly in crowded environments or extreme climate conditions.
The building, often referred to as a library, serves dual purposes: it functions as both a library and an auditorium for lectures and events A central hall acts as the main entrance and distribution point for these two areas This impressive two-story hall features a gallery space and a grand half-circle staircase that leads to the various facilities within.
Plate 5 showing the entrance to the café part of the structure
Plate 6 showing the majestic half circle steps to the library lxxxix
The main entrance hall serves as an open cafeteria, accommodating up to 600 people It is strategically located between the library to the south and a cluster of auditoriums and lecture halls to the north Special attention is given to accessibility for individuals with disabilities, featuring lifts in the library and ramps leading to the amphitheater and conference room, ensuring all spaces are easily accessible.
Plate 7 showing the ramp and small garden xc
Plate 8 showing another ramp and another garden
Buildings can implement various strategies to conserve water, starting with careful site selection Choosing a location that allows for effective rainwater runoff capture can significantly enhance irrigation efforts For instance, the university library is strategically positioned in a lower area, enabling it to effectively collect rainwater for this purpose.
Geological surveys revealed that the soil had weak characteristics and bearing capacity, leading to the decision to use a raft foundation for the proposed building All structural calculations and reinforced concrete designs were performed using computerized programs, adhering to contemporary codes and standards, particularly focusing on earthquake regulations due to the country's location in a seismic zone.
Assessment of findings and results
The analysis of the library's LEED certification reveals that it earned one point for Credit 1, related to Green Site and Building Management, due to insufficient greenery in the surrounding area However, it did not qualify for Credit 2, which focuses on High Development Density Building and Area, as it fell short of the required density ratio In contrast, the library successfully garnered a point for Credit 3.1, Alternative Transportation: Public Transportation Access, because it is conveniently located within half a mile of two campus bus lines Unfortunately, it did not receive any points for Credit 3.2, Alternative Transportation: Bicycle Storage & Changing Rooms, due to the absence of designated bicycle storage facilities.
Area of rating Availabl e credits
1 Plan for Green Site and Building Exterior
2 High Development Density Building and Area 1 -
4 Reduced Site Disturbance: Protect or Restore Open
5 Storm water Management: Rate and Quantity
6.1 Heat Island Reduction: Non-Roof 1 -
The LEED manual emphasizes the importance of credits for commercial and institutional buildings, highlighting several categories related to transportation and environmental impact Credit 3.3 for Alternative Transportation: Alternative Fuel Vehicles did not earn points due to the library's lack of designated parking for hybrid vehicles However, Credit 3.4 for Car Pooling & Telecommuting received points because of the library's proximity to school bus stops, promoting alternative transportation options In terms of environmental conservation, Credit 4 for Reduced Site Disturbance faced challenges as the library lacks natural areas, particularly in its front space For Credit 5 on Stormwater Management, the library achieved one out of two points, while Credit 6.1 for Heat Island Reduction: Non-Roof did not earn points due to insufficient measures to mitigate heat impact Conversely, Credit 6.2 for Heat Island Reduction: Roof successfully garnered points Notably, the library excelled in Credit 7 for Light Pollution Reduction, showcasing effective use of lighting facilities.
5.6.1 Sustainable Sites (6 out of 14 points)
The site currently fails to achieve sustainability due to limited natural elements, particularly around the library, which has a vast tiled expanse at the front instead of greenery Enhancing the area with low-emission vehicle parking, alternative transportation spaces, and landscaping features would significantly improve environmental quality and user experience Vegetation plays a crucial role in reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide, and the absence of shading devices around the library exacerbates harsh conditions for users To foster a balanced connection between natural and built systems, restoring open spaces with greenery is essential for promoting the long-term health of communities and the environment.
Area of rating Availabl e credits
1 Water Efficient Landscaping: Reduce Water Use 2 2
The library excelled in water efficiency by significantly reducing water use, earning high marks in Credit 1 for Water Efficient Landscaping Its implementation of cutting-edge wastewater technologies contributed to a perfect score in Credit 2 Additionally, the library achieved maximum points in Credit 3 for Water Use Reduction by not solely depending on municipal water sources and utilizing a metered system.
5.6.2 Water Efficiency (4 out of 5 points)
The design objective has achieved near perfection, featuring lavatories equipped with proximity sensors and water-free urinals to conserve water Rainwater is effectively channeled for potential storage and use However, improvements can be made by regulating water flow rates to a maximum of one gallon per minute and insulating hot water pipes Additionally, it is essential to select plumbing fixtures based on their water and energy efficiency Signage should be installed in restrooms, showers, pools, and other high water-use areas, urging users to report leaks and plumbing issues promptly.
Area of rating Available credits
2 On-site and Off-site Renewable Energy 1-4 1
3.1 Building Operations and Maintenance: Staff
3.2 Building Operations and Maintenance: Building
3.3 Building Operations and Maintenance: Building
5.1-5.3 Performance Measurement: Enhanced Metering 3 2 5.4 Performance Measurement: Emission Reduction
6 Documenting Sustainable Building Cost Impacts 1 1
The analysis reveals that the building scored a total of four points for Credit 1, Optimize Energy Performance, due to incomplete records of optimized energy usage, which were evaluated in relation to peak and off-peak energy consumption For Credit 2, On-site and Off-site Renewable Energy, the building only achieved one point out of four, reflecting a lack of renewable energy sources in the vicinity In contrast, Credit 3.1, Building Operations and Maintenance: Staff Education, earned full points because of ongoing staff training on energy policies within the library Lastly, the assessment for Credit 3.2, Building Operations and Maintenance: Building Systems, remains pending further details.
Maintenance; achieved the point required here because the building achieves the operation performance required and it is properly maintained. xcvi v) Credit 3.3 Building Operations and Maintenance: Building Systems
The building has successfully implemented monitoring devices to track operational performance, earning necessary points in this category Additionally, it has achieved points for Credit 4, which focuses on additional ozone protection In the Performance Measurement category, the library secured two out of three points for Enhanced Metering, having enhanced metering on eight out of thirteen required aspects Furthermore, it earned one point for Emission Reduction Reporting and successfully documented sustainable building cost impacts, gaining recognition in that area as well.
5.6.3 Energy and atmosphere (13 out of 23 points).
The building performed reasonably well, losing 10 credits primarily due to the potential for increased renewable energy generation A key aspect of a green building is its ability to effectively respond to the surrounding environment Currently, the library relies on mechanical systems for heating and cooling, with windows used mainly for light rather than ventilation, which misses opportunities to reduce mechanical reliance Implementing passive design—optimizing the building's orientation to maximize sun-paths and wind patterns—can enhance its efficiency by improving ventilation and comfort while significantly lowering electricity costs and greenhouse gas emissions Additionally, ensuring that all ducts and openings for mechanical systems are tightly sealed is essential for optimal performance.
Table 5.4 Materials and resources. xcvii
Credit number Area of rating Available credits Credit gotten
1 Construction, Demolition and Renovation Waste
2 Optimize Use of Alternative Materials 5 3
3 Optimize Use of IAQ Compliant Products 2 2
4 Sustainable Cleaning Products and Materials 3 2
6 Additional Toxic Material Source Reduction:
Reduced Mercury in Light Bulbs 1 1
During the construction of the library building, significant achievements were made in various sustainability credits Credit 1 focused on Construction, Demolition, and Renovation Waste Management, where two points were earned For Credit 2, which emphasizes the Optimize Use of Alternative Materials, three out of five points were attained by utilizing sustainable materials as outlined in the LEED manual Credit 3, aimed at optimizing the use of Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) compliant products, resulted in maximum points due to effective material management that minimized operational impacts In Credit 4, related to Sustainable Cleaning Products and Materials, two points were secured out of a possible three by implementing eco-friendly cleaning solutions and disposables However, for Credit 5 on Occupant Recycling, only one point was achieved due to insufficient recycling practices among occupants Lastly, Credit 6 focused on Additional Toxic Material Source Reduction, specifically in reducing mercury levels.
Light Bulbs; maximum point gotten due to the number of mercury bulbs in the building The mercury bulbs are not used a lot in the library.
5.6.4 Materials and Resources (11 out of 16 points)
Five points lost because estimates of post consumer recycled content not available, so scored according to personal view.
Area of rating Available credits
1 Outside Air Delivery Monitoring 1 1 xcviii
4.1 Documenting Productivity Impacts: Absenteeism and
4.2 Documenting Productivity Impacts: Other Impacts 1 -
5.1 Indoor Chemical and Pollutant Source Control:
Non-Cleaning – Reduce Particulates in Air Distribution
5.2 Chemical and Pollutant Source Control:
Non-Cleaning –High Volume Copying/Print Rooms/Fax Stations
6.2 Controllability of Systems: Temperature & Ventilation 1 1
7.2 Thermal Comfort : Permanent Monitoring System 1 1 8.1 Day lighting and Views: Day lighting for 50% of
8.2 Day lighting and Views: Day lighting for 75% of
8.3 Day lighting and Views: Views for 45% of Spaces 1 1 8.4 Day lighting and Views: Views for 90% of Spaces 1 1
10.2 Green Cleaning: Isolation of Janitorial Closets 1 1 10.3 Green Cleaning: Low Environmental Impact Cleaning
10.4-5 Green Cleaning: Low Environmental Impact Pest
10.6 Green Cleaning: Low Environmental Impact Cleaning
The analysis highlights four key credits related to indoor air quality (IAQ) management Credit 1 focuses on monitoring outside air delivery, successfully implemented through appropriate appliances Credit 2 emphasizes increased ventilation, achieved by providing outdoor air to enhance overall airflow Credit 3 addresses the Construction IAQ Management Plan, ensuring that IAQ is preserved during renovation, maintenance, or cleaning activities Finally, Credit 4.1 involves documenting productivity impacts, specifically concerning absenteeism and healthcare outcomes.
The absence of documentation regarding absenteeism and healthcare cost impacts hinders the assessment of cost implications Similarly, the lack of records prevents the evaluation of productivity impacts under Credit 4.2 Additionally, Credit 5.1 emphasizes the importance of controlling indoor chemical and pollutant sources, excluding cleaning-related factors.
To enhance air quality in buildings, implementing a system that reduces particulates in air distribution is crucial, ensuring that occupants are safeguarded from harmful chemicals and pollutants Additionally, Credit 5.2 focuses on Indoor Chemical and Pollutant Source Control, emphasizing the importance of minimizing exposure to contaminants through non-cleaning measures.
The library successfully isolates high-volume copying, print rooms, and fax stations, protecting users from hazardous contaminants that could harm air quality and health It also allows for controllability of lighting and temperature systems, enhancing user comfort The building ensures a comfortable thermal environment that supports occupant productivity and well-being, with permanent monitoring systems in place Additionally, 50% of spaces benefit from daylight and views, with 75% having access to natural light, and 90% offering views, contributing to a pleasant atmosphere The library maintains excellent indoor air quality by swiftly managing odors and employing green cleaning practices, including isolated janitorial closets and low-impact cleaning materials These efforts ensure that users are not exposed to harmful chemicals, thereby promoting a healthier environment.
Policy; points achieved here as there are no pests in the building xxi) Credit 10.6 Green Cleaning: Low Environmental Impact Cleaning
The library implements an equipment policy that prioritizes the use of cleaning tools designed to minimize adverse effects on the environment For instance, the library utilizes deep cleaning rug equipment that guarantees carpets are dry in under 24 hours, ensuring a safe and efficient cleaning process.
The library successfully achieved all credits in indoor air quality, highlighting its priority from the beginning Its building geometry and internal fixtures significantly contribute to a healthy environment, with 90% of spaces benefiting from natural daylight and views The facility is non-smoking and features sealed ductwork during construction, alongside maximized controllability of HVAC systems through designated zones and switches A permanent monitoring system ensures optimal ventilation, while the use of low and no-emitting VOC paints, adhesives, finishes, and carpeting further enhances air quality An indoor garden complements these efforts, and air quality testing confirms that acceptable levels are maintained throughout the facility.
Table 5.6 Innovation in Operation, Upgrades and Maintenance ci
Area of rating Available credits
NEU Library building Performance upon LEED Criteria
Of a possible 85 points the library has a total of 60 points which is an award of a gold certification of the LEED rating system.
This analysis and point allocation are based on personal opinions derived from research and findings on the topic, as well as the assessment system's nature Points are awarded following a direct investigation of the site and its building drawings, without prior control over the building designs.
Table 5.7 Points scored and performance of NEU Library bldg on main LEED criteria cii
Items Points scored out of % Performance of the bldg on each main criteria
Overall Performance of theBldg
Summary of findings and conclusions
Indoor air quality emerged as a key design consideration for the NEU library, achieving a perfect score in building analysis and significantly contributing to the overall rating Alongside water efficiency, which accounted for 7% of the total points, these categories were pivotal in the library's sustainable design The analysis highlighted that indoor environmental quality, energy and atmosphere, and materials and resources were prioritized, with indoor environmental quality being five times more critical in the design and construction process This prioritization underscores the importance of air quality, materials, and overall design in achieving sustainability goals.
The Near East University library has achieved a commendable level of sustainability, yet there remains significant potential for enhancement Key areas for improvement include the sustainable site and energy efficiency, where the library currently underperforms Planting trees around the building could mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from nearby parking areas, while incorporating greenery indoors and redesigning the facade with natural elements would create a more inviting atmosphere Additionally, selecting low-VOC carpeting and exploring renewable energy options are crucial steps toward greater sustainability Although the library predominantly uses high-quality materials, increasing the use of sustainable resources and promoting recycling initiatives could further enhance its environmental impact Maintaining the excellent indoor air quality is essential, and staying updated with new findings will ensure continuous improvement in sustainability practices.