Seismic Wavefield Calibration of the Korean Peninsula Topic 2 – Seismic Calibration and Ground Truth Collection Technical Proposal

Seismic Wavefield Calibration of the Korean Peninsula Topic – Seismic Calibration and Ground Truth Collection Technical Proposal R B Herrmann Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Saint Louis University 1.Summary This proposal addresses the calibration of seismic wave propagation in the Korean peninsula to improve confidence in locations, to determine source mechanisms of seismic events through waveform inversion, to describe the high frequency attenuation of regional phases and to provide a catalog of calibrated events for other studies This effort is possible because of cooperation with Dr Kiehwa Lee of Seoul National University and Dr Duk Kee Lee of the Korean Meteorological Research Institute to address their research on seismic hazard This cooperative effort provides access to KMA (Korea Meteorological Administration) and KIGAM (Korean Institute of Geology and Mining) digital data sets The connection with Korea is furthered by the participation of Young-Soo Jeon as a post-doc for the duration of the effort and Hyun-jae Yoo as a visiting researcher for the first months of the proposal The scientific problems to be addressed are the suitability of joint inversion of surface-wave dispersion and receiver functions for the determination of a crustal model adequate for waveform modeling, the effect of adding travel time constraints to that inversion, the fine tuning of the crustal model for source parameter determination, and, when possible, the collection of ground truth In spite of the low seismicity rate, the existing data sets will permit the identification of GT595% RBH-SLU-NNSA/AFRL Page 1/25 10/18/2022 Seismic Wavefield of the Korean Peninsula Topic – Seismic Calibration and Ground Truth Collection R B Herrmann Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Saint Louis University W Walters and M Pasyanos (Team members) Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Narrative Seismic calibration is a complicated broad task, incorporating source location, identification and quantification, each of which has its own difficulties The Sino-Korean para-platform has been and is a long-term region of interest for such calibration Much work done over the broad region of north China which must to be synthesized and tested An initial focus on seismic events within or near the Republic of Korea provides this opportunity by critically evaluating the contribution of different data sets to calibration The discussion within this section focuses upon what can be accomplished through the application of cutting edge modeling techniques to both refine crustal velocity models and define ground truth location information at the GT595% level The study will use KMA/KIGAM waveform data and draw upon LLNL surface-wave tomography products 2.1 Korean Framework The Korean peninsula occupies the southeastern part of the North China Block or Sino-Korean craton (Fitches et al, 1991) in the Eurasian plate It is an important tectonic link between eastern China and the Japanese Islands The peninsula represents a denudation remnant of deformed basement rocks and sedimentary successions as well as granitic intrusions and volcanics, concealing a long history of basin formation and crustal deformation The peninsula has three major Precambrian massifs, viz., Nangrim, Kyonggi, and Yongnam massifs in the north, central and southern part of the peninsula The massifs are associated with the higher elevations In the southeast, the Cretaceous Kyongsang Basin has gently eastwarddipping successions of nonmarine sediments (Chough et al., 2000) Figure presents a surface geology map of the peninsula The Bouguer gravity map, Figure 2, has negative residuals that correlate with the massifs Other than the southeast, the peninsula is characterized by old rocks Analysis of earthquake data to improve crustal structure models and to define earthquake source parameters has progressed slowly because of the low rate of seismic activity ( ~ 50 earthquakes located annually in the south) and the lack of quality data The second issue was recently addressed by the installation of modern digital seismograph systems by KMA and KIGAM Newly instrumented sites have a 3-component strong motion sensors combined with short period velocity sensors broadband sensors The data sets on local earthquakes are slowly growing in size Selected teleseisms are achived Stations of the KMA network were initially deployed at local KMA offices in cities, which were noisy In addition some of the KMA sites were near KIGAM stations Subsequently KMA stations were redeployed to provide broader RBH-SLU-NNSA/AFRL Page 2/25 10/18/2022 national coverage from quieter sites Moment tensor source inversion has been performed by Kim and Kraeva (1999) and Kim et al (2000) (I note that one of the two Korean events studied has a seismic moment times too large because of the use of an incorrect gain for the INCH LH channels) Figure Simplified geology map of Korea Using C J Ammon's codes, Kim and Lee (2001), Kim et al (1998) and Yoo (2001) used the teleseismic P-wave receiver function technique to estimate crustal structure variations within the peninsula The Kim and Lee (2001) study is quite extensive but can be extended using additional waveform data, domain, rather than water level, deconvolution techniques and by the addition of other data, such as surface-wave dispersion or body-wave travel times Travel time studies have been performed using limited data sets References to many of these models are found in Kim and Lee (2001) Song and Lee (2001) used the VELEST program to estimate structure from published KMA arrival times, but were hampered by a very small data RBH-SLU-NNSA/AFRL Page 3/25 10/18/2022 set of 178 travel times from 29 earthquakes A plot of first arrival times for an initial location based on the Kim and Kim (1983) velocity model, showed a simple linear trends corresponding to velocities of 6.3 and 8.0 km/sec from which an average crustal thickness of 35 km is inferred Figure Bouguer gravity map of Korea and the neighboring region Note the very negative anomalies in the northern part of the country 2.2 Source parameter determination Dr Duk Kee Lee of KMRI visited Saint Louis University at the end of November, 2002, and brought event recordings from events made by the KMA network These events had local magnitudes in the range of 3.4-4.1 and were among the larger events recorded over a two year period Table one gives the preliminary event locations RBH-SLU-NNSA/AFRL Page 4/25 10/18/2022 Table Recent local event locations Time Lat Lon H M 990602091223.3 35.89 129.31 10 3.4 000411194401.4 36.91 125.26 10 3.5 001209185100.0 36.48 129.98 10 3.7 010629022107.8 35.78 126.60 13 3.6 010723082914.2 35.44 128.60 12 3.5 011121014912.0 36.72 128.28 3.5 011124071031.6 36.74 129.87 10 4.1 020708190151.2 35.93 129.62 12 3.8 While the purpose of the data set was to investigate its usefulness for defining the attenuation of high frequency S-waves, initial review of the digital data showed that two of the eight events had sufficient low frequency signals to permit application of a waveform modeling technique to obtain focal mechanisms The limitation in using data from small events is the local microseism noise level which depends upon the time of year These two events both occurred in November, one on 21 NOV 2001 and the other on 24 Nov 2001 and were both well recorded by the combined KMA and KIGAM seismic networks Figure shows the locations of the earthquake and the broadband stations that recorded the 21 NOV 2001 event Data are also available from the accelerometers and short period sensors at these and other locations which are not discussed here The broadband stations are at distances of 83 – 205 km from the event Waveform inversion was initially performed using only the traces at SEO, ULJ and TAG which had clean records The Central U S (CUS) model was used because the Green’s functions were at hand and since they matched the P – Surface wave interval time better than the Song and Lee (2001) model The program search program, wvfgrd96, described in Computer Programs in Seismology 3.20 – Source Inversion (2002), was used Figure compares the observed and predicted waveforms for this event for all the stations shown in Figure The ground velocity traces are bandpass filtered in the 0.02 – 0.10 Hz band The source depth used was 13 km, the Mw = 3.44 and the mechanism has a strike, dip and rake angles of 15, 65 and 150 degrees, respectively The fits are quite good but indicate a tendency for the synthetic surface-wave arrival to occur slightly later than the observed Part of this is due to the discrete distances at which the Green's functions were computed SNU and SEO are 143 and 148 km from the source, respectively, and the program used Green's functions at 145 and 150 km, respectively This concern over seemingly small time shifts is critical if high frequencies must be used in the inversion, which is necessary for even smaller events RBH-SLU-NNSA/AFRL Page 5/25 10/18/2022 Figure Location of broadband stations used for determining source parameters of the 21 NOV 2001 earthquake Figure compares the observed and predicted waveforms for the bandpass filter range of 0.02 – 1.0 Hz (SAC command bp c 0.02 1.0 np ) The difference between the observed and predicted traces is less than a factor of for some of the traces, which is surprising given the simplicity of the crustal model used for the Green's functions A detailed discussion of this event and that of 24 NOV 2001 is given at http://www.eas.slu.edu/People/RBHerrmann/KOREA.2003/ The interesting fact is that waveform inversion was successfully applied to of the 43 earthquakes located during 2001 Having demonstrated the ability to obtain source parameters the challenge is to extend this to events which have lower signal-to-noise ratios because of smaller size or increased seasonal noise RBH-SLU-NNSA/AFRL Page 6/25 10/18/2022 Figure Comparison of observed (light gray) and predicted (dark) traces at each station The trace pairs for a given component are plotted with the same scale and the peak amplitudes are indicated for each Each trace is 80 sec long and starts at a time r/8.0 -5.0 sec after the origin Signals are bandpass filtered between 0.02 and 0.10 Hz The primary result of this preliminary study is that determination of source mechanism, seismic moment and event depth is possible, even for M =3.4 earthquakes if a reference earth model is known In addition, recognition of phases, such as sP (S up from the source, refracted as P along the surface) and P in the 100-200 km distance range can provide source depths within a few km Precise source depths are a component of discrimination RBH-SLU-NNSA/AFRL Page 7/25 10/18/2022 Figure Comparison of observed and predicted ground velocity traces at frequencies < 1.0 Hz 2.3 Structure Inversion Julia et al (2000, 2003) implemented the technique of joint inversion of surface-waves and receiver functions for crustal structure beneath a station The many broadband stations in the Republic of Korea operated by KMA and KIGAM permit the application of such an inversion technique Application of this technique requires quality receiver functions, good dispersion and a starting model that does not bias the results RBH-SLU-NNSA/AFRL Page 8/25 10/18/2022 Mr Hyun-Jae Yoo of Seoul National University collected teleseisms recorded at 25 locations which had KMA and KIGAM instruments Most of the events were from Indonesia, with a few from India/Afghanistan and Alaska All waveforms were examined for a P-wave arrival with good signal-to-noise and the better ones were processed using the time-domain deconvolution technique of Ligorria and Ammon (1999) The implementation places a goodness of fit parameter in the SAC header of the receiver function to indicate the ability of the receiver function to predict the filtered radial component, with 100% being a perfect prediction All receiver functions with at least an 80% goodness of fit were identified Because of the small variation in ray parameter, a presumed simple structure beneath Korea and the lack of significant azimuthal coverage, the individual traces for Gaussian filter parameters ALPHA = 1.0 and 2.5, corresponding to low pass corner frequencies of about 0.3 and 0.8 Hz, respectively, were stacked to create a data set two receiver functions for each station Figures and show the station locations and the stacked receiver functions Inversions with the stacked data were quicker than with using the many individual traces, but the resulting model did not differ significantly The shaded area display of the receiver function stacks in Figure was organized to receiver function similarity using a cluster analysis If the receiver functions are controlled by crustal structure, then geographically adjacent stations should have similarly shaped receiver functions with locations grouped together The Rayleigh-wave dispersion data available are currently sparse A single dispersion curve was used for all stations, even for the island stations of ULL, SOG and SGP The group velocities were taken from Stevens and Adams (2000) by asking the program for the dispersion between two points degree apart in latitude in the peninsula In addition, a few phase velocity dispersion points were obtained from a p-omega stack of teleseisms propagating across the array of broadband stations Stable inversion requires constraints and a conscious decision to prevent persistence of initial model detail in the final inversion results The same starting model and processing scripts were used for each of the 25 stations so that resultant models could be compared The starting model was based on AK135 (Kennett et al, 1995) with the upper 50 km having the velocities fixed at their 50 km values In this case, the receiver function and dispersion data are required to define the crustal structure and the sharpness of the Moho Layering consists of twenty-five km thick, followed by ten km thick and finally ten 10 km thick layers to yield a 200 km thick model The halfspace velocities were fixed, and the model was constrained to be very smooth beneath a 50 km depth, permitting minor departure from the AK135 model The fit to the receiver functions and surface wave dispersion was such that 96% of the signal power in the receiver functions and 99% if the signal power in the dispersion data were fit RBH-SLU-NNSA/AFRL Page 9/25 10/18/2022 Figure Location of broadband stations used for receiver function analysis Figures and compare the 25 models and also the model predicted P-wave first arrival times for a surface source depth Most inversions share the same features, as expected from the similarity of all receiver functions The exceptions are ULL, SOG and SGP The first arrival time predictions for each model, including ULL, SOG and SGP, are similar and in qualitative agreement with the Song and Lee (2001) simplified crustal velocity structure As an independent test on the models, waveform integration synthetics were computed in an attempt to use a Korean velocity model for waveform inversion of the 21 NOV 2001 earthquake instead of the Central U S model (CUS) This was not successful since these models predicted later surface-wave arrivals than observed Since the inversion derived the P-wave arrival times from the shear-wave velocities based on the initial Vp/Vs ratios, inversions were rerun using different values of these ratios This was not sufficient to improve the waveform modeling of the regional events To force a better fit to the surface-wave arrivals the original dispersion set was augmented by the theoretical CUZ model Love- and Rayleigh-wave fundamental mode phase and group velocity dispersion between and 30 seconds, the bandwidth of the surface-waves shown in Figures and Figures 10 and 11 compare the models and the predicted P-wave travel times Evidently the additional surface-wave data provide a very strong constraint on the upper crustal velocities such that the predicted arrival times vary little RBH-SLU-NNSA/AFRL Page 10/25 10/18/2022 Figure Receiver function stacks for the two Gaussian filter parameters used The number adjacent to each receiver function indicates the number of individual receiver function in the stack RBH-SLU-NNSA/AFRL Page 11/25 10/18/2022 Figure Joint inversion model for each station The solid black line is the mean model of all stations except for the stations on the two islands RBH-SLU-NNSA/AFRL Page 12/25 10/18/2022 Figure Predicted P-wave arrival travel times for each model RBH-SLU-NNSA/AFRL Page 13/25 10/18/2022 Figure 10 Models arising from additional dispersion constraints The solid line is the mean model for all stations except ULL, SOG and SGP RBH-SLU-NNSA/AFRL Page 14/25 10/18/2022 Figure 11 Predicted P-wave travel times for inversion constrained with additional dispersion values The similarity of the predicted travel times is not surprising since the additional dispersion data provided strong constraints on the upper crustal velocities The subtle variations in the models are sufficient to fit all receiver functions well, except for the island stations Figure 12 compares the observed and predicted receiver stacked receiver functions using the model obtained for each station The models capture most features in the receiver functions Figure 13 illustrates the differences in the two inversions for the SNU data set highlight the consequence of adding additional dispersion data The primary effect is to make the crust faster RBH-SLU-NNSA/AFRL Page 15/25 10/18/2022 Figure 12 Comparison of observed (red – light gray) and predicted (blue-dark gray) receiver functions for each of the stations The integer indicates the number of traces used to form each stack RBH-SLU-NNSA/AFRL Page 16/25 10/18/2022 Figure 13 SNU models: Red – light gray - original inversion; Blue – dark gray - inversion with CUS model dispersion constraints Synthetics were computed using the new SNU model and the new mean model of Figure 10 and provided better fit to the waveform data of the 21 NOV 2001 earthquake This is not surprising since the CUS dispersion was used to constrain the model 2.4 Surface-wave tomography It is necessary to use the correct dispersion to constrain the joint inversion crustal model The surface wave dispersion that was initially used (Stevens and Adams, 2000) has too low a spatial resolution for our needs and the group velocities were derived from model-based predictions rather than a data-based tomography LLNL has initiated a high-resolution surface wave tomography of the region for Rayleigh waves (Pasyanos and Walter, 2002a,b) Path and group velocity maps of this effort are shown in Figure 14 for a period of 30 seconds We propose expanding existing tomographic inversion for the Yellow Sea - Korean Peninsula region by RBH-SLU-NNSA/AFRL Page 17/25 10/18/2022 adding dispersion measurements from the KMA/KIGAM broadband stations, supplementing it with additional measurements from nearby stations, by making Love wave measurements, and performing a tomography of Love wave group velocities Figure 14 Surface wave tomography for Sino-Korean region 2.5 Lessons learned It is very easy to derive earth models that fit receiver functions and surface-wave dispersion To define an earth model for precise modeling of broadband digital seismic data from small events recorded at short distance, the models must be able to predict the surface wave signals in the – 20 second period range to within a fraction of a period for a simple waveform inversion technique to succeed A simple technique is defined as one whose Green's functions match the observed signal in terms of absolute travel time, or perhaps from the P-wave through the surface-wave arrivals The precision requirements are less severe for large events which have sufficient long-period signal whose propagation is less dependent upon detailed crustal structure The Korean data sets have not been fully examined in the context of defining GT! Bondar et al (2002) that local network accuracy can be as good as GT5 at a 95% confidence level if they are located with at least 10 stations within 250 km with an azimuthal gap less than 110 degrees and a secondary azimuthal gap less than 160 degrees and if at least one station is within 30 km of the epicenter These conditions should be satisfied by many of the recorded events within the Republic of Korea In addition waveform modeling will provide source depths for a smaller number of these events RBH-SLU-NNSA/AFRL Page 18/25 10/18/2022 2.6 Research Objectives The objective of this research is to provide improved seismic velocity models for the Korean peninsula to improve location and source parameter information of mechanism, seismic moment and depth Because of the very low levels of natural and man-made seismicity all available data and tools will be used to accomplish this effort The following can be done with the data sets:       Analyze local, regional and teleseismic surface-wave signals to improve the Love and Rayleigh-wave phase and group velocity dispersion model for the Korean peninsula The recent tomographic dispersion results by the LLNL group must be incorporated into the inversion In addition new techniques for processing by treating the Korean broadband network as a very large aperture array must be applied to enhance the dispersion data sets Pick arrival times from all local event data and relocate the events using the seismic velocity models developed Use the arrival time set to define the 3-D crustal structure Because of the good azimuthal distribution of the KMA/KIGAM stations with respect to any event in South Korea, the epicenters will be well constrained, even though there may be a tradeoff between origin time and source depth Analyze teleseismic P-wave residuals to investigate their use as an added constraint on station specific models Use waveform inversion techniques to invert local waveforms as a step in defining a 3-D crustal structure for the region Invert regional and local event broadband waveforms for source parameters Document data, data processing and derived models of structure of sources and structure for inclusion into the NNSA/LLNL data base To focus on ground truth, the following steps will be taken:       Collect broad band data from the KMA/KIGAM networks to get all local events within Korea and larger events within the Sino-Korean platform Pick arrival times, relocate and assess ground truth level Measure surface-wave group and phase velocities for incorporation into LLNL tomography Obtain receiver functions for new stations within Korea and for other stations within the platform (LSAR, INCN, MDJ, BLJ or SSE) Perform a joint receiver function, surface-wave and travel time inversion for earth structure with the objective of learning how to apply the technique correctly to other sites within the platform Use waveform modeling as a way of testing the velocity models and also for determination of other ground truth parameters, such as moment magnitude, source depth and source mechanism This effort is possible only because of cooperation with the Korean institutions and the problem RBH-SLU-NNSA/AFRL Page 19/25 10/18/2022 focused participation of the LLNL researchers in the analysis and serves as a unique testbed for assessing ground truth capabilities 2.7 References Bondar, I., S C Myters, E R Engdahl and E A Bergman (2002) Epicenter accfuracy based on seismic network criteria, Geophy J Int (in review) Chough, S K., S T Kwon, J H Ree, and D K Choi (2000) Tectonic and sedimentary evolution of the Korean peninsula: a review and new view, Earth-Science Reviews, 52, 175-235 Fitches, W R., C J N Fletcher, and X Jiawei (1991) Geotectonic relationships between cratonic blocks in E China and Korea, J Southeast Asian Earth Sci 6, 185-199 Herrmann, R B., and C J Ammon (2002) Computer Programs in Seismology 3.20 – Source Inversion, Saint Louis University, http://mnw.eas.slu.edu/People/RBHerrmann/ComputerPrograms.html Kennett B.L.N., Engdahl E.R., Buland R (1995) Constraints on seismic velocities in the earth from travel times Geophys J Int, 122, 108-124 Kim, S K and S G Kim (1983) A study on the crustal structure of south Korea by using seismic waves J Korean Institute of Mining Geology 16, 51-61 (in Korean) Kim, S G., and N Kraeva (1999) Source parameter determination of local earthquake in Korea using moment tensor inversion of single station data, Bull Seism Soc Am 89, 1077-1083 Kim, S G., N Kraeva, and Y.-T Chen (2000) source parameter determination of regional earthquakes in the far East using moment tensor inversion of single-station data, Tectonophysics 317, 125-136 Kim, S G., and S K Lee (2001) Moho discontinuity studies beneath the broadband stations using receiver functions in South Korea, Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 6, 139-155 Kim, S G., S K Lee, M S Jun and I B Kang (1998) Crustal structure of the Korean peninsula from broadband teleseismic records by using receiver function, J Economic and Environmental Geology 31, 21-29 Julia, J., C J Ammon, R B Herrmann and A M Correig (2000) Joint inversion of receiver function and surface-wave dispersion observations, Geophys J Int 143, 99-112 Julia, J C J Ammon and R B Herrmann (2003) Lithospheric structure of the Arabian Shield from the joint inversion of receiver functions and surface-wave group velocities, Tectonophysics, (submitted) Ligorria, J and C J Ammon (1999) Iterative deconvolution of teleseismic seismograms and RBH-SLU-NNSA/AFRL Page 20/25 10/18/2022 receiver function estimation, Bull Seism Soc Am., 89, 1395-1400 Pasyanos, M E and W R Walter (2002a) Crust and upper-mantle structure of North Africa, Europe and the Middle East from the inversion of surface waves, Geophys J Int., 149, 463-481 Pasyanos, M.E and W.R Walter (2002b) A surface wave dispersion study of the Yellow Sea and Korean Peninsula, EOS Trans AGU, 83(47), Fall Meeting Suppl., Abstract S51B-1051 Song, S and K Lee (2001) Crustal structure of the Korean peninsula by travel time inversion of local earthquakes, J Korean Geophysical Society 4, 21-33 Stevens, J L., and D.A Adams (2000) Improved surface wave detection and measurement using phase-matched filtering and improved regionalized models, Proceedings of the 22 Annual DOD/DOE Seismic Research Symposium, 12-15 September 2000 Yoo, H J., and K Lee (2001) Crustal structure under the Taejon (TJN) station by receiver function methods, J Korean Geophysical Society 4, 35-46 3.Technical Approach Phase I Task I Data acquisition and QC (SLU) This task focuses on augmenting the current preliminary data base by acquiring more data from KMA and KIGAM, with their cooperation This is possible only because of the cooperation on other projects with Drs Kiehwa Lee and Duk Kee Lee The mechanism for data delivery to LLNL has been implemented Milestone: Collect data Deliverable: Digital data, arrival times and locations to LLNL Task IIA Surface-wave analysis (SLU) This task focuses on improving phase and group velocity dispersion for the peninsula Dispersion in the 0.5 – 2.0 Hz frequency band from small explosions in the region will be examined to provide necessary constraints on shallow structure Access to some of the proprietary data can only be made internally by NNSA laboratories Milestone: Improved dispersion curves Deliverable: Raw dispersion data and final values Task IIB (LLNL) LLNL will work with St Louis University personnel to obtain the best available new waveforms from the KIGAM and KMA broadband stations We and/or St Louis personnel will measure group velocity curves on both Rayleigh and Love waves over as broad a bandwidth as possible RBH-SLU-NNSA/AFRL Page 21/25 10/18/2022 (e.g 0.5-100 s period) We will integrate these results into our existing surface wave Rayleigh wave tomography of the region (Pasyanos and Walter, 2002b) In addition we will measure group velocity curves on Love waves at surrounding regional broadband stations where we have already made Rayleigh wave determinations (e.g INCN, MDJ, BJT, SSE) to create regional Love wave tomography maps We will provide group velocity data from our studies to St Louis University personnel and assist them in extending the Rayleigh wave group velocity curves to the very short periods where shallow Rg is excited by mining explosions Phase II Task I Data acquisition and QC Because of the low level of seismic activity, additional data must be accessed as events occur Task IIIA Modeling crustal structure (SLU) Determine crustal structure models that are consistent with all data – teleseismic, regional and local Milestone: Tested crustal model(s) Deliverable: Model parameterization Task IIIB Modeling crustal structure (LLNL) LLNL will work with St Louis University personnel to create the best possible velocity models for the Korean Peninsula region that fit existing data We will make use of our Rayleigh and Love wave group velocity tomography models We will work with St Louis University personnel to fold in additional data such as receiver functions (e.g Julia et al 2000, 2002) We will also fold in additional data such as travel times, testing both inversion techniques and forward modeling techniques (e.g Pasyanos and Walter, 2002a) We will perform validation tests on these models using independently ground truth data and waveform modeling 4.Proposed Schedule Task I: Task II: Task III: Months – 24 Months – 12 Months 13 – 24 Deliverables will be made commensurate with the semi-annual reviews RBH-SLU-NNSA/AFRL Page 22/25 10/18/2022 Key Personnel Robert B Herrmann R B Herrmann is the PI of this proposal He has over 30 years experience with the nuclear monitoring program An abbreviated vita follows: Education B S (Physics), Summa Cum Laude (1967), Xavier University, Cincinnati Ph.D (1974) in Geophysics, Saint Louis University, St Louis Professional Professor of Geophysics (1983) Saint Louis University Associate Professor of Geophysics (1978-1983) Saint Louis University; Assistant Professor of Geophysics (1975-1978) Saint Louis University; Post-doctoral Research Associate (1974-1975) Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences/University of Colorado/NOAA; Research Assistant (1972-1974) Saint Louis University; NSF Graduate Fellow (1967-1969,1971-1972); Member AFTAC Seismic Review Panel (1988- ) Military Service: Lt Col., USAR-EN (Ret) Recent publications:           Mokhtar, T.A., Ammon, C.J., Herrmann, R.B., and Ghalib, H.A.A (2001) Surface wave velocities across Arabia PAGEOPH 158, No 8, pp 1425-1444 Missouri Seismic Safety Commission, December, 1999 Earthquakes and Missouri: 1999 Report to the Governor, (editor) Missouri Seismic Safety Commission, May, 1998 Earthquakes and Missouri: 1998 Report to the Governor, (editor) Maceira, M., C J Ammon and R B Herrmann (2000) Faulting parameters of the September 25, 1998 Pymatuning, Pennsylvania earthquake, Seism Res Letters 71, No 6, pp 742-752 Akinci, A., L Malagnini, R B Herrmann, N A Pino, L Scognamiglio, and H Eyidogan (2001) Highfrequency ground motion in the Erzincan Region, Turkey: Inferences from small earthquakes, Bull Seism Soc Am 91, 1446-1455 Herrmann, R B (2002) Comment on "Attenuative Dispersion of P waves in and near the New Madrid Seismic Zone" by L Cong, J Mejia, and B J Mitchell, Bull Seism Soc Am 92, 2049-2053 Ortega, R., R B Herrmann and L Quintinar (2002).High frequency earthquake ground motion scaling in central Mexico, (draft) Malagnini, L., A Akinci, R B Herrmann, N A Pino and L Scognamiglio (2002) Characteristics of the ground motion in northeastern Italy, Bull Seism Soc Am 92, 2186-2204 Mancilla, F., C J Ammon, R B Herrmann and J Morales (2003) Faulting parameters of the 1999 Mula earthquake, southeastern Spain, Tectonophysics (in press) Julia, J C J Ammon and R B Herrmann (2003) Lithospheric structure of the Arabian Shield from the joint inversion of receiver functions and surface-wave group velocities, Tectonophysics, (submitted) RBH-SLU-NNSA/AFRL Page 23/25 10/18/2022 WILLIAM R WALTER EDUCATION B.A (Physics), Middlebury College, 1984 M.S (Physics), University of California, San Diego, 1986 Ph.D (Geophysics), Mackay School of Mines, University of Nevada, Reno, 1991 Thesis Title: High Frequency Seismic Source Spectra from Earthquakes and Explosions Thesis Advisors: Dr James N Brune and Dr Keith Priestley HONORS AND AWARDS Graduated Cum Laude with High Honors in Physics, Middlebury College, 1984 Institute of Global Conflict and Cooperation/Sloan Foundation Fellowship, 1985-1986 Phi Kappa Phi Honor Society, 1991 Earth and Environmental Sciences Directorate Award for effective postdoc program, 1999 PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE Employment Research Geophysicist, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, May 1994- present - Duties include Project Leader for seismic identification, GNEM R&E Program since 1996 Post-Doctoral Researcher, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 1991-1994 Research Assistant, Seismological Laboratory, U of Nevada, Reno, 1986-1991 Researcher, Summer Program, Lawrence Livermore National Lab., Summers 1989, 1990 Research Assistant, Institute of Geo and Planetary Physics, UCSD, Summer 1986 Teaching Assistant, Physics Department, UCSD, 1984-1985 Service Associate Editor, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 1995-present Seismological Society of America - Nominations Committee, 2000 Co-Editor (w/ H Hartse) of PAGEOPH special CTBT volume on Discrimination, 2002 Member IRIS Standing Committee on PASSCAL, 2003-present SELECTED PEER REVIEWED PUBLICATIONS         Pasyanos, M E and W R Walter, Crust and upper-mantle structure of North Africa, Europe and the Middle East from the inversion of surface waves, Geophys J Int., 149, 463-481, 2002 Bowers, D and W R Walter, Discriminating between large mine collapses and explosions using teleseismic Pwaves, Pure Appl Geophys., 159, 803-830, 2002 Rodgers, A J and W R Walter, Seismic Discrimination of the May 11, 1998 Indian Nuclear Test with ShortPeriod Regional Data From Station NIL (Nilore, Pakistan), Pure Appl Geophys., 159, 679-700, 2002 Pasyanos, M E., W R Walter, S E Hazler, A surface wave dispersion study of the Middle East and North Africa for monitoring the Comprehensive nuclear-test-ban Treaty, Pure Appl Geophys., 158, 1445-1474, 2001 Myers, S C., W R Walter, K Mayeda and L Glenn, Observations in support of Rg scattering as a source for explosion S waves: regional and local recordings of the 1997 Kazakhstan depth of burial experiment, Bull Seism Soc Am 89, 544-549, 1999 Rodgers, A J., W R Walter, C Schultz and S Myers, A comparison of methodologies for rep-resenting path effects on regional P/S discriminants, Bull Seism Soc Am 89, 394-408, 1999 Mayeda, K M and W R Walter, Moment, energy, stress drop and source spectra of Western U.S earthquakes from regional coda envelopes, J Geophys Res 102, 493-505, 1996 Walter, W R., Source parameters of the June 29, 1992 Little Skull Mountain earthquake from complete regional waveforms at a single station, Geophys Res Lett., 20, 403-406, 1993 RBH-SLU-NNSA/AFRL Page 24/25 10/18/2022 MICHAEL E PASYANOS Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory P.O Box 808, L-205 Livermore, CA 94551 Phone: (925) 423-6835 FAX: (925) 423-4077 e-mail: pasyanos1@llnl.gov Education Ph.D Geophysics, University of California at Berkeley, May, 1996 Sc B , Geology/Physics/Math, Brown University, May 1991, with honors, magna cum laude Employment History  Physicist (270)/Seismologist, Geophysics and Global Security Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA (1/2001-present)  Postdoctoral Staff Researcher, Geophysics and Global Security Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA (4/1998-12/2000)  Postdoctoral Researcher, Berkeley Seismological Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA (5/1996-4/1998) Relevant Publications       Pasyanos, M.E and W.R Walter (2002) Crust and upper mantle structure of North Africa, Europe, and the Middle East from inversion of surface waves, Geophys J Int., 149, 463-481 Pasyanos, M.E., W.R Walter, and S.E Hazler (2002) A surface wave dispersion study of the Middle East and North for monitoring the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, Pure and Applied Geophysics, PAGEOPH special CTBT volume on surface waves, 158, 1445-1474 Pasyanos, M.E (2000) Predicting geophysical measurements: testing a combined empirical and model-based approach using surface waves, Bull Seism Soc Amer., 90, 790-796 Walter, W.R., M.E Pasyanos, J Bhattacharyya, and J O’Boyle (2000), MENA1.1 – An updated geophysical regionalization of the Middle East and North Africa, UCRL-ID-138079, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Dreger, D., R Uhrhammer, M Pasyanos, J Franck, and B Romanowicz (1998) Regional and far-regional earthquake locations and source parameters using sparse broadband networks: A test on the Ridgecrest sequence, , Bull Seism Soc Amer., 89, 1094-1108 Pasyanos, M.E., D.S Dreger, and B Romanowicz (1996) Toward real-time estimation of regional moment tensors, Bull Seism Soc Amer., 86, 1255-1269 Other   Doctoral advisor: Barbara Romanowicz Professional Societies: American Geophysical Union, Seismological Society of America RBH-SLU-NNSA/AFRL Page 25/25 10/18/2022 ... 9906 020 9 122 3.3 35.89 129 .31 10 3.4 000411194401.4 36.91 125 .26 10 3.5 00 120 9185100.0 36.48 129 .98 10 3.7 010 629 022 107.8 35.78 126 .60 13 3.6 010 723 0 829 14 .2 35.44 128 .60 12 3.5 011 121 0149 12. 0 36. 72. . .Seismic Wavefield of the Korean Peninsula Topic – Seismic Calibration and Ground Truth Collection R B Herrmann Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Saint Louis University W Walters and. .. 36. 72 128 .28 3.5 011 124 071031.6 36.74 129 .87 10 4.1 020 708190151 .2 35.93 129 . 62 12 3.8 While the purpose of the data set was to investigate its usefulness for defining the attenuation of high