INTERPRETER MODIFICATION OF DISCOURSE FEATURES IN THE MEDIA A STUDY OF THE BROADCAST TRIAL OF SADDAM HUSSEIN

INTERPRETER MODIFICATION OF DISCOURSE FEATURES IN THE MEDIA: A STUDY OF THE BROADCAST TRIAL OF SADDAM HUSSEIN Firas Ibrahim Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Heriot-Watt University School of Management and Languages July 2011 The copyright in this thesis is owned by the author Any quotation from the thesis or use of any of the information contained in it must acknowledge this thesis as the source of the quotation or information ABSTRACT This thesis aims to make an empirically-based contribution to existing research on interpreting in the media It explores how a media context contributes to interpreters’ implementation of reporting techniques and features and does this through an exploration of the interpreting from the broadcast of Saddam Hussein’s trial in Iraq during the period 2005 to 2006 The study draws on previous research into Translation and Interpreting Studies, Conversational Analysis, and reporting techniques in the media, and employs a descriptive approach to the performance of the interpreters in the trial A predominantly descriptive methodology is adopted in order to analyse the performance and decision-making process of the interpreters in transcribed sessions of the trial This analysis is principally guided by Wadensjö’s model of renditions (1998), Chesterman’s translation strategies (1997) and Dimitriu’s omission strategies (2004) Two styles of interpreting in the media are identified with regard to the interpreting techniques adopted by the interpreters These are verbatim and the reporting styles, and they demonstrate the influence of the media context on the interpreters’ decision-making process and prioritisation of information in their output The verbatim style is closer to the source utterance than the reporting style The latter implements reporting techniques such as summarisation, and addition of information among other techniques Both styles also highlight the role which the purpose of using interpreters in an interaction can have on their performance and role in the interaction Both styles of interpreting illustrate to what extent the media interpreter can assume authorship of her output depending on the context and purpose of the output Implications of these influences for the theory and pedagogy of translation and interpreting are made, and a number of avenues for future research are suggested ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to the following people without whose support the completion of this thesis would not have been possible: Professor Margaret Lang, my former supervisor, without whose support this project would not have started and my supervisors, Professor Graham Turner and Dr Chris Tinker for their guidance, advice, and friendship from the beginning and through the most challenging stages of this research Dr Nick Pilcher for his continuous support and constructive comments on an earlier draft of this thesis Professor Ian Mason for a fruitful discussion that helped clarify my thinking on Gricean Maxims and Politeness Theory Charlene Constable, who was always there to listen and offer academic and emotional support along the journey of this thesis My sister Hanna, for her patience and support in transcribing the data My parents, Nadim and Hafiza, for their unconditional support and encouragement, and for always believing in me My long list of friends and colleagues in the International office at Heriot-Watt University whose support and sense of humor kept me going during difficult times Finally, an extra special ‘thank you’ to my wife Caroline, for her unconditional support and understanding and for believing in me even in the darkest of times and whose patience can only be attributed to saints, as most of my friends and colleagues would say Last but not least, I am grateful to my baby James for giving a new meaning to my life and making the journey worthwhile and keeping me company over the long nights of this last snowy winter iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1.1 General outline .1 1.2 Previous research 1.3 Background 1.4 The thesis .4 1.5 Thesis structure Literature Review .9 2.1 Discourse Processes .9 2.2 Modelling interpreting .39 2.3 Interpreting and the media 64 Data and methodology .81 3.1 Corpus 81 3.2 Methodology 95 Analysis 106 4.1 Model of media interpreting 106 4.2 General features of media interpreting 107 4.3 Media Interpreting – reporting style 132 4.4 Discussion 149 4.5 Factors the interpreters faced 150 4.6 The interpreters’ reactions to the situation .154 4.7 Theoretical Implications 157 4.8 Implications for the professional aspect of interpreting 164 Conclusion 168 5.1 Synthesis 168 5.2 Limitations of the research .172 5.3 Future research 173 5.4 Implications .174 References 176 LIST OF APPENDICES1 Appendix 1: First witness hearing in the broadcast trial of Saddam Hussein (November 2005) Appendix 2: Absence of defence lawyers (December 2005) Appendices are provided on a CD ROM which is attached at the end of the thesis iv Appendix 3: Defence team deliver speeches about their concerns and requests (January 2006) Appendix 4: A former member of staff at the presidential palace testifies (September 2006) Appendix 5: An interview with an asylum seeker in a televised documentary (September 1997) v LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Figure 1: Channels of communication in an interpreted event …………….…… 25 Figure 2: Adapted from Hatim and Mason’s model of translating….……….…… 46 Figure 3: Influence of power of interlocutors on channels of communication ……61 Figure 4: Role of Technology in media interpreting ………………………………74 Figure 5: Channels of communication in our data.……………………………… 91 Table 1: A comparison between interpreters in Saddam Hussein’s trial and other settings where an interpreter is a participant within the courtroom……………………….…82 vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS SU: source utterance Gloss: close translation of the source utterance Int.: the interpreted version … : Pause or hesitation by the interpreter FTA: Face Threatening Act IOL: Chartered Institute of Linguists Square brackets are used to mark Arabic phrases and their English translations (…) Something was uttered beforehand :::Long or lengthened sound ??? Inaudible sound/ utterance == The interpreter did not finish the sentence vii viii Introduction 1.1 General outline This thesis discusses interpreting in the media Although this research topic has attracted much interest, much remains to be done regarding interpreting in media contexts This might be because media interpreting is not a regular occurrence Also, data from such contexts may not have been accessible or available for research to be carried out However, more data is now becoming available with recent technological advances Indeed, this technological development has caused a revolution in the mass media Communication via satellite and internet (including video and audio links) has created new opportunities to report events to audiences all over the world Nevertheless, these opportunities raise a number of issues One of these is that reporting events between different languages and cultures sometimes requires the use of interpreters, which in itself produces further features to explore There are different scenarios in media interpreting depending on the location of the interpreters in relation to the interpreted event Interpreters could be members in the interaction, for example in interviews with foreign guests (see Sergio, 1999) In such interactions interpreters are required in order to facilitate communication between the interviewer/presenter and the guest Another scenario is news coverage, where the interpreters could be present in the TV or radio studio; either visibly or in the background Interpreters may share the same space as the members in the interpreted event but play the role of observers whose aim is to convey the main event to their audience Again, they could be either visible or in the background It is this latter scenario which is the case in our data for this thesis, and in our case the interpreters are not visible Indeed, this lack of visibility is essential in our case, because if the interpreters were visible this would reveal their identity Were their identity to be revealed, the interpreters could become targets for those opposed to the event explored in this thesis (the broadcast trial of Saddam Hussein) and their lives could be in danger 1.2 Previous research Previous research into media interpreting focuses on describing its contextual characteristics (Kurz 1990, 2002, Mack 2002, Russo, 1995, Snelling, 1997) However, specifying the features of media interpreting is not the only aspect that has attracted scholars in the field In addition to these features, other scholars have focused on the quality of interpreter output (Kurz, 1996, 2001) To focus on quality, Kurz used employer expectations of the interpreters as an indicator However, Kurz was unable to comment on possible feedback from the interpreters’ audience as she could not access the users of the interpreters’ output The fact that there are many different settings for interpreting in the media creates a number of possible research areas For example, it is possible that the interpreters could be working in a talk show where they form the channel of communication between primary participants,2 as is the case in a study by Sergio (1999) Sergio argues that the interpreter in a talk show is not constrained by codes of ‘neutrality and invisibility’: “the context of the talk show requires the interpreter to abandon any attempts at maintaining a low profile, behind-the-scene footing and assume a different participation status in the management of the interaction” (1999: 323) Another possible scenario is interpreted events that are being broadcast Mason and Stewart (2001) studied two televised interpreted events to illustrate the role of the dialogue interpreter in conveying pragmatic variables and issues of face threatening acts between interlocutors The interpreters in the previous two scenarios were in fact facilitating communication between interlocutors who were present on the set However, there are other examples that are of a different 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