Timber Durability TECHNICAL REPORT TIMBER ...

CMIT(C)-2005-388 Timber Durability TECHNICAL REPORT TIMBER DURABILITY CLASSIFICATION Minh Nguyen, Robert Leicester, and Laurie Cookson August 2005 This report has been prepared for internal use It cannot be cited in any publication without the approval of CSIRO Please address all enquiries to: The Chief CSIRO Manufacturing & Infrastructure Technology P.O Box 56, Highett, Victoria 3190 CMIT(C)-2005-388: Timber Durability Classifications DISTRIBUTION LIST MNN File (Original) © (1) 2005 CSIRO To the extent permitted by law, all rights are reserved and no part of this publication covered by copyright may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means except with the written permission of CSIRO CMIT(C)-2005-388: Timber Durability Classifications Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY TIMBER CLASSIFICATION FOR INGROUND AND ABOVEGROUND DECAY TIMBER ACIDITY CLASSIFICATION FOR EMBEDDED CORROSION TIMBER CLASSIFICATION FOR MARINE BOBRER ATTACK REFERENCES CMIT(C)-2005-388: Timber Durability Classifications Executive Summary ¾ This document presents the classification of timber against decay inground, decay aboveground, corrosion of embedded fasteners and marine borer attack As the results, the durability classes of hundreds of timber species commonly used for timber construction in Australia are established CMIT(C)-2005-388: Timber Durability Classifications Timber Classification for In-ground & Aboveground Decay There are sources of timber species commonly used in Australia: • Thornton’s table (currently implemented in the Timber Durability Database) (Thornton et al., 1997) • TRADAC table (TRADAC, 1999) Combination of these tables and filling in all available information about the species result in the table ‘Species Available’ in Table 1.1 The column ‘key’ in this table indicates the source of the species: • Key = 1: the species appears in both tables • Key = 2: the species appears in TRADAC table only • Key = 3: the species appears in Thornton’s table only Column ‘species type’ shows type of timber, including Eucalyptus (E), Non-Euc Hardwood (H) and Softwood (S) The table is sorted according to the species type and then to the density in ascending order Following plots are then made for each species type: • In-ground decay rating vs density • Above-ground decay rating vs density Figure 1.1 shows the plots for Eucalyptus species, Figure 1.2 is for Non-Euc Hardwood species, and Figure 1.3 is for softwood species These data are from ‘tested species’ To determine the ratings of untested species, following rules are made: • For Eucalyptus - For In-ground decay rating: Use ‘average density’ line as shown in Figure 1.4 The average density of one class is the average density of all tested species in the class The class range limits are then estimated by ‘half-dividing rule’ as in Fig 1.4 An untested species is classified as ƒ Class when its density > 998 kg/m3 ƒ Class when 904 < density < 998 ƒ Class when 823 < density < 904 ƒ Class when density < 823 CMIT(C)-2005-388: Timber Durability Classifications - For Above-ground decay rating: 80% of the available tested results shows that above-ground decay rating is one class lower (better) than the in-ground decay class, as shown in Figure 1.5, then ƒ For untested species, use one class better than the In-ground decay class ƒ • For tested species, leave the rating as it is For Non-Euc Hardwood - For In-ground decay rating: Use ‘average density’ line as shown in Figure The average density of one class is the average density of the tested species in the class (with some exclusion of a few ‘rogue’ data points, which are marked ‘x’ in Figure 2) The class range limits are then estimated by ‘half-dividing rule’ as in Fig 1.6 An untested species is classified as - ƒ Class when its density > 980 kg/m3 ƒ Class when 865 < density < 980 ƒ Class when 764 < density < 865 ƒ Class when density < 764 For Above-ground decay rating: ƒ For untested species, use one class better than the In-ground decay class ƒ • For tested species, leave the rating as it is For Softwood - - For In-ground decay rating: ƒ For untested species, use class ƒ For tested species, leave the rating as it is For Above-ground decay rating: ƒ For untested species, use the same class as in-ground rating if the inground class is a tested value; otherwise use class ƒ For tested species, leave the rating as it is The complete table of timber classification for in-ground and aboveground decay is the table ‘Species Available’ in Table 1.1 The table is sorted according to the trade name of the CMIT(C)-2005-388: Timber Durability Classifications species Some additional information and/or modification were made during the development course and marked in the table as follows, (*) Aboveground decay class from Myron's test (") Inground decay class provided by Gary for the Durability Database (') Inground decay class of NSW timber commercially significant for in-ground use (BCE Doc 01/248) (#) Suggestion from Colin MacKenzie (for the 2002 Compendium) AS1604 decay class is used where Thornton's class is different from TRADAC's class CMIT(C)-2005-388: Timber Durability Classifications Eucalyptus 5 4 Above-ground decay class In-ground decay class Eucalyptus 2 1 0 400 600 800 1000 400 1200 600 800 Density Density Eucalyptus Eucalyptus 5 4 Natural acidity class In-ground termite class 3 1000 1200 1000 1200 1 0 400 600 800 1000 1200 400 Density Figure 1.1: Available data of tested Eucalyptus species 600 800 Density CMIT(C)-2005-388: Timber Durability Classifications Hardwood 5 4 Above-ground decay class In-ground decay class Hardwood 2 0 400 600 800 1000 1200 400 600 800 Density Density Hardwood Hardwood 5 4 Natural acidity class In-ground termite class 3 1000 1200 1000 1200 1 0 400 600 800 1000 1200 400 600 Density Figure 1.2: Available data of tested Non-Euc Hardwood species 800 Density CMIT(C)-2005-388: Timber Durability Classifications 10 Softwood 5 4 Above-ground decay class In-ground decay class Softwood 3 0 400 600 800 1000 1200 400 600 Density 1000 1200 1000 1200 Softwood Softwood 5 4 Natural acidity class In-ground termite class 800 Density 3 0 400 600 800 1000 1200 400 Density Figure 1.3: Available data of tested Softwood species 600 800 Density CMIT(C)-2005-388: Timber Durability Classifications Common Name Botanical Name Coachwood Cypress Elm Fir, Douglas Douglas Fir, Oregon Pine Geronggang Gum, grey Forest red gum Rose gum Mountain grey gum Sydney Blue gum Flooded gum Spotted gum Hemlock, western Hickory Iroko Red ironbark Ceratopetalum apetalum Cupressus macrocarpa Ulmus spp Pseudotsuga menziesii Grey ironbark Jarrah Jelutong Kapur (Camphorwood) Karri Kauri Kempas Keruing Larch, European Lignum vitae LOSP Mahogany, African Mahogany, brush Mahogany, red Mahogany, rose Mahogany, white Cuban mahogany (sapwood) Eucalyptus drepanophylla Eucalyptus marginata Dyera costulata Cinnamomum oliveri Eucalyptus diversicolor Agathis vitiensis (heartwood) Maple, rose Maple, sugar Queensland? Meranti Meranti, red, light Meranti, red, dark (sapwood) (heartwood) Mercau Merbau? 19 BCE Bootle 5.0 5.35 4.0 6.0-7.2 3.1-4.4 6.0-7.2 3.1-4.4 Pseudotsuga menziesii Eucalyptus canaliculata Eucalyptus blakelyi Eucalyptus grandis Eucalyptus cypellocarpa Eucalyptus saligna Eucalyptus rudis Eucalyptus citriodora Tsuga heterophylla Carya spp Chlorophora excelsa Eucalyptus crebra Davis 4.96 5.12 4.5 5.06 4.1 5.82 4.3 5.2 46-5.0 4.8-5.4 5.2 5.2-7.2 3.7 3.7 3.0-3.7 4.6 3.2-3.7 4.1 3.24 2.75 2.7 3.85 3.8 5.5 3.57 3.65-3.80 3.84 4.25-4.68 3.66 4.88 3.0-3.7 4.65 4.05 3.6-4.6 5.1 4.0 Dipterocarpus genus Larix decidua Guaiacum officinale 3.6 4.6 4.5-5.1 5.1 2.4-3.4 4.0 3.9 Khaya ivorensis Geissois benthamii Eucalyptus pellita Dysoxylum fraseranum Eucalyptus acmenoides Swietenia spp 5.5 Cryptocarya erythroxylon Flindersia brayleyana Shorea spp Shorea spp Shorea spp Pometia acuminata 5.0 5.4 6.2 3.5 3.5 2.6 3.8 4.2 5.1 3.6 3.6 3.8 4.5 4.9 5.2 5.5 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.3 4.6 3.3 4.2 5.2 4.0 5.1 4.0 3.6 4.6 4.7 5.1 3.0 4.0 3.5 2.6 3.8 3.7 3.6-4.2 Suggested Design pH 5.0-5.8 4.3-6.1 5.2 5.4 3.9 5.0 3.9-5.3 5.4 5.0 3.85 3.9 4.3 3.9 4.3 CMIT(C)-2005-388: Timber Durability Classifications Common Name Botanical Name Mersawa Messmate Oak, European Oak, Japanese Southern Silky Oak Oregon Peppermint Pine, cypress, white Pine, hoop Pine, maritime Pine, radiata Pine, Huon Pine, caribbean Pine, scots Poplar Ramin Sacau (Fiji) Sape?e Sapote? Sassafras Seraya, white Spruce, Sitka Sycamore Tallowwood Teak Turpentine Yellow stringybark Yellowwood Anisoptera sp Eucalyptus obliqua Quercus ilex Quercus mongolica Grevilla robusta Pseudotsuga taxifolia Eucalyptus radiata Callitris columellaris Araucaria cunninghamii Pinus pinaster Pinus radiata Dacrydium franklinii Pinus caribaea Pinus sylvestris Populus spp H3, CCA treated Radiata pine H5, CCA treated Radiata pine 20 BCE Bootle Davis 4.3-4.6 3.2 3.3-5.2 3.2-4.7 4.95 3.9 3.15 5.0 4.6 5.7 5.2 3.8 4.0-4.8 3.8 3.9 4.3-4.6 4.6-5.6 5.2 5.25 5.58 Calocarpus sapota Daphnandra dielsii Shorea spp Oicea sitchensis Acer pseudoplatanus Eucalyptus microcorys Tectona grandis Syncarpia glomulifera Eucalyptus muellerana Flindersia xanthoxyla 5.3-4.6 5.5 5.0-5.5 3.4-5.5 4.3-6.0 3.6-3.8 4.5 3.6-3.9 4.73 4.9-5.2 3.55-3.56 3.21 3.62 Suggested Design pH 4.5 3.2 4.0 3.8 4.9 3.9 3.2 5.7 5.2 3.8 4.8 4.6 3.9 4.5 5.0 5.2 5.6 5.0 5.5 5.3 4.0 5.0 3.5 4.5 3.5 4.0 5.0 4.8 na 4.9 na CMIT(C)-2005-388: Timber Durability Classifications 21 Figure 2.1 presents the distribution of the recommended pH values for design of all species listed in Table 2.1 From the figure, the acidity classification of timber is established according to the pH of the species, as defined in Table 2.2 Occurence frequency 20 Class 15 Class Class 10 0 pH Figure 2.1 Histogram of pH values of all species in Table 2.1 and Natural Acidity Classification Table 2.2 Natural acidity classification and representative pH values Acidity Class Representative pH value 5.5 4.5 3.5 Boundary pH value 5.0 4.0 There are sources of timber species: Thornton’s table (Thorton et al 1997) currently implemented in the Timber Durability Database and TRADAC table (TRADAC 1999) Combination of the tables results in the species list in Table 2.4 The pH values of many species in this list are available from Table 2.1 and also listed in the last column of Table 2.4 CMIT(C)-2005-388: Timber Durability Classifications 22 for reference From the pH values, the ‘original ‘acidity class can be assigned for the tested species using the rule in Table 2.2 However, to determine the acidity class of all species in the list, it is assumed that the natural acidity class correlates with the types of timber, which are divided into Eucalypts, NonEucalypt Hardwoods, and Softwoods Figure 2.2 shows the Natural Acidity Class versus the density of the tested species separated into Eucalyptus, Non-Eucalyptus Hardwood and Softwood It can be seen that the density of timber is not in good correlation with the acidity class However, the Figure indicates that most of Eucalypts are of class 3, whereas the others are of class Summary of the simplified classification and representative pH values for untested species are in Table 2.3 Table 2.3 Acidity Classification according to types of wood for ALL species Type of Wood Acidity Class Representative pH Eucalypts 3.5 Non-Eucalypt Hardwoods 4.5 Softwoods 4.5 The Acidity classifications for all the species are listed in Table 2.4 CMIT(C)-2005-388: Timber Durability Classifications 23 Eucalyptus Eucalyptus Natural acidity class pH 2 1 0 400 600 800 1000 1200 400 600 Density 800 1000 1200 1000 1200 1000 1200 Density Non-Eucalyptus Hardwood Non-Eucalyptus Hardwood Natural acidity class pH 2 1 0 400 600 800 1000 1200 400 600 Density 800 Density Softwood Softwood Natural acidity class pH 2 1 0 400 600 800 Density 1000 1200 400 600 800 Density Figure 2 Design pH and acidity class versus density of tested species grouped into Eucalyptus, Non-Eucalyptus Hardwood, and Softwood CMIT(C)-2005-388: Timber Durability Classifications 24 Table 2.4 Natural acidity Classification Standard Australia Trade name index 22 25 30 37 - Ash, alpine Ash, crown Ash, mountain Ash, silvertop Balau (selangan batu) Bangkirai 65 Beech, myrtle 84 87 88 97 90 109 121 126 127 134 138 144 Belian (ulin) Blackbutt Blackbutt, New England Blackbutt, WA Blackwood Bloodwood, red Bloodwood, white Bollywood Box, brush Box, grey Box, grey, coast Box, long leaved Box, red Box, steel 145 Box, swamp 150 148 162 165 167 178 73 544 114 253 254 266 267 268 269 272 281 281 284 286 Box, yellow Box,white Brigalow Brownbarrel Bullich Calantas (kalantas) Candlebark Cedar, red, western Cypress Fir, Douglas Gum, blue, southern Gum, blue, Sydney Gum, grey Gum, grey, mountain Gum, maiden's Gum, manna Gum, mountain Gum, red, forest Gum, red, river Gum, rose Gum, salmon 86 Botanical name Euc delegatensis Flindersia australis Euc regnans Euc sieberi Shorea spp Shorea laevifolia Nothofagus cunninghamii Eusideroxylon zwageri Euc pilularis Type Density Natural acidity class Reference data derived from Table 2.1 Original natural Design acidity pH class E H E E H H 650 950 640 862 900 850 3 2 3 - 3.6 5.1 4.7 3.5 - H 705 - - H E 1000 884 3 3.6 Euc andrewsii E 850 - - Euc patens Acacia melanoxylon Euc gummifera Euc trachyphloia Litsea reticulata Lophostemon confertus Euc moluccana Euc bosistoana Euc goniocalyx Euc polyanthemos Euc rummeryi Lophostemon suaveolens Euc melliodora Euc albens Acacia harpophylla Euc fastigata Euc megacarpa Toona calantas Euc rubida Thuja plicata Callitris Glaucophylla Pseudotsuga menziesii Euc globulus Euc saligna Euc propinqua Euc cypellocarpa Euc maidenii Euc viminalis Euc dalrympleana Euc tereticornis Euc camaldulensis Euc grandis Euc salmonophloia E H E E S H E E E E E 849 650 900 1023 532 900 1105 1110 873 1064 3 2 3 3 3 3 - 3.6 3.9 4.5 3.5 3.4 - H 850 - - E E H E E H E S S S E E E E E E E E E E E 1075 1112 1099 738 640 500 750 448 680 520 900 843 1050 961 992 814 700 737 913 753 1070 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 - 3.3 3.3 5.4 3.5 3.6 3.8 3.6 5.1 - CMIT(C)-2005-388: Timber Durability Classifications 288 289 293 294 305 310 322 325 326 327 Gum, scribbly Gum, shining Gum, spotted Gum, sugar Gum, yellow Hardwood, Johnstone River Hemlock, western Ironbark, grey Ironbark, red Ironbark, red (broadleaved) Ironbark, red (narrowleaved) 336 Ironwood Cooktown 340 341 344 Jam, raspberry Jarrah Kapur Karri Keruing Kwila Mahogany, Philippine, red, dark Mahogany, Philippine, red, light Mahogany, red Mahogany, white Mahogany, white Mahonany, southern Mallet, brown Marri Meranti, red, dark Meranti, red, light Mersawa (Garawa) Messmate Messmate, Gympie 173 384 391 391 387 411 432 226 434 435 458 240 509 510 512 515 529 533 534 545 546 548 549 559 561 25 Euc haemastoma Euc nitens Euc maculata Euc cladocalyx Euc leucoxylon E E E E E 907 530 988 1105 1008 3 3 - - Backhousia bancroftii H 950 - - Tsuga heterophylla Euc paniculata Euc sideroxylon S E E 500 1110 1086 3 2 - 4.9 4.0 - Euc fibrosa E 1116 - - Euc crebra E 1046 3 4.0 Erythrophleum chlorostgchys Acacia acuminata Euc marginata Dryobalanops spp Euc diversicolor Dipterocarpus spp Intsia bijuga H 1220 - - H E H E H H 1038 823 750 905 750 825 3 2 3 - 3.3 3.3 4.2 5.1 - Shorea spp H 650 - - H 550 - - E E E E E E H H H E E 955 993 887 919 974 855 650 400 630 722 996 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 - 3.0 3.5 - H 1050 - - H E 750 753 - - E 811 - - E 822 3 3.2 E S S 804 500 550 2 3.9 S 646 - - S S S S S S 550 520 503 400 540 650 2 2 2 2 - 5.2 4.6 4.8 - Shorea, Pentacme, Parashorea spp Euc resinifera Euc acmenoides Euc umbra Euc botryoides Euc astringens Euc Calophylla Shorea spp Shorea spp Anisoptera thyrifera Euc obliqua Euc cloeziana Allocasuarina Oak, bull luehmannii Oak, white, American Quercus alba Peppermint, black Euc amygdalina Peppermint, broad Euc dives leaved Peppermint, narrow Euc radiata leaved Peppermint, river Euc elata Pine, black Prumnopitys amara Pine, caribbean Pinus caribaea Phyllocladus Pine, celery-top asplenifolius Pine, hoop Araucaria cunninghamii Pine, Huon Lagarostrobos franklinii Pine, kauri Agathis robusta Pine, King William Athrotaxis selaginoides Pine, radiata Pinus radiata Pine, slash Pinus elliotii 3.9 5.0 4.5 3.2 - CMIT(C)-2005-388: Timber Durability Classifications 326 332 635 668 671 676 680 680 681 688 369 713 714 720 723 747 774 780 788 Ramin Redwood Rosewood, New Guinea Satinay Stringybark, Blackdown Stringybark, brown Stringybark, red Stringybark, white Stringybark, White (Wilkinson's) Stringybark, yellow Tallowwood Taun Teak, Burmese Tingle, red Tingle, yellow Tuart Turpentine Wandoo Woolybutt Yate Yertchuk 26 Gonystylus spp Sequoia sempervirens H S 650 400 2 - 5.2 - Pterocarpus indicus H 577 - - Syncarpia hillii H 838 - - Euc sphaerocarpa E 1000 - - Euc capitellata Euc macrorhyncha Euc Eugenioides E E E 838 899 856 3 - - Euc Eugenioides E 856 - - Euc muelleriana Euc microcorys Pometia pinnata Tectona grandis Euc jacksonii Euc guilfoylei Euc gomphocephala Syncarpia glomulifera Euc wandoo Euc longifolia Euc cornuta Euc consideniana E E H H E E E H E E E E 884 990 700 600 772 900 1036 945 1099 1068 1100 939 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 - 3.5 4.5 3.5 - CMIT(C)-2005-388: Timber Durability Classifications 27 Timber Classification for Marine Borer Attack Classification of heartwood timber is shown in Table 3.1 The species are classified into marine-borer durability classes based on the rating of the performance of 4-year trial clear specimens tests at sites, including Port Stephens (NSW), Williamstown (VIC) and Geelong (VIC) (Cookson & Scown, 2003) Code for information sources used in table: A = Marine natural durability test at sites (Melbourne, Geelong, Port Stephens) (Cookson & Scown, 2003) B = Calibration report and personal observations C = Cookson (1996) An aquaria test of the natural resistance against marine borers of some commercial timber available in Australia IRG/WP/96-10145 D = Watson, C.J.J, McNeill, F.A., Johnson, R.A., Iredale, T (1936) Destruction of timber by marine organisms in the Port of Brisbane Queensland Forest Service, Bulletin No 12 E = Johnson, R.A and Moore, D.D (1950) The natural resistance of timber to marine borer attack Western Australian timbers Port of Sydney Journal (2): 55-57 F = Shillinglaw, A.W and Moore, D.D (1947) Report of marine borer survey in New Guinea waters CSIR Bulletin No 223 G = Table provided by the Maritime Services Board, Sydney H = Assume all timbers with in-ground natural durability of or will be for marine J= Choon, L.W and Cookson, L.J (1996) Laboratory study on the natural durability of Sarawak timbers against marine borers TRTTC Technical Report No TR/18 (bioassay conducted at same time as C above) CMIT(C)-2005-388: Timber Durability Classifications 28 Table 3.1 Classification of heartwood against marine borer attack Source Marine Borer Durability Class (see text) Trade name Botanical name Alder, blush Sloanea australis H Alder, brown Caldcluvia paniculosa H Alder, pink Gillbeea adenopetala H Alder, rose Caldcluvia australiensis H Amberoi Pterocymbium spp H Apple, rough-barked Angophora floribunda H Apple, smooth-barked Angophora costata G Ash, alpine Eucalyptus delegatensis G Ash, Blue Mountains Eucalyptus oreades G Ash, Crow’s Flindersia australis G Ash, mountain Eucalyptus regnans A Ash, pink Alphitonia petriei H Ash, silver Flindersia bourjotiana, Flindersia schottiana H Ash, silvertop Eucalyptus sieberi A Ash, white Eucalyptus fraxinoides H Baltic, red (pine, Scots) Pinus sylvestris H Baltic, white (spruce, Norway) Picea abies H Beech, myrtle Nothofagus cunninghamii H Beech, negrohead Nothofagus moorei H Beech, silver Nothofagus menziesii H Belian Eusideroxylon zwageri J Birch, white, Australia Schizomeria ovata H Blackbutt Eucalyptus pilularis A Blackbutt, New England Eucalyptus andrewsii, Eucalyptus campanulata A Blackbutt, Western Australian Eucalyptus patens E Blackwood Acacia melanoxylon C Bloodwood, red Corymbia gummifera, Eucalyptus intermedia Eucalyptus polycarpa D Bollywood Cinnamomum baileyanum, Litsea spp H Box, brush Lophostemon confertus A,D A B H Box, grey Box, grey, coast Box, ironwood Eucalyptus macrocarpa, Eucalyptus moluccana Eucalyptus woollsiana Eucalyptus bosistoana Choricarpia leptopetala Choricarpia subargentea Box, kanuka Tristania exiliflora, Tristania laurina H Box, long-leaved Eucalyptus goniocalyx H Box, swamp Lophostemon suaveolens D CMIT(C)-2005-388: Timber Durability Classifications 29 Brownbarrel Eucalyptus fastigata G Bullich Eucalyptus megacarpa H Calophyllum Calophyllum spp H Candlebark Eucalyptus rubida H Carabeen, yellow Sloanea woolsii H Cedar, red Toona australis G Cedar, western red Thuja plicata H Cheesewood, white Alstonia scholaris H Coachwood Ceratopetalum apetalum H Cypress, black Callitris endlicheri C,G Cypress, white Callitris glaucophylla B,C,D Fir, amabilis Abies amabilis H Fir, Douglas (oregon) Pseudotsuga menziesii C Geronggang Cratoxylon arborescens H Gum, blue, southern Eucalyptus globulus A Gum, blue, Sydney Eucalyptus saligna A Gum, grey Eucalyptus canaliculate, Eucalyptus major Eucalyptus propinqua, Eucalyptus punctata A Gum, grey, mountain Eucalyptus cypellocarpa A Gum, Maiden’s Eucalyptus maidenii H Gum, manna Eucalyptus viminalis H Gum, mountain Eucalyptus dalrympleana G Gum, pink Eucalyptus fasciculosa H Gum, poplar Eucalyptus alba H Gum, red, forest Eucalyptus blakelyi, Eucalyptus tereticornis D Gum, red, river Eucalyptus camaldulensis A Gum, rose Eucalyptus grandis A Gum, round-leaved Eucalyptus deanei H Gum, shining Eucalyptus nitens H Gum, spotted Corymbia maculate, Corymbia citriodora Eucalyptus henryi A,D Gum, swamp Eucalyptus camphora H Gum, white, Dunn’s Eucalyptus dunnii H Gum, yellow Eucalyptus leucoxylon H Hardwood, Johnston River Backhousia bancroftii H Hemlock, western Tsuga heterophylla 4 Iroko Chlorophora excelsa A A Eucalyptus drepanophylla, Ironbark, grey Eucalyptus paniculate, Eucalyptus siderophloia Ironbark, red Eucalyptus sideroxylon A Jam, raspberry Acacia acuminata E CMIT(C)-2005-388: Timber Durability Classifications 30 Jarrah Eucalyptus marginata A,B Jelutong Dyera costulata H Kamarere Eucalyptus deglupta H Kapur Dryobalanops spp H Karri Eucalyptus diversicolor A,B Kauri, New Zealand Agathis australis G Kauri, Queensland Agathis atropurpurea, Agathis microstachya Agathis robusta G Kempas Koompassia malaccensis H Keruing Dipterocarpus spp H Kwila (merbau) Intsia bijuga C Lumbayau (mengkulang) Heritiera spp H Mahogany, African Khaya spp H Mahogany, American Swietenia mahogani H Mahogany, brush Geissois benthamii H Mahogany, red Eucalyptus pellita, Eucalyptus resinifera C Mahogany, red, Philippine, Shorea spp H Mahogany, southern Eucalyptus botryoides H Mahogany, white Eucalyptus acmenoides, Eucalyptus tenuipes Eucalyptus umbra subsp Carnea A,G Malas Homalium foetidum H Mallet, brown Eucalyptus astringens H Malletwood Rhodamnia argentea, Rhodamnia costata H Malletwood, brown Rhodamnia rubescens H Malletwood, silver Rhodamnia acuminata H Mangrove, grey Avicennia marina D Maple, Queensland Flindersia brayleyana H Maple, rose Cryptocarya erythroxylon H Maple, scented Flindersia laevicarpa H Maple, sugar (rock) Acer saccharum H Marri Corymbia calophylla, Eucalyptus calophylla A Meranti, bakau Shorea spp H Meranti, dark-red Shorea spp H Meranti, light-red Shorea spp H Meranti, white Shorea spp H Meranti, yellow Shorea spp H Mersawa Anisoptera spp H Messmate Eucalyptus obliqua A,B Nyatoh Palaquium and Payena spp H Oak, silky, northern Cardwellia sublimis H Oak, tulip, blush Argyrodendron actinophyllum H CMIT(C)-2005-388: Timber Durability Classifications 31 Oak, tulip, brown Argyrodendron polyandrum Argyrodendron trifoliolatum H Oak, tulip, red Argyrodendron peralatum, H Oak, white, American Quercus alba H Paulownia Paulownia spp H Penda, brown Xanthostemon chrysanthus F Penda, red Xanthostemon whitei F Penda, southern Xanthostemon, oppositifolius F Penda, yellow Ristantia pachysperma D Peppermint, black Eucalyptus amygdalina H Peppermint, broad-leaved Eucalyptus dives H Peppermint, narrow-leaved Eucalyptus Australiana, Eucalyptus radiata Eucalyptus robertsonii H Peppermint, river Eucalyptus elata H Peppermint, white Eucalyptus pulchella H Pine, brown Podocarpus elatus D Pine, bunya Araucaria bidwillii H Pine, Canary Island Pinus canariensis H Pine, Caribbean Pinus caribaea H Pine, celery-top Phyllocladus asplenifolius H Pine, Corsican Pinus nigra H Pine, hoop Araucaria cunninghamii G Pine, Huon Lagarostrobos franklinii C,D Pine, King William Athrotaxis selaginoides C Pine, klinki Araucaria hunsteinii H Pine, loblolly Pinus taeda H Pine, longleaf Pinus palustris H Pine, maritime Pinus pinaster H Pine, NZ white (kahikatea) Dacrycarpus dacrydioides H Pine, patula Pinus patula H Pine, ponderosa Pinus ponderosa H Pine, radiata Pinus radiata B,C Pine, Scots Pinus sylvestris H Pine, slash Pinus elliottii H Pine, white, western Pinus monticola H Planchonella Planchonella chartacea H Poplar, balsam Populus spp H Poplar, pink Euroschinus falcata H H Quandong, silver Elaeocarpus angustifolius, Elaeocarpus grandis Ramin Gonystylus spp H Redwood Sequoia sempervirens G CMIT(C)-2005-388: Timber Durability Classifications 32 Rimu Dacrydium cupressinum H Rosewood, New Guinea Pterocarpus indicus H Sassafras Daphnandra dielsii, Daphnandra micrantha Daphnandra repandula, Doryphora aromatica Doryphora sassafras G Satinash, grey Syzygium claviflorum,, Syzygium gustavioides H Satinash, rose Syzygium crebrinerve, Eugenia francisii H Satinay Syncarpia hillii D H Sepetir Copaifera spp., Pseudosindora spp., Sindora spp Sheoak, beach Allocasuarina equisetifolia H Sheoak, black Allocasuarina littoralis G Silkwood, maple Flindersia pimenteliana H Spruce, Norway Picea abies H Spruce, Sitka Picea sitchensis H Stringybark, blue-leaved Eucalyptus agglomerata H Stringybark, brown Eucalyptus baxteri, Eucalyptus blaxlandii Eucalyptus capitellata H Stringybark, diehard Eucalyptus cameronii H Stringybark, red Eucalyptus macrorhyncha C Stringybark, silvertop Eucalyptus laevopinea H Stringybark, white Eucalyptus eugenioides, Eucalyptus globoidea Eucalyptus phaeotricha A,G Stringybark, yellow Eucalyptus muelleriana A Sycamore, silver Cryptocarya glaucescens H Tallowwood Eucalyptus microcorys A Taun Pometia spp H D Melaleuca bracteata H Tea-tree, broad-leaved Tea-tree, river Melaleuca leucadendron, Melaleuca quinquenervia, Melaleuca viridiflora Tingle, red Eucalyptus jacksonii H Touriga, red Calophyllum costatum H Tuart Eucalyptus gomphocephala E Turpentine Syncarpia glomulifera A,B Walnut, New South Wales Endiandra virens H Walnut, Queensland Endiandra palmerstonii H Walnut, yellow Beilschmiedia bancroftii H Wandoo Eucalyptus wandoo E Yate, swamp Eucalyptus occidentalis E CMIT(C)-2005-388: Timber Durability Classifications 33 References Bootle, K.R (1983) Wood in Australia – Types, Properties and Uses, McGraw Hill Book Co., Sydney, Australia, pp 62–67 Cookson, L.J and Scown D.K (2003), Field Assessment of the Natural Durability of Commercially Available Hardwoods in Australia Against Marine Borers – Four Year Results, Client Report, CSIRO Forest & Forestry Products, Clayton, Victoria David, R (1994), Timber and Metal – The Connection, Proc Pacific Engineering Conference, Gold Coast, Australia, pp 439–448 Thornton, J.D., Johnson, G.C., and Nguyen, N-K (1997) Revised CSIRO Natural Durability Classification – In-ground Durability Ratings for Mature Outer Heartwood, CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products, Clayton, Victoria, June TRADAC (1999) Species, Properties and Uses, Technical Data Sheet 16, Timber Research & Development Advisory Council of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD ... results, the durability classes of hundreds of timber species commonly used for timber construction in Australia are established CMIT(C)-2005-388: Timber Durability Classifications Timber Classification... CMIT(C)-2005-388: Timber Durability Classifications Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY TIMBER CLASSIFICATION FOR INGROUND AND ABOVEGROUND DECAY TIMBER ACIDITY CLASSIFICATION FOR EMBEDDED CORROSION TIMBER CLASSIFICATION... CMIT(C)-2005-388: Timber Durability Classifications 27 Timber Classification for Marine Borer Attack Classification of heartwood timber is shown in Table 3.1 The species are classified into marine-borer durability