non destructive testing
Title Licensee Conditions of use This is a licensed electronic copy of a document where copyright is owned or managed by Standards Australia International. Your licence is a single user licence and the document may not be stored, transferred or otherwise distributed on a network. You may also make one paper copy of this document if required. Web Check-up AS 4749-2001 Non-destructive testing - Terminology of and abbreviations for fusion weld imperfections as revealed by radiography Licensed to SAIPEM (SPCM) on 11 Sep 2002 AS 4749—2001 Australian Standard ™ Non-destructive testing—Terminology of and abbreviations for fusion weld imperfections as revealed by radiography AS 4749 Licensed to SAIPEM (SPCM) on 11 Sep 2002. Single user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited. This Australian Standard was prepared by Committee MT-007, Non-destructive Testing of Metals and Materials. It was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 30 April 2001 and published on 20 November 2001. The following interests are represented on Committee MT-007: Australasian Railway Association Australian Aerospace Non-Destructive Testing Committee Australian Industry Group Australian Institute for Non-Destructive Testing Australian Nuclear Science & Technology Organization Australian Pipeline Industry Association Bureau of Steel Manufacturers of Australia Civil Aviation Safety Authority Industrial Research Limited, New Zealand Institution of Engineers, Australia National Association of Testing Authorities, Australia New Zealand Non-Destructive Testing Association Society of Automotive Engineers — Australasia TestSafe Australia Victorian WorkCover Authority Welding Technology Institute of Australia WorkCover New South Wales Additional interests: NDT Testing Laboratories Keeping Standards up-to-date Standards are living documents which reflect progress in science, technology and systems. 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Contact us via email at mail@standards.com.au, or write to the Chief Executive, Standards Australia International Ltd, GPO Box 5420, Sydney, NSW 2001. This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 00088. Licensed to SAIPEM (SPCM) on 11 Sep 2002. Single user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited. AS 4749—2001 Australian Standard ™ Non-destructive testing—Terminology of and abbreviations for fusion weld imperfections as revealed by radiography Originated as AS Z5.2—1968. Revised and redesignated as AS 4749—2001. COPYRIGHT © Standards Australia International All rights are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the written permission of the publisher. Published by Standards Australia International Ltd GPO Box 5420, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia ISBN 0 7337 3906 7 Licensed to SAIPEM (SPCM) on 11 Sep 2002. Single user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited. AS 4749— 2001 2 PREFACE This Standard was prepared by the Joint Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand Committee MT-007, Non-destructive Testing of Metals and Materials, to supersede, in Australia, AS Z5.2—1968, Glossary of metal welding terms and definitions, Part 2: Terminology of and abbreviations for fusion weld imperfections as revealed by radiography. AS Z5.2 was an endorsement of BS 499: Part 3:1965, Welding terms and symbols Part 3: Terminology of and abbreviations for fusion weld imperfections as revealed by radiography, which has been withdrawn. This Standard is the result of a consensus among Australian and New Zealand representatives on the Joint Committee to produce it as an Australian Standard. The objective of this revision is to upgrade the Standard which is widely used by the non- destructive testing industry in Australia. Cognizance has been taken of the International Standard, ISO 6520-1:1998 , Welding and allied processes Classification of geometric imperfections in metallic materials, Part 1: Fusion welding and AS 2812—1985, Welding, brazing and cutting of metals—Glossary of terms. Acknowledgment is given to Agfa (Australia) for supplying many of the radiographs contained in this Standard. The term ‘informative’ has been used in this Standard to define the application of the appendix to which it applies. An ‘informative’ appendix is only for information and guidance. Licensed to SAIPEM (SPCM) on 11 Sep 2002. Single user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited. AS 4749— 2001 3 CONTENTS Page 1 SCOPE 4 2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 4 3 SURFACE IMPERFECTIONS IN THE WELD OR ADJACENT PARENT METAL (TABLE 1) Excessive penetration 5 Root concavity (suck back) 5 Incompletely filled groove 5 Shrinkage groove 6 Undercut 6 Excessive dressing (underflushing) 6 Grinding mark 7 Tool mark (chipping mark) 7 Hammer mark 7 Torn surface 8 Surface pitting 8 Spatter 8 Linear misalignment 9 4 INTERNAL IMPERFECTIONS IN THE WELD (TABLE 2) Cracks — Longitudinal 10 — Transverse 10 — Crater 11 Lack of fusion — Lack of side fusion 12 — Lack of root fusion 12 — Lack of inter-run fusion 12 Incomplete root penetration 13 Inclusion — Linear inclusion (slag line) 14 —Oxide inclusion 14 —Tungsten inclusion 15 —Copper inclusion 15 Gas pore 15 Worm hole 16 Crater pipe 16 Porosity —Localized porosity 17 —Linear porosity 17 —Elongated cavity (hollow bead) 17 —Uniform porosity 18 Burn-through (melt-through) 18 Diffraction mottling 18 APPENDICES A CODING OF IMPERFECTIONS AND THEIR LOCATION 19 B IMPERFECTION ABBREVIATIONS 20 Licensed to SAIPEM (SPCM) on 11 Sep 2002. Single user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited. AS 4749— 2001 © Standards Australia www.standards.com.au 4 STANDARDS AUSTRALIA Australian Standard Non-destructive testing—Terminology of and abbreviations for fusion weld imperfections as revealed by radiography 1 SCOPE This Standard defines and describes weld imperfections using, where appropriate, schematic diagrams and reference radiographs, as follows: (a) Surface imperfections in the weld or the adjacent parent metal. (b) Internal imperfections in the weld. It also includes abbreviations for the imperfection types. NOTES: 1 A scheme for the coding of imperfections and their location is given in Appendix A. 2 Methods of carrying out radiography on welded butt joints in metal are given in AS 2177.1. 2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS The following documents are referred to in this Standard: AS 2177 Non-destructive testing—Radiography of welded butt joints in metal 2177.1 Part 1: Methods of test 2812 Welding, brazing and cutting of metals—Glossary of terms 3 SURFACE IMPERFECTIONS IN THE WELD OR ADJACENT PARENT METAL Descriptions of typical surface imperfections, in or adjacent to a weld, as revealed by radiography, are given in Table 1. NOTE: A visual examination of surface imperfections revealed by radiography should be carried out, where possible, to assist interpretations. 4 INTERNAL IMPERFECTIONS IN THE WELD Descriptions of typical internal imperfections in weld metal, as revealed by radiography, are given in Table 2. Licensed to SAIPEM (SPCM) on 11 Sep 2002. Single user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited. AS 4749—2001 5 www.standards.com.au © Standards Australia TABLE 1 SURFACE IMPERFECTIONS Type and abbreviation Schematic illustration Definition and radiographic description Typical radiographic image Excessive penetration (SXP) Excess weld metal protruding through the root of a fusion weld made from one side only Excessive penetration appears as a continuous or intermittent light irregular band within the image of the weld Root concavity (suck back) (SRC) A shallow groove which may occur in the root of a butt weld Root concavity appears in the radiograph as a series of dark areas along the centre of the weld varying in density according to the depth of the imperfection Incompletely filled groove (SGI) A continuous intermittent channel in the surface of the weld, running along its length, due to insufficient weld metal. The channel may be along the centre or along one or both edges of the weld An incompletely filled groove shows in the radiograph as a dark band or dark patches within the image of the weld. (continued) Licensed to SAIPEM (SPCM) on 11 Sep 2002. Single user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited. AS 4749—2001 6 © Standards Australia www.standards.com.au Type and abbreviation Schematic illustration Definition and radiographic description Typical radiographic image Shrinkage groove (SGS) A shallow groove caused by contraction in the metal along each side of a penetration bead The radiograph shows each groove as a dark band varying in density according to its depth. It should not be confused with undercut NOTE: Although a shrinkage groove may show in the radiograph it may not be possible to detect it visually if a backing strip is used. (a) Undercut (SUC) (b) An irregular groove at a toe of a run in the parent metal or in previously deposited weld metal, due to welding Undercut appears in the radiograph as a dark irregular band, in a position adjacent to the toe of a weld run. Its image may, therefore, occur within the weld image Excessive dressing (underflushing) (SED) A reduction in metal thickness caused by the removal of the surface of a weld and adjacent areas to below the surface of the parent metal The imperfection produces a characteristic appearance of dark areas with diffuse edges (continued) TABLE 1 (continued) Licensed to SAIPEM (SPCM) on 11 Sep 2002. Single user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited. AS 4749—2001 7 www.standards.com.au © Standards Australia Type and abbreviation Schematic illustration Definition and radiographic description Typical radiographic image Grinding mark (SMG) Grooves in the surface of parent metal or of a weld made by a grinding wheel or surfacing tool A grinding mark, if of sufficient depth, may give a radiographic appearance in the form of parallel dark lines Tool mark (chipping mark) (SMT) An indentation in the surface of the parent metal or a weld, resulting from the application of a tool, e.g. a chipping tool, during preparation or dressing Imperfections produce dark shadows of corresponding shape, usually with straight edges Hammer mark (SMH) An indentation in the surface of the parent metal or a weld due to a hammer blow A hammer mark produces a dark shadow of corresponding shape in the radiograph (continued) TABLE 1 (continued) Licensed to SAIPEM (SPCM) on 11 Sep 2002. Single user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited. [...]... prohibited AS 4749 2001 © Standards Australia TABLE 2 (continued) Type and abbreviation Lack of fusion: Schematic illustration Definition and radiographic description Typical radiographic image Lack of union in a weld The detection of lack of fusion depends on its orientation with respect to the beam direction — lack of side fusion (LS) Lack of union between weld metal and parent metal at a side of a weld... nozzle and the weld pool in GTAW-welding A copper inclusion appears in the radiograph as a light image of any shape, often having indistinct edges due to partial alloying, and may thereby be differentiated from a tungsten inclusion Gas pore (GP) A gas cavity of essentially spherical form The radiographic appearance of a gas pore is a sharply defined dark shadow of circular contour AS 4749 2001 © Standards... size is undesirable 18 Burn-through appears in the radiograph as a globular dark area If the hole is incompletely filled it is revealed as a central dark area Nonmetallic inclusions are often associated with this type of defect 19 AS 4749 2001 APPENDIX A CODING OF IMPERFECTIONS AND THEIR LOCATION (Informative) Imperfections and their location in a radiograph may be coded and reported in an abbreviated... www.standards.com.au TABLE 1 (continued) Type and abbreviation Linear misalignment (HiLo) Schematic illustration Definition and radiographic description Typical radiographic image A misalignment of the pieces to be welded 9 AS 4749 2001 © Standards Australia Licensed to SAIPEM (SPCM) on 11 Sep 2002 Single user licence only Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited AS 4749 2001 © Standards Australia TABLE 2... are substantially parallel to the axis of the weld AS 4749 2001 © Standards Australia (continued) Licensed to SAIPEM (SPCM) on 11 Sep 2002 Single user licence only Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited TABLE 2 (continued) — uniform porosity (PU) Schematic illustration Definition and radiographic description AS 4749 2001 © Standards Australia Type and abbreviation Typical radiographic image... network prohibited AS 4749 2001 © Standards Australia TABLE 2 (continued) Type and abbreviation — linear inclusion (slag line) (IL) Schematic illustration Definition and radiographic description Typical radiographic image An inclusion of linear form situated parallel to the axis of the weld Linear inclusions appear in the radiograph as a dark band with irregular edges along the weld, often occurring in... network prohibited AS 4749 2001 © Standards Australia TABLE 2 (continued) Type and abbreviation Worm hole (WH) Schematic illustration Definition and radiographic description Typical radiographic image An elongated or tubular cavity in weld metal caused by entrapped gas Crater pipe (CP) 16 A worm hole appears in the radiograph as a dark shadow the shape of which depends on the orientation of the imperfection... or use on network prohibited AS 4749 2001 © Standards Australia TABLE 1 (continued) Type and abbreviation Torn surface (STS) Schematic illustration Definition and radiographic description Typical radiographic image A surface irregularity formed due to the breaking off of temporary attachments The radiographic appearance corresponds in outline to that of the affected area and may be either light or dark,... the radiograph as a dark straight line or band, depending on beam direction, and may be continuous or discontinuous Lack of union at the root of a joint — lack of inter-run fusion (LI) Lack of union between adjacent runs of weld metal in a multi-run weld 12 — lack of root fusion (LR) Its image appears in the radiograph as a dark line along or near the centre of the weld image www.standards.com.au When... Commonwealth government, Standards Australia is recognized as Australia’s peak national standards body Australian Standards Australian Standards are prepared by committees of experts from industry, governments, consumers and other relevant sectors The requirements or recommendations contained in published Standards are a consensus of the views of representative interests and also take account of comments received . required. Web Check-up AS 474 9-2 001 Non-destructive testing - Terminology of and abbreviations for fusion weld imperfections as revealed by radiography Licensed. Australian Standard was prepared by Committee MT-007, Non-destructive Testing of Metals and Materials. It was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards