INDUSTRY 4 0 NEW CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR EDUCATION IN VIETNAM

INDUSTRY 4.0: NEW CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR EDUCATION IN VIETNAM Thang Le Vani, Thi Le Thi Minhii INTRODUCTION We talk a lot about the influences of the Fourth Industrial Revolution on all fields, including education The effect appears in both directions, positive, effective and challenging, negative The relationship takes place in two parallel directions The achievements of the industrial revolution support teaching and learning (education in the most general meaning) Conversely, education provides human resources for the industrial revolution and develops knowledge to enhance the attainments of the industrial revolution Vietnam is a developing country, the education is improving How we prepare for the fourth industrial revolution, especially labor forces? What is the role of education in increasing social awareness on the industrial revolution 4.0? This paper analyzes the challenges of the fourth industrial revolution for education in Vietnam and proposes some suggestions for Vietnamese education in order to overcome the challenges The impacts of the fourth industrial revolution on the labor market Beginning in the mid-twentieth century, the Fourth Industrial Revolution evolves technologies that blur the boundaries between physical, digital and biological fields and impact intensely to daily life as well as education, including training and vocational education The major changes in science and technology that the Fourth Industrial Network conveys include: - New technology - Internet of things (IoT) - Big data - Artificial intelligence - 3D printing Technological advances have led to major changes in the labor market, including changes in occupational structure, labor structure, and the demand of new skills for human resources When automation replaces human in many areas of the economy, workers will likely have to adapt quickly to changes in production Otherwise, the laborers would be redundant or unemployed According to the OECD (Kergroach, 2017), about 9% of jobs in these countries will be fully automated and about 25% of jobs will change significantly as a result of the automation process of 50-70% In some areas, it is predicted that the number of employees will decrease to about 1/10 compared to today with the appearance of robots Consequently, 9/10 employees will have to change jobs or unemployment Occupational polarization is also strong, resulting in high-skilled and lowskilled workgroups, and job losses concentrated in middle-skilled routine occupations (Kergroach, 2017) The structure of occupations will change in the direction of creating many new jobs and new cooperative working methods In the digital world, the advantage of big data will require the supply of data specialists and skills for data analysis The standard full-time employment model will be replaced by non-standard forms (on-call, temporary, part-time, etc) The non-standard jobs which are often considered as low skills and low wages may become important or special skillful required and high wages accordingly with the supports of networking, self-employment model and Internet The demand for human resources is also changing toward emphasizing work effectiveness rather than qualifications and working conditions It is because of the Internet and the connecting technology, the tasks will be managed, operated and connected over the Internet remotely Thus, those who are able to meet the job requirements will be employed without qualifications Companies, head hunters, job seekers and freelancers are linked and connected through online work meditation platforms (Kergroach, 2017) The labor market in Viet Nam, which has mainly low-skilled workers, will be affected intensely A report by the International Labor Organization (ILO) said in July 2016 that 86% of workers in the textile and garment and footwear industries in Vietnam are at high risk of losing their jobs under the influence of the breakthrough in technology from the industrial revolution 4.0 As a result, millions of workers are unemployed, GDP is affected and can lead to other socio-economic issues Vietnam is in a labor-advantaged period with a "golden population" structure Over the past 20 years, the total number of Vietnamese workers has increased by 19 million, from 35 million in 1996 to 54 million in 2016 However, the current great human resource advantage is likely to become a resistance on future development if we not address the employment problem and the ability to adapt to changes from the industrial revolution 4.0 The effects of the 4th industrial revolution on education Not only in Viet Nam, but also in many developing countries in the region and in the world, there are challenges in terms of lack of high-skilled, professional and creative laborers, to meet the demand for human resources for the industrial network 4.0 Therefore, the question is not only about education in Vietnam but also the world as how to train human resources to meet the development needs in the new context of the world Table Comparison of previous and current learning and teaching (table / column) Before Industry 4.0 From Industry 4.0 The school "close innovation" - the "open innovation" - interaction interaction between schools between enterprises, and enterprises and society is organizations, schools stronger limited Teaching - Transferring knowledge - Promoting learning - Quantity - quantity, quality and efficiency Studying - Focusing on the community - focusing on the individual potentiality - - conducting learning environment Conducting lessons - Learning by heart, remembering - Through books, documents - Learning by experiences for the ability to manipulate, adapt, solve problems, think independently - Through varied forms such as games, interactive contact, project learning open education, practical education, practical education - one-time learning - Lifelong learning In the Instruction 16/CT-TTg of the Prime Minister issued on May 4th, 2018 on strengthening capacity to approach the Fourth Industrial Revolution has indicated the solutions to education and vocational training is "Vigorously change the policies, contents and methods of education and vocational training in order to create human resources capable of accessing new production technology trends, focusing on promoting science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM), foreign languages, computer science in the general curriculum; promote university autonomy, vocational training; testing regulations on vocational training, university training for specific fields It is necessary to make population challenge and the advantage of the golden population to an advantage in international integration and division of labor" From the analyzing the requirements of the th Industrial Revolution for Human Resources, it can be said that Vietnam's education is facing some challenges as follows: 2.1 Determining appropriate educational objectives Educational philosophy seeks answers to some questions while preparing to face with the 4th industrial revolution, such as: - What is the meaning of education in terms of individual and society? - Are the educational objectives realistic? - How should the learning-teaching processes be designed? Some of the questions posed the need to define goals for each stage, each area of the educational process In the context of the “knowledge society” and the knowledge economy, every individual must have the capacity to adapt to change, the goal of education shift from transferring knowledge and skills to developing the competences and qualities of the learner According to Dinh Quang Bao et al (2018), the general formula for the formation of students’ competences is: Competences = Knowledge + Skills + Attitude + Situation Accordingly, knowledge and skills are components of competences The success of each individual will depend on the attitude (external manifestation of qualities/ emotional intelligence) and the flexible method of handling situation For higher education and vocational education, it is necessary to move toward "what the market needs" and "what the market will need" (the "market" in the general meaning) Thus, the new training areas are big data analysis, trending forecast, etc For future laborers, the abilities to cooperate, integrate, self-research capacity, etc are necessary Educational objectives are not only focusing on the general necessities of the Industrial Revolution 4.0, but also promoting the individual’s potentiality, the identity of each ethnic group and towards lifelong learning 2.2 Request for change of educational and training curricula The changing educational objectives will lead to changes in the content and curriculum When we are struggling between importing curriculum and building new general curricula, the digital revolution is rapidly changing and making knowledge rapidly becoming obsolete In order to meet the requirements of Industrial Revolution 4.0, how will we develop the curricula and skills even though those have not met the requirements of the current Industrial Revolution 3.0 In the near future, in order to quickly adapt to the Industrial Revolution 4.0 and catch up with the technological achievements from developed countries, in the field of vocational education, we should train workers practically to apply new technology instead of theoretical as before In addition, it is important for Vietnam to invest in research in the areas of digital, automation, information technology, new energy and materials, biological technology, etc 2.3 The challenge of changing the methodology and organizing teaching In order to meet the manpower of the creative economy, it is necessary to modifying training activities, especially training methods with the strong application of information technology In particular, new educational models such as virtual classrooms, virtual teachers, virtual devices, laboratories, virtual libraries, etc should be applied with the support of intelligent devices; facilitate and require students from the third year to join the research groups, and these topics must be associated with solving a specific problem in the subject area, or in the economic and social life However, the conditions that warrant this change are still limited At present, in most training institutions, the innovation of methods and methods of teaching and learning is quite slow, the ability of using information technology of lecturers is not high or obsolete (except some highquality schools) and is not synchronized 2.4 Changing the school management method In terms of management, educational institutions need to gradually move towards self-reliance in organization and operation, actively seeking external investment resources, cooperating with domestic and foreign institutions in training and researching It is important to eliminate barriers to the investment of economic sectors in education to meet the requirements of human resources for the development of the country Under this new model, the link between the training institution and the enterprise, even the establishment of training institutions in the enterprise, to share common resources: facilities, finance, human resources, and more important is to shorten the transfer time from knowledge, skills into real life However, the relationship between schools and business; the training and the use of trained labor is still very loose, not yet become the "social responsibility" of enterprises 2.5 The demand for changing policy for the education, training and use of high-quality human resources in Vietnam Over the past years, the Government of Vietnam has made investment in the construction of high-quality training facilities and a number of policies to attract talented people But it seems not working The development of wellknown international universities in Vietnam demonstrates the high demand for highly qualified workers trained through advanced curricula However, the phenomenon of brain drain is still common After all, it is important to train, promote and use talented people, attract more qualified professionals to participate in the creative work Consequently, there must be a breakthrough or exceptional policy on the use of talent In addition, management issues at both the macro and the base level appear to require policymakers to change their minds For example, tax policies and the protection of workers and businesses when work is carried out remotely over the Internet between employees and business owners in different countries For training management, with the emergence of virtual classes, virtual professions, virtual programs, and labor market requirements with new creative skills, it is necessary to form management organizations on quality assurance and fair competition Suggestion for Innovation of Education in Vietnam Education and training area plays a decisive role in creating the workforce that basically adapts the requirement of the market in the industrial revolution 4.0 Therefore, focusing on the educational innovation is likely to be most urgent solution to help Vietnam overcome the challenges above Education in Vietnam needs a philosophy that helps to educate the whole person, and prepares learners to shine in a range of careers and, most importantly, live lives rich with meaning and purpose The liberal-arts education philosophy can this In a liberal-arts education, students are taught to learn how to learn and inspired to keep learning through their lives Learners coming out from a liberal-arts education are able to expand their knowledge in different areas, while also focusing on their major The learners in the liberal-arts education are prepared with not only the knowledge and skills of their major, but also with such soft-skills as problem-solving, creativity, responsibility, teamwork, independent work, communication, leadership, and decision making As Albert Einstein says: “Education is what remains after one has forgotten what one has learned in school”, the skills that helps learners to work and live independently as well as for life-long autonomic learning are more important than ever specific content or knowledge Besides, there is still a need to have a model of curriculum that focused on professional practices of training and researching In the trend of innovating the curriculum, many Vietnamese educators and experts recently advocate the Profession – Oriented Higher Education (POHE) This model of education reflects the integrated curriculum which focuses all on theory, practice, solf skills and professional practice The content and teaching methods used aim to develop learners’ competences Assessment includes practices in the professional context beside the traditional evaluation Education and training in tertiary institutions veers to “what the market needs” and “what the market will need” Therefore, a close connection between the higher education institutions with the market is crucial Educators have called for the innovation of learning and teaching methods for years Learning and teaching paradigms or styles are moving slowly from behaviorism to cognitivism, then to constructivism and now somewhere plus connectivism In daily pedagogical use, the terms “passive learning and active learning”, “teacher-centered method and learner-centered method” are more frequently used To educate and train the learners that meet the requirement of the workforce in the 4th industrial revolution era, the constructivism and connectivism are the two fundamental learning and teaching paradigms Also, the active learning and learner-centered methods are essential The competencebased teaching methods such as Webquest, Problem-Solving, Project-Based, Discovery and Teamwork seem to continue the suitable methods that can help to meet the needs Therefore, the role of the teachers is now shifted from the information providers as in the traditional classroom to the consultants or facilitators in the learner-centered environment One more fundamental point is about education mode Recently, creditbased education is applied in more and more colleges and universities in Vietnam In the credit-based education, the curriculum and subjects are designed spending more time for more practice and learners’ autonomous learning Consequently, training modules, credits and online training are unavoidably developed (Zhou, Z., 2017) However, there is likely a lack of adequate conditions in order to effectively exploit the advantages of this education mode The current institution facilities, even though invested by the government in recent years, are inadequate With the demand of increasing practice, experience and learner autonomy learning, there is a need of modern facility system, at least the laboratories, digital and internet devices… Hence, the socialization of education somehow could help to meet the requirements for national development in the context of globalization and international integration It is considered that education and training is on the top national policy However, sometimes there is a long distance from policy to implementation, causing many policies when implemented ineffective The advantage of Vietnamese labor is the speed and creativity Therefore, it is necessary to exploit these advantages by investing in areas such as digital technology, applied science, etc In addition, in order to pursue an open, lifelong education, it will be essential to provide educational opportunities to all people in every region Instead of large projects that use large amounts of capital, more investment is needed in teaching and learning in disadvantaged areas, and opening learning centers for all ages In terms of policy change, in addition to developing policies to attract talented people, the mechanism for recruiting teachers and appointing educational administrators also needs to be transparent, democratic and effective Before issuing a policy in education, it is necessary to thoroughly study and have detailed and specific guidance for the policy to be implemented synchronously and effectively CONCLUSION This article points out the impacts of the fourth industrial revolution on the labor market and on education in Vietnam The major influence is on the workforces and hence, we argue that education is the sector that should be acted upon to address the challenges The concerns about Vietnam education in front of the industrial revolution 4.0 are determining appropriate educational objectives, request for change of educational and training curricula, the challenge of changing the methodology and organizing teaching, changing the school management method, and the demand for changing policy for the education, training and use of high-quality human resources in Vietnam The paper also gives some suggestions for the innovation of education in Vietnam which focuses on the liberal-arts education philosophy, the credit-based education, Profession – Oriented Higher Education Curriculum with the competence-based teaching methods that could help to enhance learners’ active learning and lifelong learning It is also suggested that the socialization of education could help to address the lack of 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education, training and use of high-quality human resources in Vietnam The... and teaching (table / column) Before Industry 4. 0 From Industry 4. 0 The school "close innovation" - the "open innovation" - interaction interaction between schools between enterprises, and enterprises