Hierarchy in the mind the predictive power of social dominance orientation across social contexts and domains

Hierarchy in the mind: The predictive power of Social Dominance Orientation across social contexts and domains Nour Kteily, Arnold K Ho, Jim Sidanius PII: DOI: Reference: S0022-1031(11)00269-1 doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2011.11.007 YJESP 2791 To appear in: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Received date: Revised date: Accepted date: 27 May 2011 November 2011 November 2011 Please cite this article as: Kteily, N., Ho, A.K & Sidanius, J., Hierarchy in the mind: The predictive power of Social Dominance Orientation across social contexts and domains, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology (2011), doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2011.11.007 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT   ǣ  ǣ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘ –‘™ƒ”†• ‰”‘—’Ǧ„ƒ•‡† Š‹‡”ƒ”…Š› NU SC RI P T ‹‡”ƒ”…Š› ‹ –Š‡ ‹†ǣ Š‡ ’”‡†‹…–‹˜‡ ’‘™‡” ‘ˆ ‘…‹ƒŽ ‘‹ƒ…‡ ”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ…”‘•• •‘…‹ƒŽ …‘–‡š–• ƒ† †‘ƒ‹•Ǥ MA ‘—” –‡‹Ž› ƒ”˜ƒ”† ‹˜‡”•‹–› TE D ”‘Ž† Ǥ ‘ ƒ”˜ƒ”† ‹˜‡”•‹–› AC CE P ‹ ‹†ƒ‹—• ƒ”˜ƒ”† ‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘”† ‘—–ǣ Ͷǡ ͻͻͻ —–Š‘”ǯ• ‘–‡ǣ ‘””‡•’‘†‡…‡ …‘…‡”‹‰ –Š‹• ƒ”–‹…Ž‡ •Š‘—Ž† „‡ †‹”‡…–‡† –‘ ‘—” –‡‹Ž›ǡ ‡’ƒ”–‡– ‘ˆ •›…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ ƒ”˜ƒ”† ‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ ƒ„”‹†‰‡ǡ  Ͳʹͳ͵ͺǢ –‡‹Ž›̷ˆƒ•ǤŠƒ”˜ƒ”†Ǥ‡†— ͳ ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT   ǣ  ǣ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘ –‘™ƒ”†• ‰”‘—’Ǧ„ƒ•‡† Š‹‡”ƒ”…Š› ʹ T „•–”ƒ…– NU SC RI P Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ ‘ˆ ™Š‡–Š‡” •‘…‹ƒŽ †‘‹ƒ…‡ ‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘ ”‡’”‡•‡–• ƒ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œ‡† ‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘ –‘™ƒ”†• ‰”‘—’Ǧ„ƒ•‡† Š‹‡”ƒ”…Š‹‡• …‘–‹—‡• –‘ ƒ”‘—•‡ Š‡ƒ–‡† †‡„ƒ–‡Ǥ ‘‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• ƒ‹–ƒ‹ –Šƒ– ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ ‹†‡š‹‰ •—’’‘”– ˆ‘” Š‹‡”ƒ”…Š› ƒ…”‘•• ƒ ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ‘ˆ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘• ƒ† •‘…‹ƒŽ …‘–‡š–•ǡ •‘…‹ƒŽ †‘‹ƒ…‡ ‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘ •…‘”‡• •‹’Ž› ”‡ˆŽ‡…– ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ǯ ƒ––‹–—†‡• –‘™ƒ”†• ™Šƒ–‡˜‡” •’‡…‹ˆ‹… …‘–‡š– ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• Šƒ† ‹ MA ‹† ™Š‹Ž‡ …‘’Ž‡–‹‰ –Š‡ •…ƒŽ‡Ǥ ‡ •›•–‡ƒ–‹…ƒŽŽ› ‡šƒ‹‡ –Š‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹–› ‘ˆ   D „› ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‰ ‹–• ’ƒ––‡” ‘ˆ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’• ™‹–Š ƒ ˜‡”› ™‹†‡ ”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡• TE ƒ…”‘•• ƒ ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ‘ˆ †‹•’ƒ”ƒ–‡ …‘–‡š–•ǡ ‡š’Ž‘”‹‰ ‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–› „‘–Š ƒ• ƒ ‹†‡ƒŽ ƒ† ƒ• ƒ‹ˆ‡•–‡† ‹ •’‡…‹ˆ‹… ’‘Ž‹…‹‡• –‘™ƒ”†• ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ” ‰”‘—’•Ǥ ‡ ƒŽ•‘ ‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽŽ› AC CE P –‡•– ƒ ‹’‘”–ƒ– “—‡•–‹‘ ”ƒ‹•‡† „› ‹„Ž‡› ƒ† ‹— ȋʹͲͳͲȌ ƒ„‘—– ™Š‡–Š‡” ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘†‹ˆ‹‡† ‹•–”—…–‹‘• –‘ –Š‹ ‘Ž› ‘ˆ Dz‰”‘—’• ‹ ‰‡‡”ƒŽdz ‹• ”‡“—‹”‡† –‘ ‡•—”‡  ǯ• ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ ˜‹†‡…‡ –Šƒ–   ˆ—…–‹‘• ƒ• ƒ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œ‡† ‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘Ž› ™Š‡ ƒ†‹‹•–‡”‡† ™‹–Š ‹•–”—…–‹‘• –‘ –Š‹ ‘ˆ ‰”‘—’• ‹ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ™‘—Ž† „‡ …ƒ—•‡ ˆ‘” —…Š …‘…‡” ƒ‘‰ –Š‡ ƒ› ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• ™Š‘ Šƒ˜‡ —•‡† –Š‡ —‘†‹ˆ‹‡† •…ƒŽ‡ –‘ ‹†‡š •—…Š ƒ ‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ • ‡š’‡…–‡†ǡ ‘—” ”‡•—Ž–• ƒ”‡ …Ž‡ƒ” ‹ •—‰‰‡•–‹‰ ȋƒȌ –Šƒ–   ”‡’”‡•‡–• ƒ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œ‡† ‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘ –‘™ƒ”†• ‰”‘—’Ǧ„ƒ•‡† Š‹‡”ƒ”…Š›ǡ ƒ† ȋ„Ȍ –Šƒ– –Š‹• ’”‘’‡”–› ‹• ‘– †‡’‡†‡– ‘ •’‡…‹ˆ‹… ‹•–”—…–‹‘• –‘ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• –‘ –Š‹ ‘Ž› ‘ˆ ‰”‘—’• ‹ ‰‡‡”ƒŽǤ Š‡‘”‡–‹…ƒŽ ƒ† ’”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽ ‹’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘• ˆ‘” –Š‡ •–ƒ–—• ‘ˆ   ƒ”‡ †‹•…—••‡†Ǥ ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT   ǣ  ǣ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘ –‘™ƒ”†• ‰”‘—’Ǧ„ƒ•‡† Š‹‡”ƒ”…Š› ͵ • ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘•– ™‹†‡Ž› —•‡† ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡• ‹ •‘…‹ƒŽ ƒ† ’‡”•‘ƒŽ‹–› T ’•›…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ ‹– ‹• ‘– •—”’”‹•‹‰ –Šƒ– –Š‡”‡ Šƒ• „‡‡ —…Š †‡„ƒ–‡ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ NU SC RI P •‘…‹ƒŽ †‘‹ƒ…‡ ‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘ ȋ Ǣ ”ƒ––‘ǡ ‹†ƒ‹—•ǡ –ƒŽŽ™‘”–Šǡ Ƭ ƒŽŽ‡ǡ ͳͻͻͶȌǤ   Šƒ• „‡‡ †‡ˆ‹‡† ƒ• Dzƒ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œ‡† ‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘ –‘™ƒ”†• ƒ† †‡•‹”‡ ˆ‘” —‡“—ƒŽ ƒ† †‘‹ƒ–Ȁ•—„‘”†‹ƒ–‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘• ƒ‘‰ •ƒŽ‹‡– •‘…‹ƒŽ ‰”‘—’•ǡ ”‡‰ƒ”†Ž‡•• ‘ˆ ™Š‡–Š‡” –Š‹• ‹’Ž‹‡• ‹‰”‘—’ †‘‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘” •—„‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘dz ȋ”ƒ––‘ǡ ‹†ƒ‹—•ǡ Ƭ ‡˜‹ǡ ʹͲͲ͸ǡ ’Ǥ ʹͺʹȌǤ   Šƒ• „‡‡ •Š‘™ –‘ ”‡Žƒ–‡Ȅ ƒ…”‘•• ƒ ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ‘ˆ •ƒ’Ž‡•ǡ …‘—–”‹‡•ǡ ƒ† MA …‘–‡š–•Ȅ –‘ ƒ ˜ƒ•– ƒ””ƒ› ‘ˆ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•ǡ ‹…Ž—†‹‰ǡ ˆ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ”ƒ…‹•ǡ •‡š‹•ǡ D •—’’‘”– ˆ‘” ™ƒ”• ‘ˆ ƒ‰‰”‡••‹‘ǡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œ‡† ’”‡Œ—†‹…‡ǡ …ƒ”‡‡” …Š‘‹…‡ǡ ’Š›•‹‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ TE ƒ”‘—•ƒŽ –‘ ‘—–‰”‘—’ ˆƒ…‡•ǡ †‹•…”‹‹ƒ–‘”› „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ‹ ‹‹ƒŽ ‰”‘—’ ‡š’‡”‹‡–•ǡ ƒ–‹Ǧ‹•…‡‰‡ƒ–‹‘ ƒ––‹–—†‡•ǡ ‡’ƒ–Š›ǡ ƒ† ƒ…–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š‹ „”ƒ‹ ”‡‰‹‘• AC CE P ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘ •Šƒ”‡ ƒ† ˆ‡‡Ž …‘…‡” ˆ‘” ‘–Š‡”ǯ• ’ƒ‹ ȋ Ž–‡‡›‡”ǡ ͳͻͻͺǢ Š‹ƒ‘ǡ ƒ–Š—”ǡ Ƭ ƒ”ƒ†ƒǡ ʹͲͲͻǢ ”‡‡ǡ Š‘•‡ǡ ‹†ƒ‹—•ǡ –ƒ‡”Ž‡ǡ Ƭ ‘–ƒ‹ƒǡ ʹͲͲͻǢ ‘ǡ ‹†ƒ‹—•ǡ ”ƒ––‘ǡ ‡˜‹ǡ Š‘•‡ǡ –‡‹Ž›ǡ Ƭ Š‡‡Š›Ǧ‡ˆˆ‹‰–‘ǡ ‹ ’”‡••Ǣ … ƒ”Žƒ†ǡ ʹͲͳͲǢ … ƒ”Žƒ† Ƭ †‡Ž•‘ǡ ͳͻͻ͸Ǣ ƒ˜ƒ”‡––‡ ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲͻǢ ”ƒ––‘ ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ͳͻͻͶǡ ʹͲͲ͸Ǣ ‹†ƒ‹—• Ƭ ”ƒ––‘ǡ ͳͻͻͻȌǤ ‡•’‹–‡ ‹–• ™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ† ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ‹ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‹–‡”‰”‘—’ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•ǡ   Šƒ• „‡‡ –Š‡ •—„Œ‡…– ‘ˆ •—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ …”‹–‹…‹• ˆ”‘ •‘‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ …Š‹––ǡ ”ƒ•…‘„‡ǡ Ƭ ƒ’’‡ǡ ʹͲͲ͵Ǣ ‡Š‹ŽŽ‡” Ƭ …Š‹––ǡ ʹͲͲ͹Ǣ ”‹‡†Ž‡”ǡ ʹͲͲͷǢ —”‡” Ƭ ‡›‘Ž†•ǡ ʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ  ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”ǡ –Š‡•‡ ƒ—–Š‘”• Šƒ˜‡ †‹•’—–‡† –Š‡ ‘–‹‘ –Šƒ–   ”‡’”‡•‡–• ƒ ‡†—”‹‰ǡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œ‡† ’”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡ –‘™ƒ”†• Š‹‡”ƒ”…Š› ƒ† ‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡ ƒ† ‹•–‡ƒ†ǡ ’”‘’‘•‡ –Šƒ– ‹– •‹’Ž› ”‡ˆŽ‡…–• ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT   ǣ  ǣ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘ –‘™ƒ”†• ‰”‘—’Ǧ„ƒ•‡† Š‹‡”ƒ”…Š› Ͷ ƒ––‹–—†‡• –‘™ƒ”†• ™Šƒ–‡˜‡” •’‡…‹ˆ‹… ‰”‘—’ …ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œƒ–‹‘• ’‡‘’Ž‡ Šƒ˜‡ ‹ ‹† ™Š‹Ž‡ …‘’Ž‡–‹‰ –Š‡ •…ƒŽ‡Ǥ Š‹• ˜‹‡™ǡ ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡Ž› Žƒ„‡Ž‡† ƒ Dz…‘–‡š–—ƒŽ‹•–dz T …”‹–‹“—‡ ‘ˆ  ǡ –ƒ‡• ‹••—‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‹†‡ƒ –Šƒ– ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• Dz…ƒ””› ƒ”‘—†dzȄ ƒ…”‘•• NU SC RI P •‘…‹ƒŽ …‘–‡š–•Ȅ ƒ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œ‡† ƒ––‹–—†‡ ‘” ’”‡†‹•’‘•‹–‹‘ –‘™ƒ”†• ‰”‘—’Ǧ„ƒ•‡† Š‹‡”ƒ”…Š›Ǥ Š‡ …‘–‡š–—ƒŽ‹•– …”‹–‹“—‡ ‘ˆ   Šƒ• …‡–‡”‡† ƒ”‘—† –™‘ ”‡Žƒ–‡† ’‘‹–•Ǥ ‹”•–ǡ –Š‡•‡ ƒ—–Š‘”• ƒ”‰—‡ –Šƒ–   „‡Šƒ˜‡• †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž› ƒ• ƒ ˆ—…–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‘…‹ƒŽ …‘–‡š– ‹ ™Š‹…Š ‹– ‹• ‡ƒ•—”‡†Ǥ ’‘”–ƒ–Ž›ǡ –Š‡ ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ ‡ƒ•—”‡ ‘ˆ   ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ ‘Ǧ…ƒ–‡‰‘”›Ǧ •’‡…‹ˆ‹…Ȍ ’”‡†‹…–‡† ƒ •—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ ’”‘’‘”–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‹• „‡–™‡‡Ǧ’‡”•‘ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ MA ‹†‹…ƒ–‹‰ –Šƒ– –Š‹• ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ ‡ƒ•—”‡ ‘ˆ •—’’‘”– ˆ‘” ‰”‘—’Ǧ„ƒ•‡† Š‹‡”ƒ”…Š› ™ƒ• D Žƒ”‰‡Ž› ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ ˆ‘” ’‡”•‘ǦŽ‡˜‡Ž …‘•‹•–‡…‹‡• ‹ ƒ––‹–—†‡• –‘™ƒ”† •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‰”‘—’Ǧ TE •’‡…‹ˆ‹… ‡ƒ•—”‡•Ǥ  •—ǡ –Š‡ ƒ—–Š‘”• …‘…Ž—†‡† –Šƒ–ǡ …‘–”ƒ”› –‘ –Š‡ •–”‘‰ ˜‡”•‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ …‘–‡š–—ƒŽ‹•– …”‹–‹“—‡ǡ   ™ƒ• ‘– ƒ ‡”‡ ”‡ˆŽ‡…–‹‘ ‘ˆ ’”‹‘” ƒ––‹–—†‡• „—– AC CE P ”ƒ–Š‡” ”‡ˆŽ‡…–‡† ƒ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œ‡†ǡ ƒ„•–”ƒ…–‡† •—’’‘”– ˆ‘” ‰”‘—’Ǧ„ƒ•‡† Š‹‡”ƒ”…Š› ȋ•‡‡ ƒŽ•‘ –‡‹Ž›ǡ ‹†ƒ‹—•ǡ ƒ† ‡˜‹ǡ ʹͲͳͳȌǤ  ‹’‘”–ƒ– …ƒ˜‡ƒ– ‹• –Šƒ– ’”‹‘” –‘ ƒ••‡••‹‰ Ǯ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽǦ ǯ —•‹‰ –Š‡ —‘†‹ˆ‹‡†  ͸ •…ƒŽ‡ǡ ‹„Ž‡› ƒ† ‹— ȋʹͲͳͲȌ ‰ƒ˜‡ –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ‘˜‡Ž ‹•–”—…–‹‘ǣ Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ •–ƒ–‡‡–• ‡šƒ‹‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽȀ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ ‘’‹‹‘• ƒ„‘—– †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ƒŒ‘” •‘…‹ƒŽ ‰”‘—’• ‹ •‘…‹‡–›Ǥ ƒŒ‘” •‘…‹ƒŽ ‰”‘—’• ‹…Ž—†‡ ‰”‘—’• „ƒ•‡† ‘ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› ˆ‹š‡† …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•Ǥ Ž‡ƒ•‡ –”› –‘ ƒ•™‡” –Š‡•‡ “—‡•–‹‘• ™‹–Š ”‡‰ƒ”†• –‘ ƒŒ‘” •‘…‹ƒŽ ‰”‘—’• ‹ ‰‡‡”ƒŽǡ ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ –Š‹‹‰ ƒ„‘—– Œ—•– ‘‡ ‰”‘—’ ‹ ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ” ȋ’Ǥ ͳͷǡ ‡’Šƒ•‹• ‹ ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽȌǤ Š‡•‡ ‹•–”—…–‹‘• ™‡”‡ ‹…Ž—†‡† ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ Dz…Žƒ”‹ˆ› –Š‡ ‹–‡†‡† ‡ƒ•—”‡‡– ‘ˆ   ƒ• ƒ ‡ƒ•—”‡ ‘ˆ ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ ‘” ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œ‡† ƒ––‹–—†‡• ȋ’ǤͳͷȌǤdz  ǯ• •–ƒ†ƒ”† ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT   ǣ  ǣ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘ –‘™ƒ”†• ‰”‘—’Ǧ„ƒ•‡† Š‹‡”ƒ”…Š› ͺ ‹•–”—…–‹‘• •‹’Ž› ƒ• ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• –‘ ”ƒ–‡ –Š‡‹” Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ ƒ‰”‡‡‡– ™‹–Š –Š‡ •…ƒŽ‡ ‹–‡• ™‹–Š‘—– ƒ› ˆ—”–Š‡” •’‡…‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ • •—…Šǡ –Š‡ ƒ—–Š‘”• ™‡”‡ ‘Ž› ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ T …‘…Ž—†‡ –Šƒ– ™Š‡ ƒ••‡••‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ Ǯ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ‹•–”—…–‹‘•ǯǡ   ”‡ˆŽ‡…–• ƒ NU SC RI P ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œ‡† ƒ† ƒ„•–”ƒ…–‡† ‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘ –‘ ‰”‘—’Ǧ„ƒ•‡† Š‹‡”ƒ”…Š›Ǥ Š‹• Ž‡ƒ˜‡• ‘’‡ –Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ– “—‡•–‹‘ ‘ˆ ™Š‡–Š‡”   …‘–‹—‡• –‘ ‡ƒ•—”‡ ƒ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œ‡† ‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ ƒ„•‡…‡ ‘ˆ •—…Š ƒ ‹•–”—…–‹‘Ǥ †‡‡†ǡ ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š ‹„Ž‡› ƒ† ‹— ȋʹͲͳͲȌ ’”‡•…”‹„‡ –Š‡ ƒ††‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‹• ‹•–”—…–‹‘ ’”‹‘” –‘ –Š‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡‡– ‘ˆ  ǡ –Š‡› ‘–‡ –Šƒ– ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‹• ‡‡†‡† –‘ …‘’ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡…–• ‘ˆ   ™Š‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡† MA ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‘†‹ˆ‹‡† ˜•Ǥ •–ƒ†ƒ”† ‹•–”—…–‹‘•Ǥ ‹˜‡  ǯ• ™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ† —•‡ ‹ D ”‡•‡ƒ”…Šǡ ‡˜‹†‡…‡ –Šƒ– ‹– †‘‡• ‘– ˆ—…–‹‘ ƒ• ‹–‡†‡† ™‹–Š‘—– ‹…Ž—•‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ TE ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ‹•–”—…–‹‘ ™‘—Ž† „‡ ƒŒ‘” …ƒ—•‡ ˆ‘” …‘…‡”Ǥ ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ ˆ”‘ ƒ ’”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽ ’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡ǡ ‡’‹”‹…ƒŽ ‡˜‹†‡…‡ –Šƒ–   „‡Šƒ˜‡• ‘”‡ Ž‹‡ ƒ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œ‡† AC CE P ‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘ ™Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• ƒ”‡ ‡š’Ž‹…‹–Ž› –‘Ž† –‘ –Š‹ ‘ˆ ‰”‘—’• ‹ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ™‘—Ž† „‡ •–”‘‰ ‡˜‹†‡…‡ ‹ ˆƒ˜‘” ‘ˆ ‘†‹ˆ›‹‰ –Š‡ •–ƒ†ƒ”† ‹•–”—…–‹‘• ‘ˆ   ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‘•‡ Ž‹‡•Ǥ —” •–—†› •›•–‡ƒ–‹…ƒŽŽ› ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡• –Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ ‘ˆ  ǯ• ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹–›ǡ …‘–”‹„—–‹‰ –‘ ƒ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ‘‰‘‹‰ –Š‡‘”‡–‹…ƒŽ †‡„ƒ–‡ ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘•– ™‹†‡Ž›Ǧ—•‡† ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡• ‹ ’•›…Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ ’‘”–ƒ–Ž›ǡ ™‡ ƒ••‡••  ǯ• ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹–› ƒ• –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ› —•‡†ǡ ƒ† …‘’ƒ”‡ ‹– –‘  ǯ• ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹–› ™Š‡ ƒ••‡••‡† ™‹–Š ‹„Ž‡› ƒ† ‹—ǯ• ȋʹͲͳͲȌ ‘†‹ˆ‹‡† ‹•–”—…–‹‘•Ǥ ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ ™Š‡”‡ƒ• ‹„Ž‡› ƒ† ‹— ȋʹͲͳͲȌ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡† –Š‡ ’ƒ––‡” ‘ˆ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’• „‡–™‡‡   ƒ† ƒ––‹–—†‡• –‘™ƒ”†• –Š”‡‡ •’‡…‹ˆ‹… …‘–‡š–•ǡ ™‡ ‡šƒ‹‡ –Š‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹–› ‘ˆ   ƒ• ‹– ƒ’’Ž‹‡• –‘ ƒ ™‹†‡ ”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ …‘•‡“—‡–‹ƒŽ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•ǡ •’‡…‹ˆ‹…ƒŽŽ› …Š‘•‡ –‘ •’ƒ ƒ ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT   ǣ  ǣ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘ –‘™ƒ”†• ‰”‘—’Ǧ„ƒ•‡† Š‹‡”ƒ”…Š› ͻ ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ‘ˆ ‹–‡”‰”‘—’ …‘–‡š–•Ǥ Š‡ …”‹–‡”‹‘ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡• ™‡ …Š‘‘•‡ ƒŽ•‘ ƒŽŽ‘™ —• –‘ ‡š’Ž‘”‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡• –‘™ƒ”†• ‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–› „‘–Š ƒ• ƒ ’”‹…‹’Ž‡ǡ ƒ† ƒ• ƒ‹ˆ‡•–‡† ‹ T •’‡…‹ˆ‹… ’‘Ž‹…‹‡• –‘™ƒ”†• ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ” ‰”‘—’•Ǥ NU SC RI P ›’‘–Š‡•‡• Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š –Šƒ– Šƒ• ˆ‘—† ƒ …‘–‡š–—ƒŽ ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡ ‘   Šƒ• ‡š’Ž‹…‹–Ž› ƒ––‡’–‡† –‘ ’”‹‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• –‘ –Š‹ ‘ˆ ‘‡ ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ” …‘–‡š–Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ …Š‹–– ‡– ƒŽǤ ȋʹͲͲ͵ǡ •–—†› ʹȌ ˆ‘—† –Šƒ– ”ƒ…‹• „—– ‘– •‡š‹• ™ƒ• ƒ —‹“—‡ ’”‡†‹…–‘” ‘ˆ   ™Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• ™‡”‡ •’‡…‹ˆ‹…ƒŽŽ› ƒ†‡ –‘ –Š‹ ƒ„‘—– ”ƒ…‹ƒŽ MA ‰”‘—’• ’”‹‘” –‘ …‘’Ž‡–‹‰ –Š‡  ͸ •…ƒŽ‡Ǥ †‡‡†ǡ ‹– ‹• •’‡…‹ˆ‹…ƒŽŽ› ‹ –Š‡•‡ —‹“—‡ D …ƒ•‡•Ȅ ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡–‡” Šƒ• ’—”’‘•‡Ž› ƒ––‡’–‡† –‘ ‘†‹ˆ› –Š‡ ‡ƒ‹‰ ‘ˆ TE  Ȅ –Šƒ– ‹–• ‡ˆˆ‡…–• Šƒ˜‡ •‘‡–‹‡• „‡‡ ˆ‘—† –‘ „‡ ‘†‡”ƒ–‡†Ǥ Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• ƒ”‡ ‘– ˆ‘”…‡† –‘ –Š‹ ƒ„‘—– ƒ› •’‡…‹ˆ‹… …‘–‡š–ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ   Šƒ• AC CE P „‡‡ ‘„•‡”˜‡† –‘ ”‡Žƒ–‡ –‘ ƒ —Ž–‹–—†‡ ‘ˆ “—‹–‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– …‘•–”—…–•ǡ ƒŽŽ ‡ƒ•—”‡† ‹ ‘‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ •‹––‹‰ ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ‘ ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ‹ ’”‡••Ǣ ”ƒ––‘ ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ͳͻͻͶǢ ‹†ƒ‹—•ǡ ‡˜‹ǡ Ƭ ”ƒ––‘ǡ ͳͻͻ͸ƒȌǤ Š‡ …‘–‡š–—ƒŽ‹•– …”‹–‹…• ‘ˆ   Šƒ˜‡ȄŠ‡Ž’ˆ—ŽŽ›Ȅ •Š‘™ –Šƒ– –Š‡ •…ƒŽ‡ …ƒ „‡ ƒ†‡ –‘ ‡ƒ•—”‡ •‘‡–Š‹‰ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– –Šƒ ‹– ™ƒ• ‹–‡†‡† –‘Ǥ  –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” Šƒ†ǡ •‘‡‘‡ ™Š‘ǡ ƒˆ–‡” „‡‹‰ ƒ†‡ –‘ •‡ŽŽ ƒ ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž› •–”‘‰ ’‡”ˆ—‡ ‹ ƒ †‡’ƒ”–‡– •–‘”‡ǡ …ƒ‘– ’”‘’‡”Ž› •‡ŽŽ –Š‡ ‡š–ǡ ™‘—Ž† ‘– ‰‘ •‘ ˆƒ” ƒ• –‘ …Žƒ‹ –Šƒ– –Š‡ Š—ƒ ‘•‡ ‹• ‘– ƒ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œ‡† •…‡– †‡–‡…–‘”Ǥ ‡”Šƒ’• –Š‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ‹•–”—…–‹‘• •—‰‰‡•–‡† „› ‹„Ž‡› ƒ† ‹— ȋʹͲͳͲȌ …‘—Ž† •‡”˜‡ –Š‡ ”‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ …‘ˆˆ‡‡ „‡ƒ• •‘‡–‹‡• ’”‘˜‹†‡† ƒ– ’‡”ˆ—‡”‹‡•ǣ ™ƒ•Š‹‰ ‘—– ’”‡˜‹‘—• Ǯ•…‡–•ǯ ƒ† Ǯ”‡•–‘”‹‰ǯ –Š‡   •…ƒŽ‡ ȋ–Š‡ ‡–ƒ’Š‘”‹…ƒŽ ‘•‡Ȍ –‘ Ǯ‘”ƒŽ ˆ—…–‹‘ǯǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –‘ –Š‡ ‡š–‡– –Šƒ– ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• Šƒ˜‡ ‘– „‡‡ ’—”’‘•‡Ž› ‡š’‘•‡† –‘ ƒ •’‡…‹ˆ‹… ’”‹‡ –‘ ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT   ǣ  ǣ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘ –‘™ƒ”†• ‰”‘—’Ǧ„ƒ•‡† Š‹‡”ƒ”…Š› ͳͲ –Š‡ …‘–”ƒ”› ȋ‘” ‘‡ǯ• ‘•‡ –‘ ƒ •ƒŽ‡•ƒǯ• ƒ••‡”–‹˜‡ •’”ƒ›Ȍǡ ™‡ •‡‡ ‘ …‘’‡ŽŽ‹‰ ”‡ƒ•‘ –‘ ‡š’‡…– –Šƒ– –Š‡   •…ƒŽ‡ ™‹ŽŽ ”‡“—‹”‡ ƒ› ”‡Ǧ…ƒŽ‹„”ƒ–‹‘ ȋ‘” ƒ ™Š‹ˆˆ ‘ˆ • •—…Šǡ ™‡ Š›’‘–Š‡•‹œ‡† –Šƒ–Ȅ ‹ –Š‡ ƒ„•‡…‡ ‘ˆ ƒ› •’‡…‹ˆ‹… T –Š‘•‡ …‘ˆˆ‡‡ „‡ƒ•ǨȌǤ NU SC RI P ’”‹‡ –‘ –Š‹ ‘ˆ ‘‡ ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ” …‘–‡š–Ȅ ȋͳƒȌ   ™‘—Ž† ”‡ˆŽ‡…– ƒ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œ‡† ‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘ –‘™ƒ”†• ‰”‘—’Ǧ„ƒ•‡† Š‹‡”ƒ”…Š›ǡ ƒ† ȋͳ„Ȍ –Šƒ– ‹– ™‘—Ž† …‘””‡Žƒ–‡ ™‹–Š ƒ ˜‡”› ™‹†‡ ”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ‹–‡”‰”‘—’ …‘•–”—…–•Ǥ ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ ™‡ ˆ—”–Š‡” ‡š’‡…–‡† ȋʹȌ –Šƒ–   ‡ƒ•—”‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ •–ƒ†ƒ”† ‹•–”—…–‹‘ ™‘—Ž† ‡šŠ‹„‹– –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ’ƒ––‡” ‘ˆ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’• ™‹–Š ‘–Š‡” ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡• ƒ•   ‡ƒ•—”‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ‹•–”—…–‹‘•Ǥ MA ‡–Š‘† D ‡ ”‡…”—‹–‡† ͵͸͵ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• ȋƒ‰‡ α ͵ʹǤͷǡ ͸ͲΨ ˆ‡ƒŽ‡Ȍ ‘ ƒœ‘ǯ• —” TE ’Žƒ–ˆ‘”ǡ ƒ ”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ† Š‹‰ŠǦ“—ƒŽ‹–› ’Žƒ–ˆ‘” ˆ‘” –Š‡ ”‡…”—‹–‡– ‘ˆ †‹˜‡”•‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ– •ƒ’Ž‡• ȋ —Š”‡•–‡”ǡ ™ƒ‰ǡ Ƭ ‘•Ž‹‰ǡ ʹͲͳͳȌǤ ŽŽ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• ™‡”‡ AC CE P ”‡•‹†‡–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ǤǤǡ ™‹–Š ͹͹Ψ ‘ˆ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• Š‹–‡ ‡”‹…ƒ•ǡ ͹Ǥ͹Ψ •‹ƒ ‡”‹…ƒ•ǡ ͸ǤʹΨ ˆ”‹…ƒ ‡”‹…ƒ•ǡ ͵ǤͷΨ ƒ–‹‘ ‡”‹…ƒ•ǡ ͵ǤʹΨ „‹”ƒ…‹ƒŽȀ‹š‡† ”ƒ…‡ǡ Ǥ͸ Ψ ”ƒ„ ‡”‹…ƒ•ǡ Ǥ͸Ψ ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡”‹…ƒ•ǡ ƒ† ͳǤʹ Ψ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• ‹†‹…ƒ–‹‰ Ǯ‘–Š‡”ǯǤ ‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡† ‹„Ž‡› ƒ† ‹—ǯ• ȋʹͲͳͲȌ ‡–Š‘† ƒ• …Ž‘•‡Ž› ƒ• ’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ Š—•ǡ ™‡ ƒ••‡••‡† ‘—” …‘•–”—…–• ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ‘”†‡”ǣ ˆ‹”•–ǡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• ™‡”‡ ƒ•‡† –‘ …‘’Ž‡–‡ –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ  ͸ •…ƒŽ‡ ȋ”ƒ––‘ ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ͳͻͻͶȌǤ ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• ”ƒ†‘Ž› ”‡…‡‹˜‡† ‡‹–Š‡” ȋƒȌ –Š‡ •–ƒ†ƒ”† ‹•–”—…–‹‘• –›’‹…ƒŽŽ› ƒ……‘’ƒ›‹‰ –Š‡  ͸ •…ƒŽ‡ǡ ‘” ȋ„Ȍ ‹„Ž‡› ƒ† ‹—ǯ• ȋʹͲͳͲȌ Ǯ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ‹•–”—…–‹‘•ǯǤ ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• …‘’Ž‡–‡† ƒŽŽ ͳ͸ ‹–‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡  ͸ •…ƒŽ‡ ȋ•‡‡ ƒ„Ž‡ ͳ ˆ‘” ƒŽŽ •…ƒŽ‡ ‡ƒ•ǡ ‹–‡”…‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘• ƒ† ”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ȌǤ —„•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• …‘’Ž‡–‡† ‡ƒ…Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ –Š”‡‡ ‰”‘—’Ǧ•’‡…‹ˆ‹… ‘†‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡  ͸ •…ƒŽ‡ …”‡ƒ–‡† „› ‹„Ž‡› ƒ† ‹— ȋʹͲͳͲȌǣ ƒ‰‡Ǧ•’‡…‹ˆ‹…  ǡ ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT   ǣ  ǣ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘ –‘™ƒ”†• ‰”‘—’Ǧ„ƒ•‡† Š‹‡”ƒ”…Š› ͳͳ ‰‡†‡”Ǧ•’‡…‹ˆ‹…  ǡ ƒ† ”ƒ…‡Ǧ•’‡…‹ˆ‹…  Ǥ ‡ –Š‡ ƒ••‡••‡† ƒ ˜‡”› ™‹†‡ ”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡• ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ™Š‹…Š –‘ –‡•– –Š‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹–› ‘ˆ  ǣ ™‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡† Š‘•–‹Ž‡ T ƒ† „‡‡˜‘Ž‡– •‡š‹• ȋ Ž‹… Ƭ ‹•‡ǡ ͳͻͻ͸Ȍǡ ’”‘Ǧ™ƒ” ƒ––‹–—†‡• ȋ‹†ƒ‹—• Ƭ ‹—ǡ NU SC RI P ͳͻͻʹȌǡ •—’’‘”– ˆ‘” –Š‡ ’‡”•‡…—–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹‹‰”ƒ–• ȋ Ǣ Ž–‡‡›‡”ǡ ͳͻͻ͸Ǣ ƒ†ƒ’–‡† „› Š‘•‡ǡ ”‡‡ǡ Ƭ ‹†ƒ‹—•ǡ ʹͲͲͺȌǡ •—’’‘”– ˆ‘” –Š‡ †‡ƒ–Š ’‡ƒŽ–› ȋ‹†ƒ‹—•ǡ ‹–…Š‡ŽŽǡ ƒŽ‡›ǡ Ƭ ƒ˜ƒ””‡–‡ǡ ʹͲͲ͸Ȍǡ ’—‹–‹˜‡‡•• ȋ‹†ƒ‹—• ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲ͸Ȍǡ •—’’‘”– ˆ‘” ”ƒ…‹ƒŽ ’‘Ž‹…›ǡ •—’’‘”– ˆ‘” ƒˆˆ‹”ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ…–‹‘ ȋƒŽ‡› Ƭ ‹†ƒ‹—•ǡ ʹͲͲ͸Ȍǡ •—’’‘”– ˆ‘” ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ǡ •—’’‘”– ˆ‘” Š‹‡”ƒ”…Š›Ǧ‡Šƒ…‹‰ Œ‘„• ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ƒ‰‡–Ǣ ‹†ƒ‹—•ǡ ”ƒ––‘ǡ MA ‹…Žƒ‹”ǡ Ƭ ƒ ƒƒ”ǡ ͳͻͻ͸„Ȍǡ •—’’‘”– ˆ‘” Š‹‡”ƒ”…Š›Ǧƒ––‡—ƒ–‹‰ Œ‘„• ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ …‹˜‹Ž ”‹‰Š–• D Žƒ™›‡”Ǣ ‹†ƒ‹—• ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ͳͻͻ͸„Ȍǡ •—’’‘”– ˆ‘” –Š‡ ’”‹…‹’Ž‡ ‘ˆ Ž‡‰ƒ…› ƒ†‹••‹‘• ƒ– TE —‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ ƒ† ’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ …‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹•Ǥ ‡ ƒŽ•‘ ‹…Ž—†‡† ƒ •…ƒŽ‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡ ’—”’‘•‡• ‘ˆ –Š‹• •–—†›ǡ ‹–‡†‡† –‘ ‡ƒ•—”‡ •—’’‘”– ˆ‘” —‡“—ƒŽ †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ ‘ˆ AC CE P ”‡•‘—”…‡• ‹ ƒ ‡™ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ ȋ•‡‡ ’’‡†‹š ˆ‘” ’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž› —’—„Ž‹•Š‡† ‡ƒ•—”‡•ȌǤ Š‹• ‹–‡ •Š‘—Ž† ’”‘˜‹†‡ ƒ ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž› ‰‘‘† –‡•– ‘ˆ ™Š‡–Š‡”   ‡ƒ•—”‡• ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ƒ––‹–—†‡• –‘™ƒ”† Š‹‡”ƒ”…Š›ǡ ƒ• ”‡•’‘†‡–• •Š‘—Ž† ‘– Šƒ˜‡ ’”‡Ǧ‡š‹•–‹‰ ƒ––‹–—†‡• ƒ„‘—– ‰”‘—’• –Šƒ– Šƒ˜‡ ‘– ›‡– „‡‡ ˆ‘”‡†Ǥ ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ ‰‹˜‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ •…ƒŽ‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡• ƒ––‹–—†‡• –‘™ƒ”†• Š‹‡”ƒ”…Š‹…ƒŽ †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ ‘ˆ ”‡•‘—”…‡• ƒ– ƒ ˆ‹…–‹‘ƒŽ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ ™‹–Š ‘ ”‡ƒŽǦ™‘”Ž† ‹’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘• ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– –‘ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–ǡ –Š‹• ‹–‡ •Š‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ ‰‘‘† ‡ƒ•—”‡ ‘ˆ •—’’‘”– ˆ‘” –Š‡ ’”‹…‹’Ž‡ ȋ‘” ‹†‡ƒŽȌ ‘ˆ Š‹‡”ƒ”…Š›Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• ™‡”‡ ƒ•‡† –‘ ‹†‹…ƒ–‡ †‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹… ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‹…Ž—†‹‰ –Š‡‹” ƒ‰‡ǡ ‰‡†‡”ǡ ‡–Š‹…‹–›ǡ ƒ† ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ ‡•—Ž–• ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT