History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura, Ca 150 BCE 100 CE STUDIES IN ASIAN ART AND ARCHAEOLOGY CONTINUATION OF STUDIES IN SOUTH ASIAN CULTURE EDITED BY JAN FONTEIN VOLUME XXV SONYA RHIE QUINTANIL.
STUDIES IN ASIAN ART AND ARCHAEOLOGY CONTINUATION OF STUDIES IN SOUTH ASIAN CULTURE EDITED BY JAN FONTEIN VOLUME XXV SONYA RHIE QUINTANILLA HISTORY OF EARLY STONE SCULPTURE AT MATHURA, CA 150 BCE-100 CE HISTORY OF EARLY STONE SCULPTURE AT MATHURA, CA 150 BCE-100 CE BY SONYA RHIE QUINTANILLA WITH A PREFACE BY PRAMOD CHANDRA LEIDEN • BOSTON 2007 Funding for this publication was provided by The Neil Kreitman Foundation and The San Diego Museum of Art This book is printed on acid-free paper Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Quintanilla, Sonya Rhie History of early stone sculpture at Mathura, ca 150 BCE-100 CE / Sonya Rhie Quintanilla ; with a preface by Pramod Chandra p cm — (Studies in Asian art and archaeology, ISSN 1380-782X ; v 25) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN-13: 978-90-04-15537-4 ISBN-10: 90-04-15537-6 (hardback : alk paper) Sculpture, Mathura Sculpture, Ancient—India—Mathura Stone carving—India—Mathura Decoration and ornament, Architectural—India—Mathura I Title NB1008.M3Q56 2006 732’.44—dc22 2006049268 ISSN 1380-782X ISBN-13: 978 90 04 15537 ISBN-10: 90 04 15537 © Copyright 2007 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910 Danvers MA 01923, USA Fees are subject to change printed in the netherlands To my parents CONTENTS List of Figures Preface by Pramod Chandra Acknowledgements List of Abbreviations Introduction xiii xxxvii xxxix xli xliii Chapter One Evidence for Stone Sculpture at Mathura Before the Mid-Second Century BCE Findings from Archaeological Excavations Textual Evidence Sculptural Evidence 1 Chapter Two Abstracted Forms: The ‘Bharhut Style’ of the Mathura Region (Ca 150 BCE) Dating the ‘Bharhut Style’ The Dhanabhuti Inscription Date of the Bharhut Style Architectural Sculpture Railing Pillar with Yakßì from Mehrauli Bas Relief Panel with a Male Cauri Bearer Rail Post with Stùpa Worship Fragments of Two Tympana Baluster with Two Addorsed Female Worshippers Crossbar Medallion with Elephant and Riders Iconic Statues Yakßa Ma»ibhadra from Parkham and Yakßa from Baroda Village Yakßa from Palwal Standing Nàga 8 10 13 14 15 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 32 33 Chapter Three Iconographic Diversification and Narrative Maturation (Ca 120–75 BCE) Architectural Sculpture: Gateways Gateway Architraves Architrave from Ka«kàlì-ˇìlà: Centaurs Worship a Jaina Stùpa Architrave from Ka«kàlì-ˇìlà: Dance of Nìlàđjanà and the Renunciation of °ßabhanàtha Architrave from Katrà: Brahmins with Pots in a Sacred Precinct Gateway Balusters Baluster from Bayana: Male Worshippers Balusters from Rànipur: Male Worshippers 36 37 37 38 41 47 50 51 51 viii contents Gateway Brackets Brackets from Kaôklỡ-ỡl: Yakòỡ on Gaằa and Yakòỡ on Elephant Protome Gateway Pillars Tora»a Pillars from Amin: Mithuna and Yakßa Kàmaloka Pillar Doorjambs Doorjambs with Mithunas Architectural Sculpture: Railings Rail Posts Rail Post with a Yakßì Tying Her Sash and a Narrative Roundel Rail Post from Hathìn: Yakßa and Roundel with the Dream of Mà Rail Post from Bhadas: Yakßa and Non-Narrative Roundel Rail Post from Kuwanwaligali: Cauri Bearer Corner Post from Ka«kàlì-ˇìlà: Veneration of a Lion Pillar, Musicians and Dancer, Amorous Scenes Upright with Mithuna and Female Onlooker Fragmentary Post with Caityav‰kßa Rail Post with a Horse and Rider in a Medallion Railing Crossbars Crossbar with Bodhighara Crossbar with Naramakara and Duck Crossbar with Horse and Female Rider Crossbar with the Head of a Yakßa Coping Stones Unidentified Architectural Fragments Bas Relief Depicting the Va»»upatha Jàtaka Man Driving a Bull Relief of a Kinnara Bearing Offerings Flying Ardhaphàlaka Monk and Kinnara Iconic Statues Bas Relief of a Yakßa Holding a Sword and a Worshipper Agni and Yakßa Holding a Sword, from Bharana Kalan Yakßa from Hariparvat-ˇìlà Two Yakßas from Noh Yakßa from Virabai and Mathura Museum Yakßa Head of a Yakßa in the Cleveland Museum of Art Yakßì from Jhingki-Nagara Balaràma from Jansuti Possible Balaràma from Nanakpur Pàr≤vanàtha and Attendant 51 52 53 54 55 59 60 61 61 61 65 67 67 68 71 72 73 73 74 74 75 75 76 76 76 78 79 79 81 82 84 87 88 90 90 91 92 93 93 contents Chapter Four Àyàgapa†as: Defining the Framework Characteristics and Classification of Àyàgapa†as Original Context for the Installation of Àyàgapa†as Function of Àyàgapa†as Chronology Ca 150–75 BCE •imitrà Àyàgapa†a Okara»a Àyàgapa†a; Àyàgapa†a Fragment with Running Animals; Àyàgapa†a Fragment with Knotted Rhizome, Sthàpana, and Nandyàvarta Ca 75–37 BCE Fragment of -tusikà Àyàgapa†a Bhikhu Phagula •ilà Shimla Museum Àyàgapa†a, Àyàgapa†a Fragment with Cakra Year Twenty-One Àyàgapa†a Àyàgapa†a Fragment with A≤oka Flowers Ca 20 BCE Dhanamitra Àyàgapa†a, Màtharaka Àyàgapa†a Ferenc Hopp Museum Àyàgapa†a Àyàgapa†a Fragment with Overlapping Rosette or Palmette Border The Reign of •o∂àsa: Ca 15 CE Amohini Àyavati Pàr≤vanàtha Àyàgapa†a Nàádighoßa Àyàgapa†a British Museum Àyàgapa†a Ca 25–50 CE Sihanaádikà Àyàgapa†a and Acalà Àyàgapa†a Ca 75–100 CE Chaubiàpàdà Àyàgapa†a Amoghadatta Àyàgapa†a Àyàgapa†a Fragment with Grapevine Border •ivaya≤a Àyàgapa†a, Vasu •ilàpa†a Laghaka Àyàgapa†a Second and Third Centuries CE Jìvanàádà Àyàgapa†a Ka»a Plaque Ko¬iya Ga»a Àyàgapa†a Summary Chapter Five The Emergence of Naturalism (Ca 50–20 BCE) Architectural Sculpture Male Figure Riding a Griffin Architrave with Makara, Dragon-Legged Composite Figure, and Lotus Rhizome ix 97 97 98 100 103 103 103 105 107 107 108 109 111 113 114 114 118 119 119 120 123 124 126 126 126 129 129 134 134 135 138 138 138 139 140 140 142 144 144 145 Fig 290 Architrave fragment with three men and elephant riders, from Mathura, Uttar Pradesh; ca 50 CE Buff sandstone; H 1' × 1' 9" (30 × 54 cm) Government Museum, Mathura; S.N 203 Photo: American Institute of Indian Studies Fig 291 Naigamểin architrave, from Kkl½-½l, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh; ca 75100 CE Red sandstone; H 10" × 1' 10" (25 × 55 cm) State Museum, Lucknow; J.626/528 Photo: American Institute of Indian Studies Fig 292 Detail of Fig 291 Photo: S R Quintanilla Fig 293 Detail of Fig 291 Photo: S R Quintanilla Fig 294 Reverse of Fig 291 Photo: American Institute of Indian Studies Fig 295 Indraãaila architrave, from Mathura, Uttar Pradesh; ca 75100 CE Red sandstone; H ẵ" ì W 8' (19 ì 252 cm) Government Museum, Mathura; M.3 Photo: From L Bachhofer, Early Indian Sculpture, Pl 104 Fig 296 Indraãaila architrave, from Mathura, Uttar Pradesh; ca 75100 CE Red sandstone; H ẵ" ì W 8' (19 × 252 cm) Government Museum, Mathura; M.3 Photo: From L Bachhofer, Early Indian Sculpture, Pl 104 Fig 297 Detail of Fig 295 Photo: S R Quintanilla Fig 298 Detail of Fig 295 Photo: S R Quintanilla Fig 299 Detail of Fig 296 Photo: American Institute of Indian Studies Fig 300 Detail of Fig 296 Photo: American Institute of Indian Studies Fig 301 Detail of Fig 296 Photo: American Institute of Indian Studies Fig 302 Buddhist pedestal with Indra and Brahm, from Mathura, Uttar Pradesh; ca 50100 CE Buff sandstone; H 28" × W 33" (71 × 83.82 cm) State Museum, Lucknow; B.18 Photo: S R Quintanilla Fig 303 Harvard Buddha triad, from Mathura, Uttar Pradesh; ca 75100 CE Spotted red sandstone; H 7" × W 8ẵ" (18.5 ì 21.5 cm) Harvard University, Arthur M Sackler Museum, Ernst B and Helen Pratt Dane Fund for the Acquisition of Oriental Art, 1982.51 Photo: S R Quintanilla Fig 304 Nga, from Mathura, Uttar Pradesh; ca 75100 CE Buff sandstone; H 3' 7" (1.07 m) Government Museum, Mathura; 17.1257 Photo: S R Quintanilla Fig 305 Standing male divinity, from Ganeãar, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh; ca 75100 CE Red sandstone; H 9½ (3 m) State Museum, Lucknow; B.12 Photo: American Institute of Indian Studies Fig 306 Reverse of Fig 305 Photo: S R Quintanilla Fig 307 Yakå½, from Mathura, Uttar Pradesh; ca 75100 CE Red sandstone; H 4' (124.4 cm) The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J H Wade Fund 1968.104 Photo: © The Cleveland Museum of Art Fig 308 Reverse of Fig 307 Photo: S R Quintanilla Fig 309 Pedestal of Mahv½ra, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh; 113 or 114 CE (Year 299) Pink sandstone State Museum, Lucknow; J.2 Photo: S R Quintanilla Fig 310 Detail of Fig 309 Photo: S R Quintanilla ... CONTINUATION OF STUDIES IN SOUTH ASIAN CULTURE EDITED BY JAN FONTEIN VOLUME XXV SONYA RHIE QUINTANILLA HISTORY OF EARLY STONE SCULPTURE AT MATHURA, CA 150 BCE- 100 CE HISTORY OF EARLY STONE SCULPTURE. .. Museum of Art This book is printed on acid-free paper Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Quintanilla, Sonya Rhie History of early stone sculpture at Mathura, ca 150 BCE- 100 CE / Sonya. .. SCULPTURE AT MATHURA, CA 150 BCE- 100 CE BY SONYA RHIE QUINTANILLA WITH A PREFACE BY PRAMOD CHANDRA LEIDEN • BOSTON 2007 Funding for this publication was provided by The Neil Kreitman Foundation and