Tài liệu hạn chế xem trước, để xem đầy đủ mời bạn chọn Tải xuống
1
/ 11 trang
THÔNG TIN TÀI LIỆU
Thông tin cơ bản
Định dạng
Số trang
11
Dung lượng
33 KB
Nội dung
Foreword James Elkins A reviewer once said that Eduardo Kac’s work is six degrees of separation from every important issue of our time. It is an accurate remark. I imagine some readers will have picked up this book because they know Kac’s work, and others will be hoping to learn something about bioart or telepresence; but there will also be readers for whom this book’s subtitle is a red flag, a warning that indicates the book is meant for people with a special interest in technology Wariness of new media is a traditional accompaniment of modernism, and in some respects it’s even a necessary element of modernism. Now, at the beginning of the twentyfirst century, modernist wariness about new media has largely evaporated (which is not the same as saying it leaves no unsolved problems in its wake, or that it’s been done away with once and for all), and yet suspicion about technology remains Those who are convinced of the importance of film, video, performance, and conceptual art may still resist work that depends on code, pixels, or genes. I suspect the current slight but pervasive mistrust of digital media is a ghostly aftereffect of modernism’s dislike of technology If you find yourself agreeing with Heidegger’s critique of technology, then this book may indeed have little to say to you. If you feel, like Heidegger, that technology masks fuller senses of experience, then the subjects covered in this book may seem like attempts to conceal, or escape from, life and art in a broader sense. But I wonder how many people who avoid electronic arts exhibitions actually read Heidegger, and how many people have managed to keep the digital portions of their life sequestered from the artistic parts. I think, in other words, that the mistrust of digital arts is sometimes—not always—a matter of old and unexamined habits. Given all that, I’d like to use this Foreword to address readers who might have some lingering skepticism about the potential relevance of technologicallyoriented media. Readers who already accept such art may find something of use here as well, especially those who feel that the question of relevance is asked and answered, and there are effectively no divides between the digital and the rest of art—what the digital calls the analog. I’ll mention three fields of crucial interest to contemporary theorizing on fine art that apply just as well—and in most cases, better—to the work Kac discusses than they to the media with which they are normally associated. These are three reasons why mainstream art theory, criticism, and history should take notice of the developments in this book as if they did not require a separate book of their own—as if they were simply and immediately examples of art History This is an unusual book, because Kac has participated in the movements he discusses. He is an artist and also, at times, an historian. The combination is rare. A comparison might be made to Robert Motherwell, except that as an historian he was more concerned with surrealism than the art of his own generation: he separated documentation from creation in a way that Kac does not. Eugène Fromentin might be another example, and among nearcontemporaries there are Meyer Schapiro, Leo Steinberg, and David Summers It’s a short list The closest comparisons may be to MoholyNagy, or to Paul Signac, who wrote a history of French painting up to and including his own generation, or—though he’s not much of an historian—Frank Stella (I thank Margaret MacNamidhe for suggesting Fromentin and Signac.) Kac does not consider himself an historian, but it might be more accurate to say that his practice includes the making of art as well as its discussion: research into what other people do and have done is part of his working process. At the same time, Kac has a perspective on this material that isn’t quite what scholars might have. Rachel Greene’s book on internet art, for example, is oriented partly to politicals and partly to formal innovation. Similar emphases can be found in books by Julian Stallabrass, Oliver Grau, Christiane Paul, Nick Monfort and Noah WardripFruin, and Stephen Wilson. This book has an interest, too: a theory, a common thread that binds the narrative. That interest is, in one word, communication. Kac is concerned to find new forms of communication, and that takes him into semiotics, linguistics, communication theory, and especially what he calls dialogism Dialogism In his art and writing, Kac is singularly uninterested in oneway communication of the sort in which the work “speaks” to the silent viewer (I imagine he is also disapproving of the classical music scene, where nothing more articulate than clapping is required of an audience.) The works described in this book share its author’s concern with the elaboration of new communities, new kinds of collaboration, new dialogical interactions. Those interests become radical when the thing being communicated with is not another person, but a software code, a robot, or something that’s alive but isn’t human. For Kac the theorist (of his own work and that of others) there is a necessary progression from onedirectional work like academic painting (in which meaning seems to flow to a silent viewer) through bidirectional work like some performance, telepresence, and telerobotics (where the audience becomes a participant, and the performers can become the audience), to bidirectional work that reaches outside the human It’s a genealogy whose sturdiness has yet to be tested: the link between the second and third is an historical hypothesis, a proposal for a genealogy of art. The three parts of this book rehearse the genealogy, and it will be up to each reader to decide if the theme of dialogism finds its logical end in works that explore the boundaries of the living and nonliving or incorporate “dialogic” animals like the dog. One question, then, is whether the investigation of new forms of dialogical understanding inevitably leads toward the investigation of new forms of life. Another is the link between dialogism, as Kac explores it, and similar concepts used outside telepresence, telerobotics, and bioart. In the 1990s, for example, JeanLuc Nancy’s work on community became increasingly important, not least for critics and artists involved in the creation of new artistic communities. Queer theorists such as John Rico have used work like Nancy’s to rethink the role of communities in the art world In psychoanalysis, Lacan’s theories of vision, elaborated from Sartre’s and Heidegger’s, provide a basis for thinking of visual communication as inherently dialogic. The dialogic nature of artworks could also be theorized through Derrida’s critique of logocentrism and writing; alternates to logocentrism were elaborated in the 1990s by a number of writers including Eduardo Cadava and Whitney Davis. The lack of dialogism in older art has also been critiqued by artists such as Barbara Kruger, and the emergence of collaborations has been theorized by artisthistorians like Charles Green and historians such as Renée Hubert. Originally, dialogism entered the critical dialogue through Mikhail Bakhtin and—less frequently cited but just as important—Martin Buber. Perhaps it will seem best, in the future, to think of the works documented in this book as exemplifications of broader ideas of dialogue: but it is also possible that Kac’s model, which is theorized principally from Baudrillard, Virilio, semiotics, and communication theory, will prove the most fundamental approach Aesthetics You won’t find much discussion in this book about aesthetics, because the communication model of art is preeminent. What matters is the form and novelty of the communication itself, rather than its affective value Kac doesn’t make works in order to communicate qualities such as beauty, ugliness, revulsion, or attraction He makes them, I take it, in order to explore new configurations of speaker and listener, language, message, and symbolic system. He is, to coin an expression, an experimental semiotician For a number of years now I have had a running discussion with him about this. I point out that some of his works, Genesis for example, could be seen as having an element of cruelty or at least unpleasantness After a performance of Apositive, all that remained was a bloodspotted cloth. His Time Capsule involved injecting a small object into his leg using a very large needle. Those projects exude a negative feeling: they are more or less unpleasant, violent, or dark. Other works, like GFP Bunny and GFP K9, are potentially sweet and optimistic. The GFP Bunny project, although it has become very complex, is potentially pleasurable because it involves the animal’s socialization. (Kac mentions, but doesn’t critique, the reanimated, partly robotic corpse of a rabbit used in the Survival Research Laboratories’ piece Rabot.) My disagreement with Kac is over the relevance of affect. For much of the artworld, one of the purposes of an artwork is to produce a certain feeling, an affect, in the viewer. Kac leaves that to each participant, and concentrates on producing interesting new configurations of communication, code, and language. Now this may seem to be a critique of Kac, and in part it is: but it is also evidence that he takes a very clear and strong stand in a debate that is central to much of postmodernism. That debate concerns the rise of politically and conceptuallymotivated art since the 1960s Lucy Lippard broke with Clement Greenberg, to take a paradigmatic example, precisely over the issue of the relevance of aesthetics (Lippard confronted Greenberg about his insistence on quality in art, which Greenberg took as the beall and endall of art.) Since the 1960s there have been many attempts to create theories of contemporary art that are free from aesthetics There are several permutations: for Benjamin Buchloh, the supposition that a work generates aesthetic pleasure calls for an institutional critique, to determine how and why particular aesthetic values and qualities are taken to be true or valuable Aesthetics, under the microscope of institutional critique, becomes an artifact or construction of a certain configuration of institutions and readings. I could go on: I think there are a halfdozen different strains in contemporary theorizing on art that treat aesthetics, and the traditional significance given to afffect and emotion, as irrelevant, misguided, unhelpful, intellectually bankrupt, ideologically overdetermined, or otherwise beside the point The debate, as I call it, continues because art that is made exclusively for some political purpose— for example, Andrea Fraser’s performances—may need to evade the question of quality altogether. To make a politically and socially effective video on AIDS, for instance, or an effective film on war, it will often be necessary to concentrate on the content and let the quality sort itself out. I know some politically committed, activist artists for whom questions of quality are epiphenomenal on their project—that is, quality is considered as an askedandanswered problem that is more applicable to art of the past Kac is not especially interested in institutional critique, political action, or identity politics, but his work entails just as strong a rejection or deferral of aesthetic questions. And yet the artist does use the word aesthetics. Telepresence art, he says, expresses on an aesthetic level what mass culture brings us in the form of remote control and remote vision (p. 139). Each reader will have to decide what aesthetics means in these contexts. What distinguishes Kac’s approach in this book is the lucidity and purity of his argument: media and their messages are absolutely the point, and aesthetic responses are epiphenomenal. Lippard’s argument with Greenberg was over his use of the word quality, as in aesthetic quality. A Greenbergian—luckily there aren’t many of them around anymore—wouldn’t be happy with this book Gilbertto Prado’s Connect, which Kac describes on pp. 4647, is a wonderful example of a circulating dialogic artwork using new modes of communication; it was an endless fax, circulated between machines. But how interesting was the fax itself? Peter Schjeldahl once criticized Kac’s Genesis because the sentence “edited” by the bacteria wasn’t interesting (it is reproduced in fig. 85). That comment missed part of Kac’s point—the work called Encyption Stones focuses on new languages, new kinds of translation—but it also shows how an approach based in aesthetics can find itself at sea in the new art. The place of aesthetics isn’t an easy question, any more than it’s easy to theorize dialogism, or to consider technological media side by side with painting and other art forms Kac’s work raises all three issues with exemplary clarity, making this book the best introduction to these issues and to the new art ... except that as an historian he was more concerned with surrealism than the art of his own generation: he separated documentation from creation in a way that? ?Kac? ?does not. Eugène Fromentin might be another example, and among nearcontemporaries there are Meyer Schapiro, Leo Steinberg, and... microscope of institutional critique, becomes an artifact or construction of a certain configuration of institutions and readings. I could go? ?on: I think there are a halfdozen... Stephen Wilson. This book has an interest, too: a theory, a common thread that binds the narrative. That interest is, in one word, communication.? ?Kac? ?is concerned to find new forms of communication, and that takes him into semiotics, linguistics, communication theory, and especially what he calls