105 sự kiện nổi tiếng thế giới phần 1

T R A N M A N H THU'CfNG (Bien soqn) S I T N O I T I E N G K I € N T H E G l C f l THLf VIEN KHOA HOC KY THUAT BL/U OlEN PHU BAN: NHA XUAT BAN V A N HOA - THONG T I N H a Noi - 2004 LOI NOI O A U Cuon sdch 105 sit kien noi tieng the' gioi giup cho ban doc co mot cdi nhin khdch quan viec ddnh gid sit kien, dong thai qua md rong tarn hieu bie't dot vai the gioi Chang han ToYoa tit sit kien tim di chi thdnh (Troy), cdc tdc gid da dita ban doc vdo nen van minh Ai Cap mot thai, choi sang, hoac tit nhQng net kh&c tren dd, ngitoi ta tim bo luat ddu tien cua lodi ngitoi, roi cdc cuoc tvt chinh, nhitng cuoc chien tranh Nam thdp - Bdc cuoc tim vdng, kim citang d Nam Bdc My, viec phdt bd Thai Binh Phi, hien viing dat mai Du'Ong v.v cho den loi cua Hong quan Lien Xd dai chien Trung Hoa, chien H6 Chi Minh thang dita Viet Nam the Nhdn cua chien thdnh ben thang gioi thii II, sit dai cua nitdc Cong hod dan vd mot dich quoc gia thong nhd't vd sit tan cua Lien bang Xd Viet, sit sup cua bite ttfbng Beclin chd'm ditt thai ky chien tranh Tit nhieu ngudn (Berlin) lanh tdi lieu cua nu"dc ngodi, ngitoi bien soan da gop nhat, chat loc nhOng sit kien co y nghla nhat cua lich svt nhdn loai sap xe'p lai theo dong thai gian nham cung cap cho ban doc nhvtng sii lieu can thie't Ngtfdfi bien soan TRUV T I M COI VAN MINH N G U O N €-GI€ 6t m u a dong n a m 1829, 6" m o t t h i t r a n nho thuoc B a n g Mec-len-buo'c (Mecklenburg), m i e n b i c nu"6c Du"c, cau be t u o i dang cham c h u doc m o t cuoh sach l d n , l a cuon " L i c h sil the gidi" Cau be v i a x e m n h i i n g bu"c t r a n h t r o n g sach vxia nho" l a i n h i i n g cau chuyen ke cua cha ve co H y L a p Cau quay l a i h o i ong g i a d a n g l i m d i m ben 16 stfOi: "Cha! cha n o i t h a n h To-roa hoan t o a n m a t d i r o i p h a i k h o n g a?" Cha cau t r a Idi " U , cha co n o i vay" Cau be k h o n g t i n , n o i : " C h i c ch&n vhn cai g i b i chon v u i d i f d i dat, r a t m u o h dao len Cha! sau n a y n h a t d i n h se dao len" Cau be n a y l a n h a khao co n o i t i e n g S l i - m a n ( H e n r i c h Schlieman) S l i - m a n n h a ngheo, 14 t u o i da p h a i l a m ngu"di hoc viec t r o n g m o t n h a h a n g tap hoa, sau l a m t a p v u t r e n t a u t h u y , t u y d d i song cUc kho, n h U n g cau be k h o n g n g i f n g hoc t a p , v a n k h o n g quen m o n g tfcic t u o i t h d : "JChai q u a t t h a n h Td-roa t r o n g sit t h i Ho-me" Sau 30 n a m m i e t m a i , S l i - m a n d a t i c h l u y du"dc m o t k h o i l i i d n g t r i thCfc p h o n g p h u De t i m r a n h i i n g d i t i c h cua t h d i dai H6-me, ong da l a n dao bdi t r e n ddi Xi-xa-lich, sau n a m sUdng gio, ong da p h a t h i e n r a d cac 16p dat mot so' liidng l d n n h i i n g che p h a m bang vang, cac t h a n h dao, k i e m bang dong t h a u , n h i i n g v a t khac cham bang nga v o i v a r a t n h i e u sii The l a mong Udc t u o i t h d cua ong da t h a n h h i e n thUc: T h a n h Td-roa da dude p h a t hien N h i i n g ong k h o n g thoa m a n d O n g tiep tuc phat h i e n cac d i c h i M a i - x i - n i khac n i i a t r e n dat H y L a p , va t h u diidc n h i e u t h a n h qua quan t r o n g O n g m u o n tiep tuc t i m "kho bau" b dao Cd-ret (Crete), tiec thay, m u a dong n a m 1890, S l i - m a n om chet T h a n h tUu khao cd cua Sli-man gay chan dong ca the gidi, t h d i dai H6-me, t i i the k y 12 den the k y trUdc Cong nguyen hoa r a l a co thUc N h i i n g chiec m i i m i e n bang v a n g cham t r d t i n h t u y e t vdi, n h i i n g chiec coc co h i n h dang h i e m thay, n h i i n g chiec m u t r u r a n g soi, ldn l o i cua O-ri-on, deu du"dc c h i i n g m i n h cu the T r e n m a n h dat cd xUa nay, t h i l c sU da dien r a n h i e u vd k i c h ddi b i t r a n g Phat hien cua Sli-man da k h i e n cho cac n h a sik hoc co nhan d i n h mdi ve lich s\i H y Lap, mot so' t a n t h a n h Sli-man, mot so' hoai n g h i va so' khac chiii m i n g ong K h i b A n h , co Ac-tua Gion E-van ( A r t h u r J o h n Evans) la ngUdi u n g ho Sli-man nhiet t h a n h nhat O n g da t i f t i g tiep xuc vdi Sli-man va cung da dich t h a n den khao sat Mai-xi-ni O n g bat ngd phat hien r a n h i i n g vat k h a i quat dUdc b Mai-xi-ni co s6m hdn t h d i dai H6-me Vay t h i coi nguon van m i n h H y L a p 6" dau? O n g thay can phai t i m r a ldi giai M o t h o m , E - v a n t h a y t r o n g m o t g i a n h a n g cd 6" A - t e n ( A t h e n ) m a y d a u b a n g da nho N g i i d i b a n h a n g cho biet n h i i n g d a u da n a y l a cua dao Cdret, c h i n h l a n d i S l i - m a n m u o h t d i k h a m p h a m a n h d a u t h a n k y m a c h i i a k i p Cd-ret l a m o t h o n dao l d n t r e n b i e n E-gie, n a m d n d i x u n g y e u t r e n dtfdng b i e n n o i c h a u luc A u , A , P h i k h i e n cho no co the t i e p t h u diidc t h a n h t u u v a n m i n h cua cac m i e n , t r d t h a n h n d i k h d i n g u o n cho n e n v a n m i n h H y L a p 19 t h e k y ve trvidc ngtfdi t a k h o n g h i e u biet ve l i c h sii cua no, c h i biet t r u y e n t h u y e t ve V u a M i - n o t (Minos) t r o n g su" t h i Ho-me T r u y e n t h u y e t n a y ciing da dang, m o t so' d i e u t u m a u t h u i n , t r o n g lu"u t r u y e n r o n g r a i n h a t l a ve bao c h u a M i - n o t D a y l a mot t r u y e n t h u y e t t h a n k y , b i t r a n g v a dep TUdng t r u y e n r a n g , sau k h i V u a M i - n o t c h i n h phuc du"dc A - t e n , da yeu cau cu n a m m o t l a n , p h a i dem cohg nop cap t r a i gai t r i n h n g u y e n M i - n o t d i i a ho vao me c u n g de cho q u a i v a t t h a n ngUdi d a u bo "bo M i - n o t " , a n t h i t N a m do, d e n h e n A - t e n p h a i t i e n cohg T o a n t h a n h v a n g d o n g t i e n g khoc t h a m t h i i d n g Con t r a i doc n h a t cua Quoc v i i d n g E-gie l a c h a n g The-xe (Theseus) d u n g m a n h da x u n g phong, tU n g u y e n d i m o n g giet du*dc bo M i - n o t Quoc vu"dng E-gie d a n h p h a i n e n d a u t h i i d n g d i i a t i e n d i Theo le, t h u y e n t i e n cohg dao Cd-ret cang b u o m den O n g d a n t r a i , n e u t r d ve b i n h y e n , se ddi l a i , t h u y e n cang buom trang - The-xe den dao Cd-ret, chiem dttdc t i n h cam cua gai V u a M i - n o t N a n g cong chiia x i n h dep trao cho chang mot t h a n h gUdm t h a n va mot cuon len The-xe buoc mot dau len d ctfa vao me cung, t h a d a n mot cuon len t r o n g k h i d i vao me cung N d i day k h o n g mot bong ngUdi, t d i om den r d n ngiidi The-xe t i e n sau vao t r o n g me cung, x u y e n qua n h i i n g dUdng ngoat ngoeo Bo M i - n o t h i e n r a , xong t i Thexe gid cao gUdm ihkn chien dau giet chet bo Mi-not, d a n doan ngUdi cohg cho M i - n o t d i theo day len r a k h o i me cung Ho d i men theo bd bien, theo l e n h cua The-xe, due t h u n g cac t h u y e n cua Cd-ret, de phong V u a M i - n o t cho quan dudi theo H o m a n g theo Cong c h i i a A - r i - a t - n i t r d ve T r o n g luc v o i vang, quen k h o n g cang buom t r a n g M a y h o m sau, Quoc vUdng E-gie r a bd bien ngong chd, k h i t h a y t h u y e n t r d ve v a n cang buom den, dau b u o n qua, V u a nhay xuo'ng bien chet De k y niem, ngUdi t a goi v u n g bien l a bien E-gie E - v a n n g a m n g h i a m a i n h i i n g d a u nho bang da, n g a m n g h l ve cau chuyen b i t r a n g t r e n day, quyet t a m d i den h o n dao t h a n b i N a m 1900, E-van bat d a u k h a i quat ngon ddi N6xa, p h i a Bac dao Cd-ret Cuo'i cung, k y t i c h da h i e n r a , m o t cung dien to l d n d i e n t i c h khoang m i u A n h - d i c h i cung v u a M i - n o t , stifng siing trUdc*-mat m o i ngUdi Tiep do, ngu"di t a l a i t i m t h a y r a t n h i e u "sach du"dc v i e t bang h a i loai c h i i theo cac du"dng net t r e n cac t a m dat, sau ngUdi t a goi la "chii net A " v a 10 "chut n e t N " Rdi, t r e n cac chan tUdng ngUdi t a l a i t h a y n h i i n g h i n h ve r a t s i n h dong, mo t a ngvfdi v a bo H i n h bd c u n g da t h a y t r e n cac d i v a t d M a i - x i - n i , bdng k h i e n n g i i d i t a n h den bo M i - n o t d a n g sd D i e u d a n g ngac n h i e n l a , h i n h bo t h a y lap d i lap l a i t r e n cac b i c h hoa, t r e n cac d a u da v a t r o n g cac biic c h a m khac C u n g x u a t h i e n v d i bo l a m o t chang t r a i k h o e m a n h , n h a n h n h e n v a c a n h chang l a m o t co gai dep D a y l a mo t a m o t hoat dong the thao, h a y l a m o t n g h i t h i i c t o n giao? N h i i n g t h a n h n i e n n a m n i i n a y l a n h i i n g v a n dong vien, h a y l a n h i i n g cdng p h a m c h i u h y s i n h cua A-ten? Do l a n h i i n g cau do" kho giai P h a t h i e n k h a o cd t r e n dao Cd-ret, chving to v d i m o i n g i i d i ve m o t n e n v a n hoa p h a t t r i e n cao da b a t d a u tOf 3000 n a m t r i i d c Cong n g u y e n , c h i n h l a n e n v a n hoa cd n h a t dUdc p h a t h i e n cho den n a y Dao Cd-ret co the n o i l a coi n g u d n cua n e n v a n m i n h E-gie N g u y e n v o n g bao n a m cua E - v a n d a dUdc thUc h i e n O n g d a boc du"dc t a m m a n g che l i c h s\i N h i i n g n h a k h a o cd n o i , k h a i q u a t d Td-roa cua S l i m a n d a n h d a u budc m d d a u cua m o t n g a n h k h o a hoc m d i , k h a i q u a t 6" dao Cd-ret cua E - v a n l a bu"6c d i s a u p h a t t r i e n n g a n h k h o a hoc Cho d e n nay, c o n g viec k h a i q u a t t i m t d i v a n d a n g t i e p tuc V a n h o a Cd-ret v a v a n h o a M a i - x i - n i l a m o t m a c h k e thu*a, t r o n g n h i i n g n a m t h a n g l i c h su" l a u d a i , d a a n h hu*dng den ca v u n g b i e n E-gie do ngUdi t a g o i d a y l a n e n " v a n m i n h E-gie" 11 m i n h l a m v u a T a y B a n N h a Liic n a y ltfc l i i d n g Mehi-cd chdhg Phap, u n g ho Fec-di-nan V I I da t h a n h lap m o t T r u n g lidng, da so" ngtfdi Me-hi-cd deu m u d n n h a n d i p n a y thoat k h d i stf t h d h g t r i cua t h t f c dan N h t f n g c h i n h quyen t h t f c d a n T a y B a n N h a k h d n g d a m dap tfng y e u cau cua n h a n d a n Me-hi-cd, ho da t r a n ap p h o n g t r a o d a u t r a n h ddi ddc lap b a n g v u ltfc N h t f n g n g o n I d a d a u t r a n h da b u n g l e n k h d n g the dap t i t dtfdc N g a y 16 t h a n g n a m 1810 l a c h u n h a t Sang h d m dd, g i a m muc I-ta-gd, v a n nhtf m o i ngay, cho d d n g l e n h d i chudng sang cua n h a t h d cua t h i t r a n T u - l u - l e t , ngtfdi A n h - d i e n g t a p nap den l a m le mi-sa I-ta-gd l e n buc giang, cao giong h d i m o i ngtfdi: " H d i cac con! Cac cd m u d n t r d t h a n h n h i i n g n g t f d i ttf khdng? 300 n a m trtfdc, n g t f d i T a y B a n N h a da ctfdp d a t cua t d t i e n cac Cac b a n g l o n g de ho ctfdp d a t tf?" N h t f n g n g t f d i A n h - d i e n g von cam ghet bon t h t f c d a n T a y B a n N h a da l a u , deu ddng t h a n h hd l d n : " H a y treo cd bon t h t f c d a n T a y B a n N h a ! " Tiep I-ta-gd d a n d a u doan n g t f d i h d to: "Chau M y m u d n n i m ! D a dao c h i n h q u y e n t h t f c dan!" T i e n g hd ddng dac da md m i n cho cudc d i u t r a n h g i i n h doc lap c u a Me-hi-cd N h t f n g n g t f d i k h d i n g h i a xua't p h a t t i i t h i t r a n T u l u - l e t , t i e n xud'ng p h i a N a m c h i e m t h i t r a n X a n h M i 253 ken A-len-dd va A n - t a - m a dan q u a n d i a phtfdng den t h a m gia k h d i n g h i a Ngay , q u a n k h d i nghia t a n cong t h a n h Se-rai-a day q u a n k h d i n g h i a dtfdc c h i n h don l a i I-ta-gd c6i bo bo ao m a u den cua t u si, mkc bo ao dong phuc cua dan quan O n g dtfdc suy ton l a m " T h d h g soai q u a n k h d i n g h i a chau M y " A-len-dd l a m p h d cua dng Q u a n k h d i n g h i a sau k h i c h i n h ddn, lien tiep xuat k i c h , d a n h c h i e m t h a n h Guan-na-hoat-td (Guannajuato), P a - r i a - t d - r i t r d i t i e n ve htfdng t h a n h p h d Mehi-cd Q u a n k h d i n g h i a cang d a n h cang manh, ddi n g u cang p h a t t r i e n , t a n g l e n den h d n v a n quan N g a y 30 t h a n g 10, q u a n k h d i n g h i a d a n h bai quan T a y B a n N h a d n u i Ra-xcd-ru-xet, md r a dtfdng t i e n den t h a n h Me-hi-cd N h t f n g d u n g vao t h d i diem nay, T h o n g soai t o i cao I-ta-gd l a i n h a n d i n h sai lam, r a l e n h n g t f n g t a n cdng N g a y 26 t h a n g 1 , I-ta-gd da d a n q u a n den Guanda-la-ha-ra ( G u a n d a l a j a r a ) , r d i t d chtfc c h i n h quyen each m a n g d day, r d i ban b d phap l e n h b a i bd che nd le, g i a i p h o n g t a t ca nd le, bd t h u e t h a n , bd ddc q u y e n b u o n b a n thudc la, thudc sung, giay i n hoa cua c h i n h q u y e n thtfc dan, giao l a i t o a n bd dat dai b i c h i e m cua n d n g d a n A n h - d i e n g , t r a l a i cho h g t f d i A n h - d i e n g I-ta-gd cdn x u a t ban m d t t d bad lay t e n l a 254 "NgUdi d a n h t h t f c chau M y " T h e l a Guan-da-la-har a t r d t h a n h t r u n g t a m cua q u a n k h d i n g h i a C u d i n a m do, T a y B a n N h a cut d a i q u a n d i t r a n ap q u a n k h o i n g h i a N g a y 16 t h a n g n a m 1811, h a i ben d a n h n h a u ac liet t a i cau Cac-dd-rdng Q u a n k h d i n g h i a t h u a t r a n , p h a i n i t l u i ve p h i a B i c Liic nay, m o t bd p h a n q u a n l a n h dao q u a n k h d i n g h i a quy t o i cho I-ta-gd, t r u i ' t quyen c h i h u y cua ong, giao cho A len-dd l a m t h d h g soai D e n t h a n g 3, n d i bd quan k h d i n g h i a cd stf chia re, v i e n si q u a n da t r i n g s i n h r a b Me-hi-cd t e n l a E - r i - x a n - t d da p h a n l a i each mang N g a y t h a n g 3, q u a n k h d i n g h i a b i q u a n p h a n each m a n g phuc k i c h t r e n dtfdng d e n Mdn-crd-va I-ta-gd, A-len-dd v a n h i e u n h a l a n h dao b i b i t , sau dd da b i giet h a i T h i n g n i m 1811, D u n g , m d t t r o n g n h t f n g t h u l i n h cua q u a n k h d i n g h i a , c u n g v d i sd' cdn l a i tiep tuc chien d i u D d n g t h d i , ddi d u k i c h cua M d - r a y - l d t c u n g d a n d a n p h a t t r i e n len t r d t h a n h c h u ltfc chd'ng thtfc d i n T i y B a n N h a N i m sau, k h i q u i n k h d i n g h i a cua D u n g b i t r a n ap g a n n h t f t a n r a , t h i q u i n d u k i c h cua M d - r a y - l d t l a i g i a n h dtfdc n h i e u t h i n g l d i d mien Nam N g a y 14 t h i n g n i m 1813, M d - r a y - l d t t r i e u t i p Qudc d a n d a i h o i l a n t h t f n h a t t a i Chi-phan-xin-cd N g a y t h i n g 1 , cdng bd' " T u y e n n g o n ddc l i p M e - h i cd" T h i n g 10 n i m sau, b a n h a n h h i e n p h a p dau t i e n 255 cua Me-hi-co T h a n g 11 n a m 1815, Mo-ray-lot, v i bao ve cho Quoc dan d a i h o i hop, n e n b i bat v a sau dd k h o n g bao l a u ong da b i giet h a i N h i i n g q u a n k h d i n g h i a v l n t i e p tuc chien dau den n a m 1817 N a m 1814, Fec-di-nan V I I , k h d i phuc ngdi vua T a y B a n N h a N a m 1820, each m a n g n d i r a d Tay B a n N h a , Fec-di-nan V I I b i t budc p h a i cdng n h a n la " H i e n phap Ca-tdt" N h i i n g c h u t r a i d Me-hi-cd so* each m a n g d T a y B a n N h a l a n sang Me-hi-cd, vdi keu goi t h o i t l y sit t h d h g t r i cua T a y B a n N h a T h i n g n a m 1821, t e n dao p h u I-tua-vet, ke d a n h d n g tay vao m a u n h d n g ngiidi c i c h m a n g p h i t b i e u mdt "Ke hoach ddc lap cua Me-hi-cd" t a i t h a n h I-qua-ra, tuyen bd' "Me-hi-cd ddc lap" Ngay 27 t h i n g 9, I-tua-vet t i e n q u a n vao t h a n h Me-hi-cd N a m sau, h i n t u xung l a m H o a n g de, t h a n h lap de qudc Me-hi-cd N h i i n g c h i l e n ngdi c h t f a dtfdc 10 t h a n g da b i l a t nhao T h i n g 11 n a m 1823, Qudc h d i lap h i e n dtfdc t r i e u tap l a i T h i n g 10 n a m 1824, Qudc h d i b a n bd' H i e n phap Me-hi-cd, lap n e n c h i n h the Cdng hoa l i e n bang Mehi-cd, goi l a H d p C h u n g Qudc Me-hi-cd Qua-da-ru-pe Vic-td-ri-a dtfdc b l u l a m t d n g t h d h g d i u t i e n cua Mehi-cd T h i n g l d i t r o n g chien t r a n h ddi ddc lap cua M e - h i cd d a cd t i c d u n g t h u c d i y m a n h phong t r a o doc l i p d a n tdc cua thudc d i a T a y B a n N h a t a i c h a u M y 256 H9I NGHI VIEN " L a i ve r o i ! V e r o i ! Con q u a i v a t dao Cooc (Corsika) d a n g t i e n ve Pa-ri!" T i n n a y t r u y e n r a t t f a nhu" t i e n g set gitfa t r d i , n d v a n g dong t r e n t h a n h V i e n , t h u nUdc Ao H o a n g cung chdi l o i t r o n g n h a y m i t da t o i s l m l a i , t r o n g h o i t r t f d n g , cac c h i n h k h a c h dang t r a n h cai, bong deu i m l a n g nhu" chet Cac n h a quy toe, cac v u a chua tu" cac ntfdc N g a , A n h , A o , P h d ve t h a n h V i e n de hop n h a u , p h a n chia l a i c h a u A u v a thuoc dia, a i n a y deu ngd ngac K h i m o i n g t f d i da h i e u ro c h u y e n da x a y r a v a t i n h chat n g h i e m t r o n g cua stf viec, the l a l a i a m I , om sdm "Con q u a i v a t dao Cooc" c l u h h l a Na-pd-le-dng I T h a n g 10 n a m 1813, t r o n g t r a n quyet c h i e n g i t f a Na-pd-le-dng I v d i D d n g m i n h chd'ng Phap l a n thtf t a i Lai-pd-dich (Leipzich), Na-pd-le-dng da b i d a i bai N g a y t h a n g n a m 1814, Na-pd-le-dng p h a i t h o a i v i , t h a n g b i d t f a d i d a y ngoai dao En-bd N g a y 11 t h a n g n a m 1815, dng d e m theo 1000 ngtfdi bat ngd t r d ve Phap Q u a n ddi cua dng t t f a nhtf q u a bdng l a n , k h d n g he v a p p h a i m o t t r d ltfc nao t i e n t h i n g den P a - r i 17 - 105SKNT 257 N o n g d a n ho vang: "Hoang de m u d n nam!", thuoc h a cu cua ong t t f m o i n d i keo ve u n g ho Na-pd-le-dng trd l a i P a - r i len ngoi hoang de n h u cu T i n l a m r u n g dong toan the chau A u V i mot ngtfdi t h o n g t r i ntfdc Phap da h a be t r d ve v i t r i cu l a i k h i e n cho ngtfdi ngtfdi t h d h g t r i khac d chau A u e n g a i nhtf vay? T r o n g m a t ngtfdi chau A u , Na-pd-le-dng v a n l a ke cd k h a nang, t r o n g n h a y mat, quyet d i n h xong v a n m e n h toan the chau A u , v a n la mdt v i t h d n g soai cd k h a n a n g quyet doan mdt each sang suot t r o n g c h i h u y tac chie'n Na-pd-le-dng t r d l a i Pa-ri, da pha t a n giac mdng p h a n c h i a l a i chau A u v a thudc dia cua cac ntfdc m a n h d chau A u dang hop d V i e n C u n g v i vay, t h a n g n a m 1815, v d i v a n g k y " N g h i quyet cudi cung" r d i r a ve H d i n g h i V i e n l a h d i n g h i mac ca v d i n h a u de lap l a i t r a t t t f phong k i e n chau A u l a n thtf nha't, k h d i phuc cac vtfdng t r i e u cu da b i Na-pd-le-dng c h i n h phuc, t h o a m a n cac y e u cau ve stf p h a n chia l a n h thd d c h a u A u v a thudc dia cua cac ntfdc m a n h H d i n g h i da d i e n r a t a i V i e n , t h u dd Ao bat dau t t f t h a n g 10 n a m 1814 H d i t r t f d n g d&t t r o n g m d t toa n h a h a i t a n g bang da v a n t r i n g , dd l a P h u t h u t t f d n g ntfdc A o T h a m gia h d i n g h i cd N g a hoang A-lechxan-dd I , A d hoang F r a n - x d I (Franz Josef), P h d v t f d n g F r i - d d - r i c h U y - l i a m I I , cac Qudc v t f d n g D a n 258 M a c h B a v a r i a ( B a y e r n cua D i e nay), V u t - t d m bde ( W u r t t e m b e r g ) , ngoai t r t f d n g cua cac ntfdc A n h , Ao, Phd, N g a v a ngoai t r t f d n g Phap Ta-lay-rang ( T a l l e y r a n d Perigord), d a i dien v u a Phap, L u - y X V I I I H o i n g h i l a n n a y t t f d a u den cuo'i deu ntfdc m a n h A n h , Ao, Phd, N g a dieu k h i e n , m o i quyet d i n h deu t t f ctfdng thao l u a n sau m a n t t f trtfdc r d i dtfa r a y e u cau Phap p h a i chap n h a n N h t f n g ntfdc n h d c h i t h a m gia n h t f n g p h a n cd l i e n q u a n den ho D i n g sau h d i n g h i nay, cac ntfdc l d n t r a n h cai n h a u cd' g i a n h l a y p h i n cd l d i h d n H o cai n h a u den k h d n g cdn the t h d h g g i ntf a N g a hoang A-lech-xan-dd I cd n h i e u t h a m vong nha't d i n h l a m b i c h u c h a u A u A o m u d n l a m ba c h u T r u n g A u , n h a t l a mud'n c h i e m tfu t h e ' d Dtfc Cdn ntfdc A n h ? H o m d t m i t mud'n cd stf q u a n b i n h gitfa cac ntfdc c h a u A u , m a t k h i c mud'n m d r d n g thudc d i a d h a i ngoai v a t a n g ctfdng ba q u y e n t r e n b i e n P h d c u n g cd y e u c i u m d r d n g l a n h t h d , s i n sang t r a n h n h a u v d i A o q u y e n cai t r i D d c Cac ntfdc m a u t h u a n v d i n h a u , d a u t r a n h ngoai giao r a t q u y e t l i e t L u c nay, c h i n h l a luc T a - l a y - r a n g t r d t a i n g o a i giao cua P h a p , l d i d u n g m a u t h u a n cua cac ntfdc, chay q u a n h g i t f a cac ntfdc, t h a y d d i d i a v i b a t l d i cua m i n h , c d g l n g g i a m den mtfc t d i da t o n t h a t c u a ho Cac ntfdc t r a n h cai n h a u g i i n g xe cang q u y e t 259 liet K h i thao l u a n den viec chia n h a u B a L a n v a Xacxdng, k h o n g a i c h i u nhtfdng a i N g a v a Phd t r a n h n h a u ac liet nhat, A n h , Ao v a Phap de chong l a i Nga v a Phd n e n da b i mat k y k e t l i e n m i n h quan stf vdi n h a u t h a n g n a m 1815, den luc N g a va Phd m d i t t f bd ke hoach b a n dau N g a y 11 t h a n g 2, cac ntfdc k y t h o a tfdc ve Ba Lan va Xac xong D a i bd phan D a i cdng qudc Vac-sa dtfdc Na-pd-le-dng t h a n h lap, t h a n h V t f d n g quoc Ba L a n le thudc vtfdng t r i e u Rd-ma-ndp ntfdc Nga Pd-ddn a n (Pozna) v a Dari-linh (Danzig) nhap vao ban ntfdc Phd Ka-li-xia van thudc Ao Cra-cd-vi va vung p h u can lap t h a n h ntfdc cdng hoa Nga, Ao, Phd c u n g "bao hd" The la Ba L a n l a i b i chia cat Tiep theo la xtf l y Xac-xdng Ngtfdi t a quyet d i n h khdi phuc V t f d n g qudc Xac-xdng, n h t f n g c h i cd v u n g dat phia N a m t h d i 2/5 l a n h tho phia Bac cat cho Phd Ngoai vtfdng qudc Si-si-li, vtfdng qudc Sac-din cung dtfdc phuc h d i stf t h d n g t r i phong k i e n Giao hoang L a M a cung dtfdc phuc h d i c h i n h quyen the' tuc Ntfdc A n h l a mdt t r o n g n h t f n g ntfdc ldn hoat ddng sau m a n h d i n g h i , ho k i e m dtfdc n h i e u l d i ldc nha't d v u n g h a i ngoai: Chiem l i n h dao Mac-ta v a quan dao Ai-o-nia, k h d n g che' toan bd D i a T r u n g H a i ; chiem dao Hen-gd-lan (Helgoland) cua D a n M a c h ; giat l a i ttf t a y n g t f d i H a L a n dao X a y - l a n (nay l a Xri-la-ca), Hao v o n g v a mdt p h a n Gua-y-ana (Guayana) k h d n g 260 che d t f d n g b i e n A u , M y qua chau P h i sang chau A ; c h i e m dao X a n h L u - x i - a (Saint Lucia), dao Td-bagd v a dao M a o - r i - t i u ( M a u r i t i u s ) Thuoc d i a cua A n h deu l a d i e m c h i e n hide q u a n t r o n g ca, r a t co l d i cho A n h g i a n h q u y e n ba c h u T d n g n g h i quyet ciia H o i n g h i V i e n da de l a i mot vet n h d t r e n t r a n g s i i the gidi N d da lap l a i t r a t t u p h o n g k i e n cu, ve l a i b a n dd c h i n h t r i chau A u , dat cac d a n tdc da dtfdc g i a i phong k h d i ach phong k i e n dtfdi stf ap btfc c u cua cac ntfdc chien t h a n g H d i n g h i n a y d u n g n h t f A n g - g h e n da n h a n d i n h : "Sau k h i q u a i v a t dao Cooc b i g i a m cam, cac v u a c h u a l d n n h d lap t d c hop n h a u d V i e n de a n chia v a ddi t i e n t h t f d n g , ddng t h d i thao l u a n x e m cd the k h d i phuc t i n h h i n h trtfdc each m a n g den dau Cac d a n tdc b i dem r a m u a b a n c h i a c&t, sat n h a p c h i can p h u hdp vdi l d i i c h cua bon t h d h g t r i l a dtfdc" 261 CHI€N TRANH G I A N H D O C LAP CUR HV L A P y L a p , ntfdc v a n m i n h cd cua l i c h su" xa xu"a, cai n o i cua v a n m i n h c h a u A u , da tao r a nen v a n hoa sang chdi ciia t h d i d a i cd dai 3000 n a m trtfdc cong nguyen, dat den t h d i ctfc t h i n h vao the k y V trtfdc Cdng nguyen N h t f n g ve sau dtfdi stf thdng t r i ciia Ma-xe-doan, r d i l a i p h a i sat n h a p vao ban ciia de qudc L a M a D e n k h i de' qudc L a M a b i chia cat, ntfdc n a y t r d t h a n h mdt bd p h a n cua Ddng L a M a N a m 1396, H y L a p b i T h d N h i K y chiem, t d dd ho p h a i sdhg dtfdi ach cua che dd phong k i e n quan stf h d n 400 n a m cua de' qudc O t - x m a n T r o n g hdn 2000 n a m d a n g dang, H y L a p m a t ddc lap, ttf do, c h i u stf t h d n g t r i va cha dap cua het ngoai tdc den ngoai bang khac M a i den cudi t h e ' k y 18, n h a n dan H y Lap da n e m d u m u i nd dich, dtfdi stf cd v u cua each mang ttf san Phap, da bat diu v u n g day d a u t r a n h g i a n h ddc l a p Trtfdc t i e n p h a i ke den n h a t h d y e u ntfdc ddng t h d i l a n g t f d i each m a n g ttf san Ri-ca-xd V i - l e - x t i - l i t N h a 262 y e u ntfdc n a y k h o n g c h i u dtfdc stf ap btfc cua T h d N h i K y , sdhg l t f u vong 6" ntfdc ngoai, mot m a t ong sang tac t h d v a n de giao due, giac ngd cho ddng bao ong ve long y e u ntfdc, ddng t h d i dng c u n g lap r a mdt t d chtfc b i m a t "Et-td-ria", d i n h r a H i e n phap t t f d n g l a i cho H y L a p , ve b a n dd H y L a p v a t i c h ctfc c h u a n b i k h d i n g h i a N a m 1797, d n g r d i k h d i V i e n , c h u a n b i ve ntfdc de p h a t ddng k h d i n g h i a , chang may b i n h a cam quyen A o bat va giao cho c h i n h quyen T h d N h i K y T h a n g n a m sau d n g b i k e t an t d h i n h K h i btfdc chan l e n gia treo cd, dng da hd ldn: "Ta da gieo h a t gidhg t t f do!" H a t gidhg t t f Ri-ca-xd gieo da n a y m a m v a trtfdng t h a n h long n h a n dan H y Lap N a m 1814, K y - p h a - x d t h a n h lap to chtfc each m a n g " H f l u n g h i xa", quyet t a m l a t dd c h i n h quyen O t - x m a n , xay d t f n g mdt dat ntfdc H y L a p ddc lap, t t f H t f u n g h i x a b i m a t t d chtfc q u a n chung, de t r a n h stf p h a hoai cua dich, ho d u n g m a t ngtf va a m h i e u de l i e n lac vdi n h a u C h a n g h a n "gai" tdc l a ke dich, "hoa" l a ban "cay" l a s u n g v.v Sau m d t t h d i g i a n cd' gang gian k h d , t h a n h v i e n cua H t f u n g h i x a da len t d i h d n v a n ngtfdi N g a y t h a n g n a m 1821, A I p - x i - l a n - t h i - x d da d i n cac t h a n h v i e n H t f u n g h i xa, t t f ntfdc Nga, v t f d t sdng P r u t vao R u - m a - n i t u y e n bd' b i t d a u t d n g k h d i n g h i a Q u a n k h d i n g h i a n h a n h chong p h a t t r i e n l e n 263 t d i 7000 ngtfdi, r a m rap t i e n q u a n vao dat H y L a p N h t f n g b i mac m t f u l y gian cda dich, n d i bd xay r a m a u t h u a n , q u a n k h d i n g h i a da b i q u a n T h d N h i K y t r a n ap D o n g t h d i v d i luc do, n h a n dan sdhg t r e n dat H y L a p cung k h a n t r t f d n g c h u a n b i k h d i nghia Cd d e m dem t h d r e n , t h d mdc, ndng dan v a dan t h a n h p h d deu b i m a t che' tao v u k h i , sung dan Ngay t h a n g n a m 1821 Be-rd-pen-ni bat dau cudc khdi n g h i a v u t r a n g Ngay h d m dd t a i quang t r t f d n g X a n h Giooc d t h a n h phd Pe-td-ri (Patrai) g i a m muc Giecman-nd-xd d t f n g len mdt cay t h a n h gia r a t ldn, chung q u a n h cay t h a n h gia t u tap r a t n h i e u ngtfdi, t a y d u loai v u k h i G i a m muc Giec-man-nd-xd ddng trtfdc cay t h a n h g i a r a t xuc ddng t u y e n b d md dau cudc each m a n g H y L a p Q u a n c h u n g k h d i nghia t h a n h lap "Ban c h i h u y each mang", p h a t hd chieu cho l a n h stf cac ntfdc, lap ttfc t a n cdng vao quan Thd ddn t r d Sau H y L a p dtfdc giai phong, hdm dtfdc coi l a Qudc k h a n h va ddc lap cua H y Lap Cudc k h d i n g h i a d Pe-td-ri (Patrai) da cd v u n h a n dan cac ndi, quan c h u n g r a m r d phat cd k h d i nghia N h d n g ngtfdi k h d i n g h i a d Ka-la-lin (Kalallinis) ddn q u a n T h d vao t r o n g cac Id cdt, k h d n g d a m Id m a t r a N h t f n g ngtfdi k h d i nghia d dao Xpe-xai da cd hdn 10 t a u chd v u k h i den Pe-ld-pdn-ni (Peloponnisos) c h i 264 vien cho cuoc k h d i n g h i a of day Chien t h u y e n cua quan k h d i n g h i a dao I-td-ra k i e m soat eo bien C6-rin (Korinthos) N d n g d a n v u t r a n g d A-ti-ca xong t h a n g vao A t h e n v.v chi t r o n g vong t h a n g ngon Ida k h d i nghia t d Pe-td-ri da l a n r a k h a p v u n g t r u n g H y L a p va h a u k h a p cac dao t r e n bien E-gie Cam t h d ke x a m ltfdc chtfa chat 400 n a m cua n h a n dan H y L a p d u n g nhtf ngon n u i Ida luc bat dau p h u n n h a m thach C h i n h p h u Thd' N h i K y da t r a n ap cudc d a u t r a n h g i a n h ddc lap cua n h a n d a n H y L a p r a t t a n khdc, bon t h d h g t r i k h d n g t t f m d t t h u doan d a m m a u nao, n h t f n g k h d n g de bep dtfdc y c h i cua n h a n dan H y L a p Q u a n k h d i n g h i a t r o n g d a t l i e n cung nhtf t r e n bien t h u dtfdc h e t t h a n g l d i n a y den t h i n g l d i khac Cldc-trd-ni d a n q u a n bao v a y t h u p h u T r i - p d - l i a cda Pe-ld-pd-ni t t f t h a n g den t h a n g 10 da g i a i phong t h a n h phd' D a y l a m d t t h a n g l d i to l d n t r o n g cudc d a u t r a n h g i a n h ddc lap H y L a p T t f dd toan t i n h Pe-ld-pd-ni dtfdc g i a i phong T h a n g n a m 1822, cac l a n h t u k h d i n g h i a H y L a p ve hop Qudc d a n d a i h d i l a n t h t f n h a t , t h d n g qua H i e n p h a p , to' chtfc Qudc h d i v a b a u B a n chap h a n h H y L a p c h i n h t h t f c t u y e n bd' ddc lap T h i n g l d i cua n h a n d a n H y L a p k h i e n cho X u n t a n (vua) Thd' N h i K y ttfc g i a n d i e n cuong, ctf v a n q u a n d e n t r a n ap Cldc-tro-ni chi h u y quan k h d i nghia danh du kich 265 T r o n g t r a n phuc k i c h gan C6-rin da t i e u diet nhieu q u a n dich D i i n g vao liic s i p gianh dtfdc t h i n g l d i , t h i noi bo tap doan l a n h dao H y Lap xay r a cuoc dau t r a n h mat doan ket k h i e n cho q u a n T h d ldi dung Dau nam 1825, X u n - t a n T h d l a i tap t r u n g q u a n dpi M o t dpi q u a n hdn v a n ngtfdi bao vay Me-xd-ldng-gidng (Mesolongion), mot dia diem chien ltfdc quan cua chien k h u Ru-me-li (Rumelien) Q u a n k h d i nghia gitf t h a n h dtfdc hdn nam, cudi cung het ltfdng het dan, m o i n g t f d i p h a i an vd cay, r a u dai va n h t f n g ddng vat nhd chdhg ddi Deh cudi t h a n g n a m sau, q u a n dan t r o n g t h a n h p h i i xong r a p h i vay, ca t h a n h hdn n g h i n ngtfdi c h i cdn sdhg sot dtfdc k h o i n g 300 ngtfdi Sau k h i Me-xd-ldng-gidng t h a t t h u , n h i e u ndi k h i c c u n g r d i vao t a y q u a n dich H y L a p l a m vao t i n h t r a n g ctfc k y k h d k h a n N h a n dan cac ntfdc A n h , Phap, Nga, Dtfc, Y, T a y B a n N h a , T h u y D i e n deu cd n h t f n g hoat ddng sdi ndi u n g hp cudc d a u t r a n h cua H y L a p C i c n h a t h d ndi t i e n g nhtf P u - x k i n , Bai-rdn da l a m n h t f n g b a i t h d d l y xuc ddng ca ngdi cudc dau t r a n h g i a n h ddc lap ttf cua H y Lap N h i e u ngtfdi t i n h n g u y e n sang H y L a p c u n g chien dau vdi q u a n k h d i n g h i a t r o n g dd k h o i n g hdn 2000 ngtfdi da cdng h i e n ddi m i n h cho H y L a p B a i - r d n la mdt t r o n g sd' n h t f n g n g t f d i n h t f vay (dng l a n h a t h d ngtfdi A n h chet 266 v i b e n h sot r e t n a m 1824, k h i t i n h n g u y e n sang chien d a u d H y Lap.N.BS) Su" g i u p dd cua n h a n dan cac nUdc da tiep siic cho n h a n d a n H y L a p H o v a n d u n g chien t r a n h d u k i c h , da g i a n g cho q u a n dich n h i i n g don n&ng ne N a m 1827 Quoc h o i H y L a p hop k h o a t h i i 3, K a - p o - t i - x t r i a dtfdc b a u l a m t d n g t h d n g ntfdc cong hoa N a m 1829, de qudc O t - x m a n k h o n g c h i u n d i don t a n cong ciia n h a n d a n H y L a p , l a i b i N g a , P h a p de doa, n e n da p h a i k y " D i e u tfdc Atria-bdc" cdng n h a n n e n ddc lap cua H y L a p Cudc c h i e n t r a n h ddi ddc lap cua ngtfdi H y Lap, l a t dd ach t h d n g t r i cua O t - x m a n g i a n h dtfdc ddc lap d a n tdc l a stf phuc s i n h cua H y L a p v a n m i n h cd dai sau 2000 n a m b i cha dap, bat dau btfdc t r e n d t f d n g p h a t t r i e n ddc lap cua m i n h 267 ... E-gie do ngUdi t a g o i d a y l a n e n " v a n m i n h E-gie" 11 B O LUfiT H f l M - M U - R f l - G I T h a n g 12 n a m 19 01, gio l a n h t h a u xiidng M o t doan khao cd Phap, co ca n g... k h o n g t h o n g c a m n o i ding cay H a y bot d i l o n g k i e u ngao! - 10 5SKNT THI/VIEN KHOA HOC KY THUAT 17 BJU OIEN SO: •V PHUBAN D u n g tUdng rauon g i cung dUdc C h u n g t a se k... m l a i c h u n g q u a n h X6 -16 ng O n g d i f n g l a i mot cho cao, gid t a y p h a i l e n D a m dong y e n l i n g chd nghe M o i ngUdi 18 biet r a n g X6 -16 ng sap n o i hoac n g a m t h