Dissemination of geog findings on nuclear power

The Dissemination of Geographical Findings on Nuclear Power Author(s): Martin J Pasqualetti Source: Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series, Vol 11, No (1986), pp 326-336 Published by: Blackwell Publishing on behalf of The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/621793 Accessed: 13/02/2009 19:22 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=black Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission JSTOR is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1995 to build trusted digital archives for scholarship We work with the scholarly community to preserve their work and the materials they rely upon, and to build a common research platform that promotes the discovery and use of these resources For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org Blackwell Publishing and The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers http://www.jstor.org 326 The on dissemination of nuclear geographical findings power MARTIN J PASQUALETTI Assoc.Professor,Departmentof Geography,ArizonaState University,Tempe,Arizona85287, USA RevisedMS received10 December,1985 ABSTRACT An examinationof the geographicalcontributionto the study of an importantpublicsubjectsuchas nuclearpowercan yield insightsinto how our findingsreachotherscientistsand policy makers.Traditionalgeographicaljournalshave a poor citationrecordinsideandoutsidethe discipline.Outsidethe discipline,geographicalfindingsareused most often in when they havebeenpublishedin the journalsof otherdisciplines.Of Americanuniversities,fourhavepredominated the geographicalstudy of nuclearpower:ArizonaStateUniversity,RutgersUniversity,the Universityof Chicago,and ClarkUniversity.This relativelynarrow'heartharea'helpsexplainthe similarityof sub-topicsand the disseminationof conclusions.If the scientificfindingsof geographersaregoing to finduse in the workof others,geographyjournalsmust be supportedwithinthe disciplineandpublicizedwithout Nuclearenergy,Dissemination KEYWORDS:Geography,Journals, INTRODUCTION Over the past decade, there has been an unprecedented concentration of attention focused on the multi-varied topic of energy This attention started in the political, and thus public, arena but it moved rapidly to the scientific community as the need for data and analysis became obvious and at times, frantic There has been nothing to match this rapid increase in lay and professional interest in any other subject, with the possible exception of the so-called 'environmentalmovement', but even there the sense of urgency was usually less palpable Part of the explanation for the abrupt attraction of interest in energy issues was the perception of energy-related threats to lifestyle, and the threat which energy dependence posed to national security Approximately in the middle of this spurt of general interest in energy matters, nuclear fission became a nexus of public calls for detailed examination Again the reaction was swift and pervasive because of perceived personal threats, although this time they were ones of health and safety to the general public, and of potential financialruin to the nuclear industry Judging from the large and varied scholarly output on energy issues, particularly on the topic of Trans.Inst Br Geogr.N.S 11: 326-336 (1986) ISSN: 0020-2754 nuclear power, the academic community responded to the call for information willingly and enthusiastically Generally speaking, some response was forthcoming from every appropriate discipline, although the contribution from geographers has been the most varied The question is whether the contribution of geographers has any impact, either on other scholars or on policy makers One must assume that the potential for such impact rests in whether our published conclusions on the subject are used by others One way to check on this is to examine where our findings are published and where and how often they are cited Literaturecitations have been used several times by others as indicators to trace influences and interrelationships.In my use of citations I not investigate the 'invisible colleges' of Crane (1972) Rather,I treat the citations in a manner more akin to the work of Whittley (1969) which discussed communication nets, and the work of Gatrell and Smith (1984) which examined the inter-relationshipsamongst geographicaljournals.Departing from Gatrelland Smith, however, I include the inter-relationships between geographical and non-geographical journals, and examine the authorscited and the linksbetween those authors Printedin GreatBritain Geographicalfindingson nuclearpower In a non-collaborative article on geography journals, Gatrell (1984) used citations to explore the structure of an analytical tool, spatial diffusion modelling In this paper, the influence of two of Gatrell's (1984) suggested data sets (i.e journals and publications) are used to trace the dissemination of geographical findings on nuclear energy Nuclear energy was chosen because (1) its study has produced a large and varied literature tied to such traditional geographical topics as siting, migration, distribution, transportation, environmental impact, and hazards (2) its controversial nature and wide interest increases the audience and its potential for citation by others (3) it has received internationalattention (4) it is currentenough to as yet have yielded a literature of still manageable size The results of this inquiry reveal the extent to which geographical findings become source material of other research, and the role of geography journals in this process SCOPE OF THE REVIEW Eighty-eight journals were reviewed completely for the period 1945 to mid-1982 Forty-two of the journals contained articles on nuclear energy Included in this survey were geography journals, energy journals, and journals in planning and appropriate other specialities Also included were articles on nuclear energy written by geographers, and articles in geography journals written by those of other disciplines Several bibliographicalguides were also consulted, and a draft of the bibliography was circulatedto energy geographers for comment It is important to remember the limitations of the bibliographic search Journalspublished outside the US that have been cited are not as representative of the total number of such journals as are those in the US, although about half of the journals surveyed are published outside the US Additionally, it has been difficultto be discriminatingabout geographical authorship in publications of private industry and federalgovernment Even with these restrictions(and a few less important ones) the 170 contributions used in the analysis undoubtedly include a large proportion of the geographical contributions on the topic of nuclearenergy CHOICE OF OUTLET For the most part, the journal of publication determines the type and size of the audience and, in 327 TABLEI.JournalCategories First-Tier Annals of the Ass of Amer Geographers Bulletin of the Amer Meteorological Soc Economic Geography Geografiska Annaler Geographical Review Science Social Science Quarterly Tijdschrift voor Economische en Social Geografie Transactions of the Institute of Br Geogr Second-Tier Ambio Area California Geographer Canadian Geographical Journal Current History Disasters East Lakes Geographer Energia Nucleare Energy Energy Policy Environment Environment and Behaviour Geography GeoJournal Impact Assessment Bulletin Landscape L'InformationGeographique Notiziario di Geografia Economeca Professional Geographer Progress in Physical Geography Regional Science Perspectives Regional Studies Remote Sensing Quarterly Review of Regional Studies Science, Technology and Human Values Soviet Review and Translation Yearbook of the Ass of Pacific Coast Geogr ThirdTier Canadian Geographer Electric World Geography Magazine Nuclear News Public Utilities Fortnightly Town and Country Planning general, the use of the findings Each discipline has a core of principal and related journals which are arranged into an informal, but none-the-less effective, ranking of preference and prestige, as Lee and Evans (1984) recently demonstrated for Geography This rankingis based on the disciplinarybackground of the readership, the rigour of the review process, 328 MARTIN].PASQUALETTI Bk-a Bk-e Gov J-1 J-2 J-3 Disc Paper Proc Dis Test FIGURE Distribution indicating the type of outlet used for the dissemination of results from geographical investigations on the theme of nuclear energy Key: Bk-a, journal articles in books; Bk-e, edited books; Gov, government publications; J-1, J-2, J-3, journal articles of different categories (see Table I);Disc, discussion series; Paper, oral presentation; Proc, proceedings; Dis, dissertation; Test, testimony and the circulation and distribution of the journal Scientists submit their finished manuscripts with these considerations in mind, and the choice is usually made with care It is the expectation that one's conclusions will have an influence on the thoughts and work of others that influences the author to submit an article to a particularjournal in the first place Once in print, other scientists have an opportunity to read and cite such contributions In general, the more frequently a publication is cited the more provocative and potentially influentialit is As the initial step in examining the relationship between contributions and professional influence, the 170 geographical contributions were reviewed and then classified according to where they were made public.1 For purposes of later discussion, and to reflect the hierarchical ranking just mentioned, journal articles were subjectively divided into three groups (Table I) The first tier of journals (J-1) includes those contributions in journals generally accepted as having highest prestige in the countries of publication The second tier (J-2) includes a range of quality journals of somewhat lower overall prestige within Geography, albeit possibly with higher circulation The third tier (J-3) includes a large proportion of publications aimed at the level of educated lay person outside academia THE AUDIENCE REACHED If one ingredient in the process of reaching interested and productive readers is the choice of outlet one makes when submitting an article, then it is important to analyse publication patterns over the years One of the most noticeable patterns has been the small use of traditional geography journals to distribute findings of significantpublic interest Over 40 per cent of articles on nuclearenergy published in the first tier American journals were published before 1964 (Fosberg, 1963; Guyol, 1958; Hart, 1956; Hess, 1962; Hoffman, 1957; Jones, 1951, Mowll, 1958), with a long hiatus between 1964 and 1980 when virtually nothing new was printed (Fig 1) In the instance of the citations from the Annals 329 Geographicalfindingson nuclearpower 20 - Bk-a - f.M I 20- J-1 n41^ 20 - J-2 0o - - f " 4-f, T::::::::::-.F: : :::::::::::::::: 20- J-3 r20 l -, F, lFf - disc , 20 - papers Xi- 50 1960 1970 X X 1980 i 84 FIGURE2 Temporaldistributionof principaltypes of outlet of the Association of American Geographers, moreover, 50 per cent have been for abstracts only This finding cannot be explained by proportionality differences between first tier journals and other journals;only four articles on the subject have been published in a major, first-tier American geography journalin the past 20 years (Cook, 1982; Hare, 1978; Mathieson, 1980; Wolpert, 1980) It is partly explained by the necessarily eclectic nature of the geography journals, coupled with the increased number of specialty journals Also, it results from the importance of other first-tier journals outside the discipline to which geographers submit their manuscripts The other observable publication pattern has been a strong numericalrise in the use of book articles in recent years (Fig 2) This is a natural progression in publication tendency which allows for the synthesis of viewpoints and topics on a general issue in one volume The sparse use of nuclear-related articles in the 'prestige' geography journals is found again in other outlets Relatively few contributions have been made in the form of proceedings or discussion series Published transcripts of public testimony is relatively infrequent (e.g Kasperson, 1977; Kasperson, 1980), although the substantial recent involvement of several geographers in public hearings (e.g Timothy O'Riordan in Britainand John Seley in the US) may indicate a shift in this trend in the future Only three dissertations have been written on the subject specifically(Johnsrud,1979; Manninen, 1981; Sharaf,1978), and this indicates the study of nuclear energy by geographers has been made primarilyby those who specialized in a non-nuclear sub-topic during graduate training (albeit, one with applicability to nuclear power such as hazards, risk, or environmental impact) No geographer has yet published a monographlength scholarly treatise on nuclear power (except 330 MARTIN] PASQUALETTI TABLEII.Citedreferences Name Publication Barnes et al (1979) Rutgers no 13 Boyle and Robinson (1981) Brunn et al (1979) Geography Fin Rpt Soc TMI Eggleston (1965) Can Geo Jour Femie (1980) Geog En UK (book) Hare (1978) Hess (1962) Bull Mer Met Soc Geog Rev Hohenemser, et al (1977) Science Kasperson, J et al (1979) Bull Atom Sci Kasperson, R (1977) Kasperson, R et al (1980) Kasperson et al (1976) Nuc Waste Man Sci, Tech, Human Nuc En Local Kates (1978) Risk Assess (book) Mason (1971) Micklin (1974) Geography B Atom Sci Mounfield (1961) Geography Mounfield (1967) Pryde (1979) Pryde and Pryde (1974) Wolpert (1977) Wolpert (1980) Geography Sov En System (book) Geography Geog Horizon (book) T I Brit Geog Citedin Nuc Safety (B)* Can Geog (A) Geogr Rev (A) Geography (A) Nuc Safety (C) Geogr Rev (D) Can Geog (D) Soc Sci Q (B) Adv Chem Series (B) Geography (A) Reg Stud (book) (A) J Wat Pol Con (B) J of Geography (A) Annals AAG (A) J Soc Issue (C) J Env Sys (C) Pro Res Man (v2) (C) Ethics (C) Sci Tech (C) Scientometrics (C) Can Pub Health (C) Soc Sci Info (C) B Atom Sci (C) Soc Forces (C) Environment (C) Science (C) Soc Stu Science (C) Tec Fc S Cg (book) (C) IEEETran Elec (C) Bull Atom Sci (C) Environment (C) Soc Stud Sci (C) Science (C) Am Pol Sci (C) Nucl Safety (C) Tech Rev (C) Environment (C) Ad Env Psy (book) (C) J Appl Psyc (C) Ambio (C) J Op Res Soc (C) Soc Stu of Sci (C) Soc Stu of Sci (C) Geography (A) Search (C) B Atom Sci (C) Science (C) T I Brit Geog (A) T I J D Ed Soc (B) T I Brit Geog (A) T I J D Ed Soc (B) Orbis (C) T I J D Ed Soc (B) T I Brit Geog (A) T I Brit Geog (A) Source:Social SciencesCitation Index 1966-1982, and ScienceCitation Index, 1976-1982 Philadelphia:Institute for Scientific Information *Keyed to categories in Table III 331 Geographical findingsonnuclear power in the form of theses and final project reports) although several edited volumes have appeared TABLE IV Journalsused by geographersfor nuclearenergy papers recently (Kasperson, 1983; Kasperson, et al, 1983; Pasqualetti and Pijawka, 1984) A monograph will presumably be published in due course, although, those involved in much of the recent research seem more interested in the subject for what it tells them about a broader topic such as technological risk than about nuclearenergy perse Armed with information as to where geographers publish their articles on nuclearenergy, one may ask: Who reads these publications and how often are they used in subsequent research?Of the 170 references reviewed 77 were published either as book articles (Bk-a) or J-l, J-2, or J-3 in 1981 or earlier Twenty-one of these 77 (16 authors)have been cited in either the Social Science Citation Index or the Science Citation Index (Table II) The 21 citations have been mentioned a total of 55 times These 55 citations may offer clues to what impact the work of geographers is having within and outside the discipline (Table III) Of the 55 times the works were mentioned, publications which appeared originally in geographical journals were cited a total of twelve times in other geography journals, six times (11 per cent) in non-geography outlets More significantly, articles published by geographers in non-geography journals were cited 37 times, 35 (64 per cent) of which were in non-geography outlets One article published in Science (Hohenemser, Kasperson, and Kates, 1977) was cited 19 times, but never in a geography journal It alone represents almost half of the citations of articles in nongeography journals In addition to the use of citations, the selection and total number of journal outlets chosen offers a further indication of actual and potential interdisciplinary use of the findings of geographers GeoTABLEIII Potentialimpactof geographers'publications Category A Geography outlets cited in other geography outlets B Geography outlets cited in non-geography outlets C Non-geography outlets cited in non-geography outlets D Non-geography outlets cited in geography outlets Total US Non-US Britain Other Total 24 18 10 42 Geography No % 10 13 23 42 72 75 70 55 12 22 11 35 64 14 19 58 28 25 30 45 graphers have published nuclear-orientated papers in 24 US journals, of which ten (42 per cent) are geography journals, and eighteen non-US journals, of which thirteen (72 per cent) are geography journals (Tables IV, V) When Britain is considered separately, we find that geographers have published nucleararticles in eight journals,of which six (75 per cent) are geography journals.It may be tempting to conclude from these statistics that American geographers distribute their work outside the discipline more than is common in Britain.However, in terms of actual articles, 20 of 37 (54 per cent) articles published in US journals were in geography outlets, while 20 of 34 (59 per cent) articles published in Britain were in geography outlets (Table VI) This virtually equivalent proportion on both sides of the Atlantic warrants tracing further in other countries, although it is not pursued here At the very least, however, it gives testimony to a fundamental similarity in terms of dedication to the discipline and the appropriateness of disseminating findings to non-geographers Thus, both in the case of where nuclear articles have been published and where they have been cited, Geography takes a back seat to a collection of other disciplines It is a condition the mechanics of which are most likely to perpetuate and expand PRESENT DISTRIBUTION CONTRIBUTION Citations No % Non-geography No % AND FUTURE Even a cursory examination of the bibliography of this article shows that a large portion of the American contribution to the geographical literature on nuclear energy has been made by relatively few people, but it cannot explain much about possible similaritiesand correlationsamongst the authors An analysis of such relationships can (1) yield some clues as to how the interest in nuclear energy developed within the discipline, and (2) provide some glimpse of possible future directions in Geography's 332 MARTINJ, PASQ2UALETTII TABLEV Numberof occurrences bycountry energytopicsinjournals(J-I,J-2,J-3)classified of articlesonnuclear US:non-geography UnitedStates:Geography Other AnnalsAAG (4) CurrentHistory(1) Ambio*(1) Bull Amer Met Soc (1) Elec World (2) Energia Nucleare* (1) CalifGeog (1) EastLakesGeog (1) EconGeog (1) Geog Rev (5) EnergyPolicy(1) Environment (2) Envir& Behav(1) ImpactAssess Bull(1) Energy*(1) Annaler(1) Geografiska GeoJoumal(1) L'Information (1) Geographique Landscape (1) Nuclear News (1) Notiziario di Geog Econ (1) ProfGeog (4) Sov Rev & Trans(1) Yrkb.Ass Pac.CoastGeogr.(1) PubUtilitiesFortnightly(1) RegionalSciFortnightly(1) RemoteSensingQuar(1) Rev RegionalStudies(1) Tijd.voor Econen Soc Geogr.(1) Science (2) Soc Sci Quar(1) SciTec Hum(1) Canada CanGeog Jour(2) CanGeographer(1) Britain Area(2) Disasters*(1) Geography(9) Geog Mag (3) ProgPhysGeog (3) Reg Studies(1) Town & CountryPlan*(13) TransInstiBritGeog (2) Note:*Non-geography and TABLE VI Nuclear energy articles published in geographical journals non-geographical Total US Non-US Britain Other Total 37 45 34 11 82 Geography No % 20 28 20 48 54 62 59 73 59 Non-geography No % 17 17 14 34 46 38 41 27 41 contribution to nuclear studies As a first step in this analysis virtually every contributor to the 170 references was traced as to present employment as well as to highest academic training (usually the Ph.D.) Each separate involvement in writing or editing was tallied as one contribution; thus, a single publication might have resulted in the attribution of several notations Of the 47 institutions noted, fifteen account for 229 out of the total of 292, or 78 per cent Of the 229 notations, 129 (55 per cent) come from four institutions: Arizona State University, the University of Chicago, Clark University, and Rutgers University (Fig 3) This uneven weighting in just four institutions can be explained in terms of similarities in training All the notations for the University of Chicago are for training Affiliation notations for Clark University come from Kaspersonand Kates, both graduates of the University of Chicago before Gilbert White departed for the University of Colorado Fourteen of the 21 notations for affiliation at Arizona State University come from a graduate of Clark(Pijawka) Two of the government notations for affiliation are for Sorensen, who trained at Clark as an undergraduate and then went on to receive his M.A and Ph.D at the University of Colorado under White Ten of the affiliations at Rutgers (e.g Cutter and Mitchell) are for Ph.D.s received at the University of Chicago, albeit after the departure of White for Colorado O'Riordan (now at the University of East Anglia in Britain),had a position at Clark.Guest trained at Chicago Morrison (listed under Kasperson and Morrison, 1983) received the M.A degree at Clark The most obvious common link between the 127 references to trainingand/or affiliationis the University of Chicago and the influence of Gilbert White AUTHOR TRAININGAND AFFILIATION NUNABER INSTITUTION ARIZONASTATE UNIVERSITY 20 17 CLARK UNIVERSITY I 31 COLUMBIAUNIVERSITY EASTERN MICHIGANUNIVERSITY Z3 FLORIDASTATE UNIVERSITY \ 17 GOVERNMENT HARVARDUNIVERSITY INDIANAUNIVERSITY (MA / PhD 2) JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY MICHIGANSTATE UNIVERSTIY NORTHERNILLINOISUNIVERSITY NORTHWESTERNUNIVERSITY OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY l 13 OLD DOMINIONUNIVERSITY PENNSYLVANIASTATE UNIVERSITY PRINCETONUNIVERSITY - :1 QUEENS COLLEGE RUTGERS UNIVERSITY (MA / PhD 2) I 13 SAN DIEGO STATE UNIVERSITY SUNY BINGHAMTON * SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY (MA 1) 3 TEMPLEUNIVERSITY TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYOF ALABAMA UNIVERSITYOF CAL BERKELEY UNIVERSITYOF CAL LOS ANGELES UNIVERSITYOF CAL RIVERSIDE 1 UNIVERSITYOF CALSANTABARBARA 37 UNIVERSITYOF CHICAGO UNIVERSITYOF COLORADO UNIVERSITYOF ILLINOIS UNIVERSITYOF KENTUCKY IIII III M * UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN (MA 1) a (MA 1) UNIVERSITYOF MINNESOTA UNIVERSITYOF MONTREAL UNIVERSITYOF PENNSYLVANIA UNIVERSITYOF PITTSBURGH UNIVERSITYOF SASKATCHEWAN UNIVERSITYOF TENNESSEE 3 UNIVERSITYOF TEXAS AUSTIN UNIVERSITYOF TORONTO UNIVERSITYOF WASHINGTON 12 I3 UNIVERSITYOF WISCONSIN VALPARAISOUNIVERSITY W MICHIGANUNIVERSITY W VIRGINIAUNIVERSITY YALE UNIVERSITY (MA 4) 3 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 NUMBER OF OCCURENCES TRAINING - LATEST ACADEMIC AFFILIATION I FIGURE Institutions of training and present academic affiliation of nuclear contributors on nuclear energy topics Each contribution (whether singly or as a collaborator) was counted individually Thus, if an article had three authors, each presently at a different university, each university would receive one notation for that single article 334 MARTINJ.PASQUALETTI In terms of dissemination, 24 out of 55 actual more carefulabout their choice of publication outlet Articles published in prestigious, first-tierjournals citations (Table II) referred to the work of those noted as being most closely associated with Gilbert receive more serious attention, and this is a selfWhite This finding can suggest a plausible expla- evident fact that derives from the development of nation of why these authors are more likely to cite the prestige in the firstplace Our puzzlingly meagre one another although it explains less about why publication record in first-tierjournals undoubtedly these individuals are cited outside the discipline reduces the potential follow-on influence of the One possible explanation for the latter condition is articles If we ignore momentarily patterns of publication simply one of a training which characteristically stressed issues of high public interest and the need to and use, and examine the topics and substance of the publish outside the discipline for greatest dissemi- publications themselves, we see that Geography's nation This pattern holds fewer negative impli- contribution to the study of nuclear energy has been cations for Geography as long as the cited authors varied, substantive, often provocative and sometimes prescient, especially on sub-topics such as remainidentified with the discipline socio-economics, waste disposal, facility siting, and emergency preparedness Its breadth is directly related to the fact that the development and use of CONCLUSIONS nuclear power embraces more innately geographical This article has addressed three questions: How topics of enquiry than any other type of energy we as geographers disseminate our findings? What (owing to the extensive fuel cycle and such considerinfluence our publications have? And what are ations as the hazardsit encompasses) the links that influence publishing and citation Thus, the geographical study of nuclear power habits? Bibiliographicalcitations in geography and has provided a wonderful opportunity for geogranon-geography journals on the theme of nuclear phers to gain visibility for themselves, their discienergy have been used to trace and measure these pline, and the geographical approach to issues patterns It was found that the majority of our of current public interest The body of work articles are disseminated outside Geography circles, geographers have produced on nuclear power has and this tendency is noticeable and comparableboth often demonstrated sophisticated methodological in Europe and the US Articles published in non- approaches and substantial insight and understandgeography journals find their way into the source ing It furthershows we respond quickly to topics of material of other articles more frequently The high public interest For those who believe we present study does not offer any clear explanations should stay within the traditional'mainstream'of the for this pattern other than the obvious desire to discipline in all we and publish, 'lateral' moves reach the largest interested audience When indeed into such topics as nuclear energy could be seen as a these articles are cited more often than those pub- bad sign for the discipline On the other hand, if one lished in geography journals,a naturaltendency is to believes that outside recognition of high quality further increase use of non-geographical outlets, research on any topic of interest to geographers consequently furtherdiminishing the likelihood that brings positive recognition to the discipline, our geography journals will attract either readers or researchpattern seems healthy contributors Although the body of publication discussed in As the citation tendencies illustrate, geography this article is of limited size, it is not unimpressive journals are used increasingly for internal consump- As geographers we should continue to apply ourtion only, a situation which tempts one to suggest selves to this and other topics of similarimport and that such journals are used more for 'visibility' visibility, endeavouring to publish in the journals within the discipline than to reach those in other of the discipline as we If we not use our disciplines If this be true, a geographer (particularly journals we tempt a sequence of events relatively one with junior standing), could face a consternating unambiguous in significance The key to the future choice between internalprestige and external useful- of the discipline is highlighting the contribution ness The low number of cited articles and even Geography can make One effective way of doing lower number of cited authors is a surprisingfinding, this is to publish quality researchin our own journals and one which should make those involved in similar and letting others outside the discipline know about research (or perhaps geographers in general) even it findingson nuclearpower Geographical NOTE A more complete bibliographic review of geographical studies on the topic of nuclear energy is found in Pasqualetti, 1985 REFERENCES BARNES, L., BROSIUS, J., CUTTER,S and MITCHELL,J K (1979) 'Response of impacted populations to the Three Mile Island nuclear reactor accident: an initial assessment', DiscussionPap.No 13 Rutgers Univ., Dept Geogr BOYLE, M J and ROBINSON, M E (1981) 'French nuclear energy policy', Geography 66: 300-3 BRUNN, S., JOHNSON, J R., Jr.and ZEIGLER,D (1979) Final report in a social survey of ThreeMile Island area residents(EastLansing, Michigan) COOK, E (1982) 'The role of history in acceptance of nuclear power', Soc Sci Quar 63: 2-15 CRANE, D (1972) InvisibleColleges(Chicago) EGGLESTON, W (1965) 'The nuclear age in Canada', Can Geogr.J 71: 182-91 FERNIE,J.(1980) 'Nuclear power: salvation or damnation7', in FERNIE,J (ed.) A geographyof energy in the United Kingdom(London), pp 77-104 FOSBERG, F R (1963) 'Effects of nuclear explosions on vegetation', Geogr.Rev 53: 136-7 GATRELL, A C (1984) 'The geometry of a research speciality: spatial diffusion modelling', Ann Ass Am Geogr.36: 300-07 GATRELL,A C and SMITH, A (1984) 'Networks of relations amont a set of geographical journals',Ann Ass Am Geogr.74: 437-53 GUYOL, N (1958) 'Nuclear fuels in the pattern of world energy supplies', Ann Ass Am Geogr 48: 266-7 (abstract) HARE, F K (1978) 'Nuclear waste and the hydrologic cycle', Bull.Am Met Soc 59: 267-8 HART, J F (1956) 'Nucleo-electricity versus carboelectricity in Britain',Geogr.Rev 46: 116-18 HESS, W N (1962) 'New horizons in resource development: the role of nuclear explosions', Geogr Rev 52: 1-24 HOFFMAN, G W (1957) 'The role of nuclear power in Europe'sfuture energy balance',Ann Ass Am Geogr.47: 15-40 HOHENEMSER, C., KASPERSON, R E and KATES, R W (1977) 'The distrust of nuclear power', Science196: 25-34 JOHNSRUD, J H (1979) 'A political geography of the nuclear power controversy: the peaceful atom in Pennsylvania', unpubl Ph.D thesis, Dept of Geogr., The Pennsylvania State Univ JONES, S B (1951) 'The economic geography of atomic energy,' Econ.Geogr.27: 268-74 335 KASPERSON, R E (1977) 'Nuclear waste management and the public: considerations for public policy' Testimony presented to the California Energy Resources Conservation and Development Commission, 26 May 1977 (Available from the Center for Technology, Environment, and Development, ClarkUniv.) KASPERSON, R E (1980) 'Anticipating the socioeconomic impacts of nuclear waste facilities upon rural communities' Testimony presented before the U.S Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, Subcommittee on Rural Development Hearings on the socioeconomic effects of a nuclear waste storage site on rural areas and small communities, U.S Senate, 96th Cong 2nd Sess Washington, D.C KASPERSON, R E (ed.) (1983) Equity issues in radioactive waste management(Cambridge, Mass.) KASPERSON, R E., BERK, G., PIJAWKA, K D., SHARAF, A (1976) 'Nuclear energy, local conflict and public opposition', (ClarkUniv Worcester, Mass.) KASPERSON, J X., HOHENEMSER, C., and KATES, R W (1979) 'Institutionalresponses to Three Mile Island', Bull.Atom Scien.35: 20-4 KASPERSON, R E., BERK, G., PIJAWKA, K D., SHARAF, A B and WOOD, J (1980) 'Public opposition to nuclear energy: retrospect and prospect', in UNSELD, C T., MORRISON, D E.and SILLS,D L.(eds) Sociopoliticalimpactsof energyuse and policy,Natn Ac of Sciences, Comm on Nuclear Energy and its Alternatives Revised and updated version reprintedin Sci., Technology and Human Values5: 11-23 KASPERSON,R.E.,HOHENEMSER,C and KASPERSON, J X (eds) (1983) Perilousprogress:technologyas hazard (Cambridge,Mass.) KASPERSON, R E and MORRISON, M (1983) 'Value conflict in the nuclear controversy', in ENGELHARDT, H T and CAPLAN, A (eds) The nuclearpower controversy (New York) KATES, R W (1978) 'Case study: risk assessment of nuclearreactors:three views of the reactor safety study', in KATES, R W (ed.) Risk assessmentof environmental hazard(Chichester),pp 87-97 LEE,D and EVANS, A (1984) 'American geographers' ranking of American geography journals', The Prof Geogr.36: 292-300 MANNINEN, D L (1981) 'Laborforce migration associated with nuclear power plant construction', unpubl Ph.D thesis, Dept of Geogr., Univ of Washington MASON, P F (1971) 'Some environmental considerations in the siting of nuclear power reactors along the California coast', Calif Geogr.12: 21-9 MATHIESON, R S (1980) 'Nuclear power in the Soviet Bloc', Ann Ass Am Geogr.70: 271-9 MICKLIN,P P (1974) 'Environmentalhazards of nuclear waste', Bull.Atomic Sci 30(4): 36-42 MOUNFIELD, P R (1961) 'The location of nuclear power stations in the United Kingdom', Geography, 52: 310-16 336 MARTINJ PASQUALETTI MOUNFIELD, P R (1967) 'Nuclear power in the United Kingdom', Geography52: 310-16 MOWLL, J U (1958) 'Applications of atomic energy', Geogr.Rev 48: 278-80 PASQUALETTI, M J (1985) 'Nuclear energy', in CALZONETTI,F and SOLOMON, B (eds), Geographical dimensionsof energy(Dordrecht),pp 27-40 PASQUALETTI, M J., and PIJAWKA, K D (1984) Nuclear power: assessing and managing hazardous technology(Boulder,Colorado) PRYDE, P R (1979) 'Nuclear power', in DIENES, L and SHABAD, T (eds) TheSovietenergysystem(Washington, D.C.), pp 151-70 PRYDE, P R and PRYDE, L T (1974) 'Soviet nuclear power', Environment,16: 26-34 SHARAF, A B (1978) 'Local citizen opposition to nuclear power plants and oil refineries', unpubl Ph.D thesis, Dept of Geogr., ClarkUniversity WHITLEY, R (1969) 'Communication nets in science: status and citation patterns in animal physiology', Soc Rev 17: 219-33 WOLPERT, J (1977) 'Evacuation from the nuclear accident', in Odland, J and Taaffe, R N (eds) Geographical horizons(Dubuque, Iowa), pp 124-9 WOLPERT,J (1980) 'The dignity of risk', Trans.Inst Br Geogr.5: 391-401 ... citation Thus, the geographical study of nuclear power habits? Bibiliographicalcitations in geography and has provided a wonderful opportunity for geogranon-geography journals on the theme of nuclear. .. Dept of Geogr., Univ of Washington MASON, P F (1971) 'Some environmental considerations in the siting of nuclear power reactors along the California coast', Calif Geogr.12: 21-9 MATHIESON, R...326 The on dissemination of nuclear geographical findings power MARTIN J PASQUALETTI Assoc.Professor,Departmentof Geography,ArizonaState University,Tempe,Arizona85287, USA RevisedMS