IELTS PRACTICE TESTS LISTENING TEST 14 IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com Pra ctice Test / Listening Good Luck! IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com Please note that while we truly hope that the pack will help you to achieve the IELTS test band score you need, by purchasing this pack you agree to the 'Terms and Conditions of Use' This pack, which includes all pages and the associated audio files, is for your own individual study only The pack or any of its contents can not be shared or transmitted in any form without the prior written consent of TruLern Ltd Please remember copyright laws exist to help us ALL Breach of copyright kills creativity, innovation and healthy competition If you breach this copyright you could face legal action IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com against you Respecting copyright makes our world a better place Please respect our copyright Once again, many thanks and once again, the very best of luck with your IELTS test © IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com , All Rights Reserved The contents a re for your ow n individua l study only Non com plia nce could result in lega l a ction a ga inst you IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com Pra ctice Test / Listening Terms and Conditions of Use The terms ‘IELTS PRACTICE TESTS’, 'TRULERN', ‘us’ and ‘we’ refer to the owners of the IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS website The term ‘you’ refers to the user or viewer of our website Copyright Notice Unless otherwise expressly stated, copyright or similar rights in all material presented on this website, apart from those held on any 'links' page and used as hyperlinks to other websites, are owned by TruLern Ltd You are entitled to download and print the practice tests for your own individual study use only and you are not permitted to share free or commercialy, or distribute free or commercially any of the contents in any form Copies of the website pages which you have saved to disk or to any other storage system or medium may be used for subsequent viewing purposes or to print for your own individual study use only You may not (whether directly or indirectly including through the use of any program) create a database in an electronic or other form by downloading and storing all or any part of the pages from this website without prior written consent save as expressly authorised by an agreement in writing between us Unless with our prior permission no part of this website may be reproduced or transmitted to or stored in any other website, nor may any of its pages or part thereof be disseminated in any electronic or non electronic form, nor included in any public or private electronic retrieval system or service Terms of Use You agree that all the materials displayed on or available through this website including without limitation any and all names, logos, data, information, graphics, underlying software, displayed on or available from this website are protected by copyright, trade mark and other intellectual property laws and are available for your own individual study use only You must not copy, modify, alter, publish, broadcast, distribute, sell, transfer or share any of these materials without our express written permission You agree to use this website and its content, and the services and products delivered herein only for lawful purposes IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com Warranties and Disclaimers Your use of this website including all content downloaded or accessed from or through this website is at your own risk Every effort is made to keep the website up and running smoothly However, we take no responsibility for, and will not be liable for, the website being temporarily unavailable due to technical issues beyond our control In no event will we be liable for any loss or damage including without limitation, indirect or consequential loss or damage, or any loss or damage whatsoever arising from loss of data or profits arising out of, or in connection with, the use of this website Whilst precautions are taken to detect computer viruses and ensure security, we cannot guarantee that the website is virus-free and secure We shall not be liable for any loss or damage which may occur as a result of any virus or breach of security We give no warranties of any kind concerning the web site or the content In particular, we not warrant that the website or any of its contents is virus free You must take your own precautions in this respect as we accept no responsibility for any infection by virus or other contamination or by anything which has destructive properties IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com Whilst making every attempt to secure personal data, we cannot accept responsibility for any unauthorised access or loss of personal information that is beyond our control Through this website you may be able to link to other websites which are not under our control We have no control over the nature, content and availability of those sites The inclusion of any links does not necessarily imply a recommendation or endorse the views expressed within them You agree to indemnify and hold TruLern Ltd and its subsidiaries, affiliates, shareholders, officers, directors, agents, licensors, suppliers, employees and representatives harmless from any claim or demand made by any third party due to or arising out of the use or connection to this website (including any use by you on behalf of your employer or your violation of any rights of another) Website and Content In compiling the content contained on, and accessed through this website, we have used our best endeavours to ensure that the information is correct and current at the time of publication but we take no responsibility for any error, omission or defect therein All study materials are generally hypothetical or imaginary and are included for educational purposes only Any resemblance to individuals, companies, institutions or otherwise in real life is entirely coincidental The opinions expressed in any third party materials are not necessarily those of TruLern Ltd but are provided for academic practice and educational purposes only We reserve the right to change these terms at any time and you will be considered to have accepted such changes if you use this web site after we have published the changed terms on this web site If you have any questions about this document or our privacy policy, please contact us © IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com , All Rights Reserved The contents a re for your ow n individua l study only Non com plia nce could result in lega l a ction a ga inst you IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com Pra ctice Test / Listening Listening Test 14 IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com © IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com , All Rights Reserved The contents a re for your ow n individua l study only Non com plia nce could result in lega l a ction a ga inst you IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com Pra ctice Test / Listening SECTION Questions - 10 Questions - Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer Laboratory Booking Form Dates: heir Schedule: Breaks: 5th March and 10:00 to 6:00 morning break, 15 minutes at / lunch break 12:30 to 1:30 / aternoon break, 30 minutes at 3:30 IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com Number of people: Contact name: Contact number: Roger Questions - 10 Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com Science Lab booking notes Visitor pack contains: Price / day: Lab provides: background info, available, safety info, map lab coats and Shoes: Closed-toe, no sandals Free bus: - every - bus stop 10 © IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com , All Rights Reserved The contents a re for your ow n individua l study only Non com plia nce could result in lega l a ction a ga inst you IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com Pra ctice Test / Listening SECTION Questions 11 - 20 Questions 11 - 15 Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer Introduction Need to understand all techniques to become 11 scientists Some can be dangerous if not done 12 Personal Safety Sensible shoes or lab shoes Stay fresh by taking 13 Lab Equipment Keep bench and 14 clean and tidy Careful when looking through draws - glassware could 15 IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com Questions 16 - 20 Write NO MORE THAN FOUR WORDS for each answer 16 Use crude sodium bicarbonate to neutralize a 17 If you spill mercury, you must 18 Put solid biohazard waste in the 19 Leave microscopes with the low itted IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com 20 Never forget to © IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com , All Rights Reserved The contents a re for your ow n individua l study only Non com plia nce could result in lega l a ction a ga inst you IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com Pra ctice Test / Listening SECTION Questions 21 - 30 Questions 21 - 26 Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer he Heart Implant Sensor he sensor is about the same size as a 21 here is no 22 inside the sensor he sensor is 23 by a radio transmitter and receiver At the moment, a catheter is inserted into the 24 Patients not like catheters because they are uncomfortable Because of the cost, catheters are unpopular with 25 IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com he development team believe they can reduce the 26 in year Questions 27 - 30 Write NO MORE THAN ONE WORD for each answer ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES - Only needs to be implanted 27 - Gets blocked by cells and 28 - Measurements can be taken more frequently - Cannot monitor heart continuously - Accurate - Danger of 29 from IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com - Very fast location - Should be available to doctors in a 30 months © IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com , All Rights Reserved The contents a re for your ow n individua l study only Non com plia nce could result in lega l a ction a ga inst you IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com Pra ctice Test / Listening SECTION Questions 31 - 40 Questions 31 - 36 Papermaking 31 'Papyrus' was a plant A found throughout Egypt B which grew along the Nile River C that Egyptians used to make paper 32 According to recent data, papermaking is thought to have been invented A in AD 105 B 200 years before Ts'ai Lun's invention C somewhere between 140 AD and 86 AD 33 Early paper was produced using A a frame made of wood IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com B a four-sided mould C a ine cloth stretched over a frame 34 he later, much smoother cloth A allowed the moulds to be used again and again B allowed silk to be introduced in to the paper C was made of just silk and animal hair 35 he irst paper in Japan was used A to help the spread of Buddhism IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com B only by the administration of the time C mainly by royalty 36 he Tibetans used paper A in a diferent way to their traditional writing materials B with a similar shape to their traditional writing materials C made from palm leaves Questions 37 - 40 Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer Paper Mills in North America 37 he early founders of papermaking used a European 38 Water was required to clean the rags and 39 he Americans experimented with sugarcane, tree bark, cornstalks and 40 Paper production from wood was made possible by progress in the mechanical © IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com , All Rights Reserved The contents a re for your ow n individua l study only Non com plia nce could result in lega l a ction a ga inst you IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com Pra ctice Test / Listening Answers IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com © IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com , All Rights Reserved The contents a re for your ow n individua l study only Non com plia nce could result in lega l a ction a ga inst you IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com SECTION Pra ctice Test / Listening SECTION SECTION SECTION 10th March 11 fully trained 21 grain of rice 31 B 11:15 12 correctly 22 battery 32 B 11 13 regular breaks 23 activated 33 B Jamieson 14 communal areas 24 arm or leg 34 A 0476 376580 15 break 35 B facilities 16 large quantity of acid 25 hospital administrators £135 safety glasses 17 speak to the technician 20 minutes 18 bleach bucket 10 7A 19 power lens 20 wash your hands 26 cost of production 27 once 28 proteins 29 detaching 30 few 36 B 37 model 38 drive the mills 39 straw 40 wood grinder IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com © IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com , All Rights Reserved The contents a re for your ow n individua l study only Non com plia nce could result in lega l a ction a ga inst you IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com Pra ctice Test / Listening Tapescripts IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com © IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com , All Rights Reserved The contents a re for your ow n individua l study only Non com plia nce could result in lega l a ction a ga inst you IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com Pra ctice Test / Listening SECTION (on the phone) WOMAN: Good morning Laboratory booking office MAN: Oh, good morning I’m interested in booking your lab in March WOMAN: Would that be the science laboratory? MAN: Yes, that’s right WOMAN: And in March, you say? MAN: That’s right WOMAN: Do you have any specific dates yet? MAN: Yes, we We’d like to reserve the lab for days actually WOMAN: OK MAN: But they’re not consecutive days There’s a break of days in between IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com WOMAN: That shouldn’t be a problem MAN: At the moment, we’re looking at 5th March and 9th March WOMAN: OK, let me just check those dates for you um the 5th is OK but I’m afraid we already have a booking on the 9th MAN: I see WOMAN: We could actually either side of the 9th, so the 8th would be possible as would the 10th Does that help at all? MAN: Um yes I think it would be better to have a little more time in between sessions rather than a little less so I think we’d like to go for the 10th WOMAN: Ok, that’s fine, and I’m assuming you’d like to book for the full day on both days? IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com MAN: Yes WOMAN: And you’ll be arriving at 9, will you? MAN: Actually, we’d like to begin a little later at 10, but we’ll be staying until WOMAN: OK, and could you tell me what time you’d like to take breaks? MAN: Yes, we’d like a 15-minute break at 11:15, lunch break from 12:30 to 1:30, and a 30-minute break at 3:30 in the afternoon WOMAN: OK, and sorry, the morning break is at what time? MAN: 11:15, please WOMAN: OK Can I just ask how many of you there will be? You know we can’t have more than 12 people in the lab at any one time MAN: Yes, I Actually, we’re just under the limit There will be 11 of us WOMAN OK, that’s fine So, would you like to go ahead with this booking? MAN: Yes, yes, we would WOMAN: OK, so can I just take your name, please? © IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com , All Rights Reserved The contents a re for your ow n individua l study only Non com plia nce could result in lega l a ction a ga inst you IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com MAN: Pra ctice Test / Listening Roger Jamieson WOMAN: Is that J-A-M-E-S-O-N MAN: Actually, it’s J-A-M-I-E-S-O-N WOMAN: OK, sorry and could I also take a contact number for you Mr Jamieson? MAN: Of course, that’s 0476 376580 WOMAN: 0476 376580 MAN: That’s right WOMAN: OK, thanks Just a couple more things I need to check with you WOMAN: So, you’d like me to send out the visitor pack to you? MAN: I think so Could you tell me what’s inside actually? WOMAN: Of course There is a general information section you know all about the lab, some background information, and the facilities available Also there’s a section on safety of IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com course there’s also a map showing where we are and how you can find us, and also the prices are included in that MAN: I see, well, yes, that would be very useful But could I check a few of those items with you now? WOMAN: Yes, of course MAN: Just regarding the price I have a note here saying the daily charge is £120, but I think it might be out of date WOMAN: I’m afraid it is out of date That was the daily rate about 12 months ago but the price has gone up slightly since then Um now it’s £135 a day IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com MAN: I see, OK, that’s still OK And could I ask you what kind of safety equipment you provide and what we need to bring ourselves? WOMAN: Yes, we provide lab coats and safety glasses, and there’s no extra charge for those they’re all included in the price Because shoe size can be a problem and we’re quite a small laboratory we don’t actually provide lab shoes But you don’t need lab shoes, actually, you all just need to wear closed-toes shoes, no sandals of course MAN: I see OK, that’s fine And finally, I understand that there is a free bus service from the station WOMAN: That’s right It leaves every 20 minutes and it leaves from bus stop 7A, just outside the station MAN: 7A OK, I think that’s everything © IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com , All Rights Reserved The contents a re for your ow n individua l study only Non com plia nce could result in lega l a ction a ga inst you IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com Pra ctice Test / Listening SECTION Good morning everyone and thank you for coming I know for many of you that there will be very little new about the content of this talk, but as I’m sure you’ll all appreciate, we feel that in the interests of health and safety we are obliged to go through the safety guidelines for using the laboratories I would like to start by saying that of course the university would prefer not to expose you to any risk at all in the labs, or anywhere else on the campus However, for you to become fully trained scientists you need to be aware of the full range of laboratory techniques in use Some of these can if they are not conducted correctly can be hazardous If they are carried out following the safety practices we have in place, they should not present any safety problems I’m going to divide the talk up into the following sections: personal safety, lab equipment, chemicals, IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com biohazard waste, and finally cleaning-up So, first on the list, personal safety now, you have a full list of safety measures in the handout but I need to draw your attention to some points in particular The first of these is footwear You may be surprised at the number of people who try to come into the lab wearing sandals in the summer months, or backless shoes Of course nobody does this on purpose People forget, or they simply want their shoes to match whatever they’re wearing that day we understand that it can be a nuisance But not wearing sensible shoes can be extremely dangerous So please always be careful on days when you need to go into the lab, alternatively you may like to invest in a pair of lab shoes The other point I need to highlight with respect to personal safety is the need to look after yourself IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com when you’re in the lab By this I mean, it’s far too easy to get engrossed in your experiment and not notice the passing of time You need to take regular breaks in order to stay fresh and alert You know it’s a little like mountain climbing the vast majority of accidents occur on the way down and so it is in the lab, the vast majority of accidents occur late in the day when people have already spent numerous hours working So keep an eye on the clock and schedule regular breaks for yourself into your program OK, moving on to lab equipment, I’d like to highlight two points here Firstly, people who keep clean and tidy benches are far less likely to be involved in accidents So keep your bench clean and tidy at all times, clean up any spills immediately But also, please keep the communal areas clean and tidy, too Any glassware containing chemicals that you need to leave in the communal areas, under the fume hoods, must be clearly labelled with your name, course code and the contents of the container Failing to this is not only inconsiderate for other lab users but can also be extremely dangerous Secondly, this may seem like a small point to mention but it does happen far more often than we © IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com , All Rights Reserved The contents a re for your ow n individua l study only Non com plia nce could result in lega l a ction a ga inst you IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com Pra ctice Test / Listening would like, and it is the occurrence of people cutting themselves when looking for glassware in cupboards and drawers Please not rummage through storage areas quickly in your eagerness to push on with your experiment There may be sharp objects inside of course, or the glassware can simply break It seems like an obvious point but, as I say, it does happen and so please take care The next category I’d like to look at is chemicals First of all, acids – if you spill a small quantity of acid on the bench, then as most of you will know, use ammonia solution to dilute it before washing it down with water But please note, please highlight this on your handout if you will, that if you spill a larger quantity of acid on the bench or floor, you should first ask the technician for crude sodium bicarbonate then use this sodium bicarbonate to neutralize the acid before you wash it down thoroughly with plenty of water So for larger quantities of acid, crude sodium bicarbonate The other substance I’d like to mention is mercury Again, if you wouldn’t mind highlighting this on the handout um mercury from broken thermometers does present a special kind of hazard And IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com again as you know, the vapour from spilled mercury does present a long-term hazard, and we need to be very, very careful how we clean it up Now no matter how much time you have spent in laboratories previously, we really not want you to attempt to clean up this kind of spillage yourself The danger is not only that you may come into contact with the mercury, which of course it goes without saying you must never do, but also that you may ended up spreading the mercury rather than actually cleaning it up So the thing to immediately in this situation is to speak to the technician I have to just say again, please never attempt to clean up the spillage yourself Please never feel so embarrassed about the accident that you try to sort it out yourself Speak to the technician immediately and he or she will take control of things from there IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com OK, I think that’s all on on um mercury Let’s now move on to the next category which is biohazardous waste Of course all biohazardous waste needs to disposed of correctly and it will be autoclaved by the lab technician, um but please remember to place the waste in the right location Solid waste needs to be put in the bleach bucket and liquid waste needs to be put on the tray marked ‘Waste: To Be Autoclaved’ Please not leave waste near to the designated areas if the waste area happens to be full this can very occasionally happen during busy periods Again, contact the technician, they will make space, and then you can leave the waste in the correct place Just a final word then on cleaning up at the end of your lab sessions three things I’d like you to highlight Please be careful to place pipettes in the appropriate waste container; second, please leave microscopes with the low power lens in place and finally, please, never, no matter how much of a hurry you may be in, never forget to wash your hands thoroughly with antiseptic soap and water before leaving the lab OK, many thanks for listening If you have any questions, we can now © IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com , All Rights Reserved The contents a re for your ow n individua l study only Non com plia nce could result in lega l a ction a ga inst you IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com Pra ctice Test / Listening SECTION TUTOR: Good morning to you Today we’re going to look at a sensor which is helping doctors to measure blood pressure inside a person’s heart So let’s have a look at the sensor or rather a blown up diagram of the sensor As you can see from the scale indicator, it’s no bigger than a grain of rice, and as you take a close look at the components, you’ll notice that there seems to be something missing – of course, the device contains no battery STUDENT 1: Sorry, are we to assume that this sensor is implanted into the patient? TUTOR: That’s correct The sensor can be implanted into either the aorta or the left atrium STUDENT 2: Sorry and is it a permanent implant? TUTOR: Yes, it is STUDENT 2: So the sensor is sending out signals constantly from the patient’s heart I mean blood IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com pressure data TUTOR: No, it can’t that The device is triggered when scanned So, it’s implanted on a permanent basis but it’s only active, if you like, when it’s scanned Using a radio transmitter and receiver held close to the body is sufficient to activate the device, and, if you will, to interrogate the implant STUDENT 1: Isn’t implanting rather a severe measure to take to get blood pressure data? TUTOR: Well, remember that this is not just blood pressure data This is blood pressure data from inside the heart And, as always, we have to consider the alternatives Currently, the only alternative is to insert, temporarily, a catheter into the heart via an artery in the arm or leg And as we all know this method is unpopular with patients because it IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com is rather unpleasant, and it’s not so popular with hospital administrators because it is quite costly, particularly since measurements need to be taken three or four times a year, from many patients STUDENT 1: And isn’t this costly? TUTOR: Well, the initial figures look quite promising The developers estimate that within a year the cost of production could fall by 20% though at the moment they are not saying how that is going to be achieved TUTOR: So, why the need? Well, in the US alone every year there are in excess of half a million new cases of congestive heart failure So, as you know, this is when fluid builds up in organs and limbs because the heart fails to pump enough blood around the body This device is designed specifically for these people Now, the condition is treatable, at the moment, only via drugs But in order to ensure that the treatment is indeed working, doctors need to measure the blood pressure inside the heart As I mentioned © IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com , All Rights Reserved The contents a re for your ow n individua l study only Non com plia nce could result in lega l a ction a ga inst you IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com Pra ctice Test / Listening previously, this could be three or four times a year One advantage with this device is that it only needs to be implanted once, and then measurements can be taken as often as doctors require A further advantage is that, from the trials, measurements are extremely accurate and can be taken extremely quickly STUDENT 2: So are there any drawbacks with this method? TUTOR: Well, yes there are One of the problems, which we find in many implanted devices, is that, with time, they become clogged up clogged up by cells or proteins STUDENT 1: So, what happens when this device gets clogged? TUTOR: Well, because this device works mechanically, by the flexing of a membrane, any build up around the device is not such a problem Again, the trials seem to suggest that the device can still produce accurate results even when it becomes coated STUDENT 2: Wow, that’s impressive And, are there any other disadvantages? TUTOR: Yes, there are One further snag is that, being batteryless, the device cannot monitor IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com the heart continuously so you only get a snapshot picture if you like of the blood pressure But still, we could take these measurements more frequently than we can at the moment There is also one other concern a concern inherent in several implanted devices, and that is, the danger that the sensor could become detached from its location If this were to happen, there is a high risk that it could be swept away into the brain and possibly initiate a stroke STUDENT 1: That’s a fairly serious concern TUTOR: Yes, it is However the research team are adamant that the device is highly unlikely to move because of an anchoring device they have developed to keep the sensor in place IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com STUDENT 2: So is this something that we’re going to see available to doctors soon? TUTOR: I think so The development team are being cautious about this but they have implied that it could be on the market within a matter of months © IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com , All Rights Reserved The contents a re for your ow n individua l study only Non com plia nce could result in lega l a ction a ga inst you IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com Pra ctice Test / Listening SECTION For centuries people have tried to find surfaces on which to record their thoughts, stories, and messages Almost everything imaginable has been tried wood, stone, ceramics, cloth, bark, metal, silk, bamboo and tree leaves Today’s lecture, ladies and gentlemen, is a short history of papermaking As you probably know, the word ‘paper’ is derived from the word ‘papyrus’, which was a plant, found in Egypt along the River Nile The Egyptians produced sheets of papyrus on which they drew images and stories However, it took some 3000 years before any major advancements were made In fact, it wasn’t until AD 105, that many claim papermaking was finally invented There are historical records which report that in that year papermaking was shown to the Chinese Emperor by Ts'ai Lun, who was an official of the Imperial Court But, if we look at the most recent archaeological findings, there is evidence to IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com suggest that the invention of papermaking came some 200 years earlier There are also some findings of ancient paper pieces which date back to the period of Emperor Wu whose reign was between 140 BC and 86 BC Even if Ts'ai Lun was not the actual inventor of papermaking, many people believe that he deserves the recognition that he has been given in Chinese history for his role in the development of a material which revolutionized his country, and later the world So, how was the early form of paper made? Well, from what we know, it seems that plants from the hemp family were soaked in water, washed, soaked again and then beaten with a wooden mallet to make a pulp The pulp would then be stored in a large vat In order to convert the pulp to a sheet of paper a mould was produced The mould was probably made by first putting together a IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com rectangular-shaped bamboo frame A course woven cloth was then stretched and fastened over the frame The frame, would then be dipped into the vat of pulp, removed and up to dry Now, the next real advancement came with the development of a smoother cloth for the mould covering This made it possible to separate the newly formed sheet of paper from the mould and to then reuse the mould almost immediately This new smoother cloth was made from a mix of very thin bamboo, silk and animal hair From then, around 600 AD, the process of making paper spread to countries in Asia First, it seems, to Korea where the production process was improved through the addition of seaweed and rice straw A Korean monk, by the name of Don-cho, then took this papermaking to Japan where he shared his knowledge with Japanese royalty In Japan, this paper was first used, we are told, for government records only, but with the increasing popularity of Buddhism, came an increasing demand for paper Following this, the records then show the existence of paper in Tibet The Tibetans began to replace their traditional writing materials, a type of palm-leaf, with paper The shape of the paper they © IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com , All Rights Reserved The contents a re for your ow n individua l study only Non com plia nce could result in lega l a ction a ga inst you IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com Pra ctice Test / Listening produced however retained the long, narrow format of the original palm-leafs From here, it seems the process of papermaking spread far and wide, across Persia, Central Asia and then on to India so this brings us onto the arrival of the paper mill in North America The first mill was established there in Pennsylvania in 1690, by William Rittenhouse Now, Rittenhouse, like many of the early founders, was a European, from Holland in fact And these people brought with them the papermaking model which was then present in Europe This European way of production required paper mills to be near to urban areas where there was a plentiful supply of rags, the main raw material of the day Also the mills needed to be close to a reliable water supply since large quantities were used to drive the mills and wash the rags Most of the machinery was also imported from Europe at that time including the moulds which IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com required a certain skill a skill that few workers, in the then British Colonies, possessed Now, with the American War of Independence came an increased demand for more written communication and consequently for more paper Locals gradually learned the skill of mould making and soon there was no need for imports After that war, paper mills started to spring up across the new nation, and the Americans began to experiment with different kinds of raw materials raw materials that were in more plentiful supply than rags These experiments included the use of tree bark, sugarcane waste, straw, and cornstalks Eventually, a development in England, that of the mechanical wood grinder, made wood pulp a viable IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com option In 1863, the first newspaper, to be produced in America from paper made from ground wood pulp, was published by the Boston Weekly Journal © IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com , All Rights Reserved The contents a re for your ow n individua l study only Non com plia nce could result in lega l a ction a ga inst you ... inst you IELTS- PRACTICE- TESTS.com Pra ctice Test / Listening Listening Test 14 IELTS- PRACTICE- TESTS.com IELTS- PRACTICE- TESTS.com © IELTS- PRACTICE- TESTS.com , All Rights Reserved The contents... lega l a ction a ga inst you IELTS- PRACTICE- TESTS.com Pra ctice Test / Listening Tapescripts IELTS- PRACTICE- TESTS.com IELTS- PRACTICE- TESTS.com © IELTS- PRACTICE- TESTS.com , All Rights Reserved... a ga inst you IELTS- PRACTICE- TESTS.com Pra ctice Test / Listening Answers IELTS- PRACTICE- TESTS.com IELTS- PRACTICE- TESTS.com © IELTS- PRACTICE- TESTS.com , All Rights Reserved The contents a re