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You are employed as a network engineer by Nguyen Networking Limited, a hightech networking solution development company, which has branches in Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi, Da Nang and Can Tho. The company has been contracted to implement a networking project from a local educational institute. The specification of the project is given below: People: 200 students, 15 teachers, 12 marketing and administration staff, 5 higher managers including the academic heads and the programme managers, and 3 computer network administrators. Resources: 50 student lab computers, 35 staff computers, and 3 printers. Building: 3 floors, all computers and printers are on the ground floor apart from the IT labs – one lab located on the first floor and another located on the second floor.
Assignment Brief (RQF) Higher National Certificate/Diploma in Computing Student Name/ID Number: Unit Number and Title: Unit 2: Networking Academic Year: 2021 – 2022 Unit Assessor: Van Ho Assignment Title: Networking Infrastructure Issue Date: April 1st, 2021 Submission Date: Internal Verifier Name: Date: Submission Format: Format: ● The submission is in the form of an individual written report This should be written in a concise, formal business style using single spacing and font size 12 You are required to make use of headings, paragraphs and subsections as appropriate, and all work must be supported with research and referenced using the Harvard referencing system Please also provide a bibliography using the Harvard referencing system Submission ● Students are compulsory to submit the assignment in due date and in a way requested by the Tutor ● The form of submission will be a soft copy posted on http://cms.greenwich.edu.vn/ ● Remember to convert the word file into PDF file before the submission on CMS Note: ● The individual Assignment must be your own work, and not copied by or from another student ● If you use ideas, quotes or data (such as diagrams) from books, journals or other sources, you must reference your sources, using the Harvard style ● Make sure that you understand and follow the guidelines to avoid plagiarism Failure to comply this requirement will result in a failed assignment Unit Learning Outcomes: LO1 Examine networking principles and their protocols LO2 Explain networking devices and operations Assignment Brief and Guidance: Assignment scenario You are employed as a network engineer by Nguyen Networking Limited, a high-tech networking solution development company, which has branches in Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi, Da Nang and Can Tho The company has been contracted to implement a networking project from a local educational institute The specification of the project is given below: • People: 200 students, 15 teachers, 12 marketing and administration staff, higher managers • including the academic heads and the programme managers, and computer network administrators Resources: 50 student lab computers, 35 staff computers, and printers • Building: floors, all computers and printers are on the ground floor apart from the IT labs – one lab located on the first floor and another located on the second floor Task The CEO of the company, Mr Nguyen, has asked you to investigate and explain networking principles, protocols and devices and submit a report You will need to produce a report that includes the following: • An introduction to provide an overview of your report • Benefits and constraints of different types of networks and networking standards • The impact of network topology, speed of communication and bandwidth requirements • Effectiveness of networking systems • Discussion on operating principles of networking devices and server types and networking • software Discuss the relationship of workstation hardware with networking software • Explore a range of server types and justify the selection of a server, considering a given scenario • regarding cost and performance optimization For the given specification, identify the topology protocol for the efficient utilization of a networking system Learning Outcomes and Assessment Criteria (Assignment 1): Learning Outcome Pass Merit LO1 P1 Discuss the M1 Compare benefits and common networking constraints of different principles and how network types and protocols enable the standards effectiveness of networked systems P2 Explain the impact of network topology, communication and bandwidth requirements LO2 P3 Discuss the operating principles of networking devices and server types P4 Discuss the interdependence of workstation hardware with relevant networking software M2 Explore a range of server types and justify the selection of a server, considering a given scenario regarding cost and performance optimisation Distinction D1 Considering a given scenario, identify the topology protocol selected for the efficient utilization of a networking system Contents List of Figure P1 Discuss the benefits and constraints of different network types and standards Network Definition A network is defined in information technology as the connecting of at least two computer systems via a cable or wireless connection The most basic network consists of two computers linked by a cable Peer-to-peer networks are the name for this form of network In this network, there is no hierarchy; both participants have equal privileges Each computer has access to the other's data and can share resources including disk space, software, and peripheral devices (printers, etc.) Today's networks are a little more complicated, and they aren't merely made up of two computers Clientserver networks are commonly used in systems with more than ten players A central computer (server) in these networks distributes resources to the other network participants (clients) Figure – Network Definition (WELCOME TO THE NORMAN NETWORK | NORMAN, 2022) 1.1 LAN (Local Area Network) The LAN, or Local Area Network, is a network that allows personal computers and workstations to share data, tools, and programs A switch, or stack of switches, connects a set of computers and devices using a private addressing system provided by the TCP/IP protocol In comparison to other computers on the local network, private addresses are unique Routers are located at the LAN's edge, linking it to the broader WAN Because the number of computers connected is limited, data is transmitted at a very quick rate The connections must, by definition, be high-speed and hardware must be reasonably inexpensive (Such as hubs, network adapters, and Ethernet cables) LANs are privately owned and span a smaller geographical area (size is restricted to a few kilometres) It can be used for a variety of purposes, including business buildings, homes, hospitals, and schools LANs are simple to set up and manage Twisted-pair cables and coaxial cables are utilized as a LAN communication method Because it only traverses a limited distance, the inaccuracy and noise are kept to a minimum Figure – Local Area Network (What is Local Area Network? Definition and FAQs | HEAVY.AI, 2022) 1.2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) The Metropolitan Area Network, or MAN, covers a wider area than a LAN and a smaller area than a WAN It connects two or more computers that are located in different cities but are connected through a network It serves as an ISP and covers a vast geographical area (Internet Service Provider) Customers who require high-speed connectivity will benefit from MAN MAN speeds are measured in megabits per second A Metropolitan Area Network is difficult to develop and maintain The fault tolerance of a MAN is lower, and the network is also more congested It is expensive, and it may or may not be held by a single entity MAN has a moderate data transfer rate and propagation delay Modem and Wire/Cable are the devices that are utilized to transmit data through MAN A MAN is a component of a telephone company's network that can offer a highspeed DSL connection to a client or a city's cable TV network Figure - Metropolitan Area Network (Bagci, 2022) 1.3 WAN (Wide Area Network) A Wide Area Network, or WAN, is a computer network that spans a vast geographic area, however it may be limited to the boundaries of a state or country A WAN is a network of local area networks (LANs) that link to other LANs via telephone lines and radio waves It can be restricted to a single firm (a corporation or organization) or open to the public The technology is both high-speed and low-cost Figure - Wide Area Network (Networking Service - Wan Networking Service Retailer from Noida, 2022) Protocols and standards 2.1 Network Protocol A network protocol is a set of rules that govern how data is exchanged between devices connected to the same network In essence, it enables connected devices to interact with one another despite variations in internal operations, structure, or design Network protocols are responsible for allowing you to interact with individuals all over the world, and they play an important part in modern digital communications They ensure that computer network devices, independent of their differing designs, hardware, or infrastructures, can transmit and receive data using a common language The end-to-end processes of timely, secure, and managed data or network communication are governed by network protocols They can be implemented in hardware or software, and they're so crucial that, in practice, every network relies on them for communication and connectivity Figure - Network Protocol (Computer Network Protocol, 2022) TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is a set of communication protocols that are used to connect network devices on the internet In a private computer network, TCP/IP is also used as a communications protocol (an intranet or extranet) Figure – TCP/IP (TCP/IP Là Gì - Tìm hiểu mơ hình giao thức TCP/IP, 2022) HTTP The World Wide Web's cornerstone is the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), which is used to load web pages via hypertext links HTTP is an application layer protocol that runs on top of other layers of the network protocol stack to convey data between networked devices A typical HTTP flow involves a client sending a request to a server, which then responds with a message Figure - HTTP (2022) DNS The Domain Name System (DNS) is the Internet's phone book Domain names such as nytimes.com and espn.com allow people to access content on the internet Internet Protocol (IP) addresses are used to communicate between web browsers DNS converts domain names to IP addresses, allowing browsers to access resources on the Internet Each Internet-connected device has a unique IP address that other machines use to locate it DNS servers minimize the need for people to learn IP addresses like 192.168.1.1 (in IPv4) or more complex modern alphanumeric IP addresses like 2400:cb00:2048:1::c629:d7a2 (in IPv6) (in IPv6) Figure – DNS (2022) DHCP The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a network management protocol that automates the process of setting devices on IP networks so that they can access network services like DNS, NTP, and any UDP or TCP-based communication protocol A DHCP server assigns each device on a network a dynamic IP address and other network setup parameters so that they can communicate with other IP networks DHCP is an improved version of an older protocol known as BOOTP The DHCP protocol is a crucial component of the DDI solution (DNS-DHCP-IPAM) Figure – DHCP (2022) ICMP The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is a network layer protocol that network devices used to identify communication problems in networks The ICMP protocol is primarily used to the protocol is commonly used on network devices like routers ICMP is essential for error reporting and testing, but it can also be utilized in DDoS attacks Figure 10 - ICMP (2022) 2.2 International standard Customers of computer and networking goods, as well as the manufacturers who sell to them, have benefited greatly from the growth of open standards that are not owned by any one business However, organizations that will coordinate the creation and publication of these papers are required to assist in the development of open standards Generally speaking, they are non-profit organizations that take a neutral stance on technologies and aim to improve the industry as a whole Names of the standard used in networking: - International Organization for Standardization (ISO) - American National Standards Institute (ANSI) - Information Technology Industry Council (ITIC) - National Committee for Information Technology (NCITS) - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) - Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) - Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) - International Telecommunication Union - Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) OSI Model The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) developed the open systems interconnection (OSI) model, which allows different communication systems to communicate via standard protocols In layman's terms, the OSI establishes a standard for computer systems to communicate with one another The OSI Model can be thought of as a universal computer networking language It's based on the idea of breaking down a communication system into seven abstract layers that are piled on top of each other Figure 11 - OSI Model (2022) P2 Explain the impact of network topology, communication and bandwidth requirements Network topology The topology of your network refers to how nodes, devices, and connections are physically or logically connected to one another Consider your network to be a city, with the topology serving as the road map There are numerous methods to arrange and manage a network, just as there are different ways to arrange and maintain a city — for example, ensuring that avenues and boulevards can enable movement between the busiest parts of town Each has benefits and drawbacks, and depending on your company's needs, different arrangements can provide you with a higher level of connectivity and security Physical and logical topologies are the two methods of network topology The actual links and interconnections between nodes and the network—the wires, cables, and so on —are referred to as physical network topology Logical network topology is more abstract and strategic, referring to the conceptual knowledge of how and why the network is set up the way it is, as well as how data flows across it 10 duplex transmission, which means data is sent and received at the same time Mesh topologies can be wired or wireless, and they can be used in both LAN and WAN environments Figure 16 - Mesh (2022) Advantages: - It has a lot of strength - The problem is easily identified Data is secure because it is transmitted across specific channels or linkages between devices - Provides privacy and secure Disadvantages: - It's difficult to set up and configure - Because bulk wiring is necessary, cable costs are significant, making them ideal for a smaller number of devices - The cost of upkeep is prohibitively high 5.2 Star All of the devices in a star topology are connected to a single hub via a wire This hub serves as the core node, with all other nodes connecting to it The hub might be passive in nature, meaning it is not an intelligent hub like broadcasting devices, or it can be active, meaning it is intelligent Repeaters are found in active hubs 13 Figure 17 – Star (Difference Between Star and Ring Topology (with Comparison Chart) - Circuit Globe, 2022) Advantages When N devices are connected in a star topology, the total number of cables needed to connect them is N As a result, it is simple to set up Because each device only needs one port to connect to the hub, the total number of ports required is N Disadvantages The entire system will come crashing down if the concentrator (hub) on which the entire topology is based fails The installation costs a lot of money The performance is dependent on a single concentrator, referred to as the hub 5.1 Bus Every computer and network device is connected to a single cable in a bus topology network It sends data in a single direction from one end to the other In bus topology, there are no bidirectional features It is a multi-point connection with a non-robust topology since the topology crashes if the backbone breaks Figure 18 – Bus (2022) 14 Advantages In a bus topology, if N devices are connected to each other, the number of cables required to connect them is 1, known as a backbone cable, and N drop lines are required The cable is less expensive than other topologies, however it is only used to create tiny networks If the common cable breaks, the entire system will fail When network traffic is high, network collisions become more common To avoid this, the MAC layer employs protocols such as Pure Aloha, Slotted Aloha, CSMA/CD, and others The level of security is quite low 5.2 Ring It establishes a ring connecting devices with its exactly two nearby devices in this topology When a ring topology with a large number of nodes is employed, a number of repeaters are necessary because if someone wishes to send data to the last node in a ring topology with 100 nodes, the data must pass through 99 nodes before reaching the 100th node As a result, repeaters are utilized in the network to prevent data loss Figure 19 – Ring (Difference between star and ring topology - javatpoint, 2022) Advantages In this type of structure, the chances of colliding are extremely slim Installing and expanding the system is inexpensive Disadvantages In this topology, troubleshooting is challenging The addition of stations between them or the removal of stations can cause the entire topology to be disrupted It's less safe 5.3 Network communication A communication network is a pattern or form used in an organization to effectively exchange information The communication network is a well-established system that allows messages to travel in one or multiple routes within an organization depending on requirements Formal and 15 informal communication are the two main styles of communication Different communication networks can be developed based on their effectiveness depending on the nature and size of the company as well as the forms of communication The development of an effective communication network in large enterprises is difficult The main communication network in such organizations is separated into multiple subnetworks that maintain ties with the main network in order to be effective The communication network is useful in determining the speed, accuracy, and smoothness with which messages flow throughout the company Rules in network communication An identified sender and receiver Common language and grammar Speed and timing of delivery Confirmation or acknowledge requirements 5.4 Bandwidth The maximum capacity of a wired or wireless communications link to send data via a network connection in a given length of time is known as network bandwidth The number of bits, kilobits, megabits, or gigabits that can be transmitted in one second is commonly used to describe bandwidth Bandwidth is a term used interchangeably with the capacity to indicate the rate at which data is transferred A popular misperception is that bandwidth is a measure of network speed Why Bandwidth is important The amount of bandwidth available is limited There is only so much capacity available at any particular deployment area, such as a home or company This is sometimes due to the network device's physical restrictions, such as the router or modem, cabling, or the wireless frequencies being used Other times, a network administrator or an internet or wide area network (WAN) carrier will limit bandwidth on purpose When multiple devices are connected to the same network, bandwidth must be shared Some devices, such as 4K TVs, consume a lot of bandwidth A webinar, on the other hand, often consumes significantly less bandwidth While speed and bandwidth are not synonymous, more bandwidth is required to maintain acceptable rates across numerous devices Here's an example of average bandwidth consumption for several services Figure 20 - Bandwidth (What is network bandwidth and how is it measured?, 2022) P3 Discuss the operating principles of networking devices and server types 16 Networking Device: 1.1 Switches A switch is a multi-port bridge with a buffer and a design that can improve its efficiency and performance (having a large number of ports means less traffic) A data link layer device is a switch The switch can check for problems before forwarding data, which makes it incredibly efficient because it doesn't transfer packets with mistakes and only forwards good packets to the correct port To put it another way, the switch separates the collision domain of hosts while keeping the broadcast domain the same Figure 21 – Switch (Ellis, 2022) 1.2 Routers A router, similar to a switch, is a device that directs data packets according to their IP addresses The router is primarily a device that operates at the Network Layer Routers connect LANs and WANs and use a dynamically updating routing table to decide how to route data packets The broadcast domains of hosts linked through it are divided by the router Figure 22 – Router (Design, 2022) Other common networking devices 17 2.1 Gateway A router, similar to a switch, is a device that directs data packets according to their IP addresses The router is primarily a device that operates at the Network Layer Routers connect LANs and WANs and use a dynamically updating routing table to decide how to route data packets The broadcast domains of hosts linked through it are divided by the router It's possible that it's linked to the router because a router carefully considers the routing path of data packets arriving at the gateway, and then a switch selects an appropriate in and out a route for the assigned packet Despite the fact that numerous devices can operate as a gateway, the gateway is an essential property of courses Figure 23 – Gateway (Gateway gì? Khái niệm Gateway tự xây dựng? Dựng sẵn?, 2022) 2.2 Firewall A firewall is a network security device that analyzes in the coming and outgoing network traffic and determines whether specific traffic should be allowed or blocked based on a set of security rules For more than 25 years, firewalls have served as the first line of defense in network security They create a barrier between secure, controlled internal networks that can be trusted and untrustworthy external networks like the Internet A firewall might be hardware, software, or a combination of the two 18 Figure 24 – Firewall (2022) Types of servers 3.1 DHCP server A DHCP Server is a network server that assigns IP addresses, default gateways, and other network information to client devices on a regular basis To reply to broadcast inquiries from clients, it uses the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, or DHCP, as a common protocol A DHCP server transmits the appropriate network parameters to clients so that they can communicate correctly on the network Without it, the network administrator must manually configure each client who joins the network, which can be time-consuming, particularly in big networks Each client is normally assigned a unique dynamic IP address via DHCP servers, which changes when the client's lease for that IP address expires Example: Figure 25 – DHCP Server (DHCP server gì? DHCP server hoạt động nào? - BKNS.VN, 2022) 3.2 DNS server 19 The Domain Name System (DNS) is the Internet's phone book DNS is responsible for determining the right IP address for domain names such as 'google.com' or 'nytimes.com' when users type them into web browsers The addresses are then used by browsers to communicate with origin servers or CDN edge servers in order to retrieve website data DNS servers, which are workstations specialized to responding DNS queries, are responsible for all of this Example: Figure 26 – DNS Server (2022) P4 Discuss the inter-dependence of workstation hardware with relevant networking software Interdependence definition Each description of interacting networks will respond to this question differently, but any attempt to explain a network of networks will be based on the premise that more is different—that by breaking the overall system down into component networks, new phenomena might be discovered and anticipated Interdependence is one way of characterizing the interaction of networks that results in qualitatively new occurrences Example: 20 Figure 27 – Interdependence definition (2022) 1.2 Workstation hardware Computer hardware refers to all of the physical components of a computer, whether it's analog or digital Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer as opposed to software, which is made up of written, machine-readable instructions or programs that tell physical components what to and when to it Computer hardware is divided into two types: internal and exterior components Internal hardware components are those that are required for the computer's proper operation, whereas external hardware components are those that are attached to the computer to add or expand functionality Example: Figure 28 – Workstation hardware (Fundamentals, 2022) 1.3 Networking software A set of instructions, data, or programs used to control computers and perform certain activities is known as software It is the polar opposite of hardware, which refers to a computer's physical components Applications, scripts, and programs that run on a device are collectively referred to as software It's the movable component of a computer, whereas the unmovable part is the hardware Application software and system software are the two main forms of software An application is a 21 piece of software that serves a certain purpose or completes a task System software is created to run the hardware of a computer and to offer a platform for programs to run on top of Example: Figure 29 – Networking software (Software, 2022) 1.4 Interdependent between software and hardware Computer software, in essence, is in charge of controlling computer hardware These two components are mutually exclusive and cannot function without one another A computer's hardware and software must work together to properly modify data and produce usable output Computer hardware is meaningless without software Computer software, on the other hand, cannot be used without supporting hardware Similarly, computer software must first be loaded into the hardware of the computer before being run There are various types of software, with the two most common being operating systems and application software Example: An iPod is used to play MP3 music that has been recorded You'll need three things to listen to the recorded music: an iPod, a speaker, and an MP3 file Both the iPod and the speaker are instances of hardware in this scenario In this scenario, the MP3 file would represent software You wouldn't be able to listen to the MP3 without the iPod or the speaker Similarly, the iPod and speaker would be useless if they couldn't play MP3 files 22 Figure 30 - Interdependent between software and hardware (2022) 1.5 Where is the link layer Implemented Most of the time, the network adapter, sometimes referred to as the Network Interface Card, implements the link layer (NIC) The link layer controller, which is often a single, dedicated chip that provides numerous link-layer services, is what powers a network As a result, the hardware is used to implement the majority of the link layer controller's features For instance, the Atheros AR5006 controller supports the 802.11 Wi-Fi protocols, while Intel's 8254x controller implements the Ethernet protocols Up until the late 1990s, the majority of network adapters were physical separate cards (like PCMCIA cards or plug-in cards that occupied PCI card slots), but now network adapters are progressively being incorporated onto the host's motherboard, a setup known as LAN-onmotherboard Figure 31 - Where is the link layer Implemented 1.6 Interfaces communicating 23 In communication studies, the notion of an interface in the work environment is used for a point of interaction between a number of systems or work groups In the manufacturing environment, the coordination and interaction between several work groups are used to communicate plans and control production activity This interaction can be schedules, human interactions, computer systems, or any other medium of communication A physical interface is an interconnection between two items of hardware or machinery Figure 32 – Interfaces communicating 24 References Available at: https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/dns/what-is-dns/ [Accessed 5th August 2022] Available at: https://www.comptia.org/content/guides/what-is-a-network-protocol [Accessed 5th August 2022] Available at: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/types-of-network-topology/ [Accessed 5th August 2022] Available at: https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/TCP-IP [Accessed 5th August 2022] Available at: https://tyonote.com/communication_network/ [Accessed 6th August 2022] Available at: https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/dns/what-is-a-dns-server/ [Accessed 6th August 2022] Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278712957_An_Introduction_to_Interdependent_ Networks [Accessed 6th August 2022] Available at: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/security/firewalls/what-is-afirewall.html [Accessed 6th August 2022] Available at: https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/bandwidth [Accessed 6th August 2022] Available at: https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/hardware [Accessed 6th August 2022] Norman-network.net 2022 WELCOME TO THE NORMAN NETWORK | NORMAN [online] Available at: [Accessed 15 August 2022] Heavy.ai 2022 What is Local Area Network? 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