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Excel for Statistics Thomas J Quirk Excel 2013 for Social Sciences Statistics A Guide to Solving Practical Problems Excel for Statistics Excel for Statistics is a series of textbooks that explain how to use Excel to solve statistics problems in various fields of study Professors, students, and practitioners will find these books teach how to make Excel work best in their respective field Applications include any discipline that uses data and can benefit from the power and simplicity of Excel Books cover all the steps for running statistical analyses in Excel 2013, Excel 2010 and Excel 2007 The approach also teaches critical statistics skills, making the books particularly applicable for statistics courses taught outside of mathematics or statistics departments Series editor: Thomas J Quirk The following books are in this series: T.J Quirk, J Palmer-Schuyler, Excel 2010 for Human Resource Management Statistics: A Guide to Solving Practical Problems, Excel for Statistics Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014 T.J Quirk, Excel 2013 for Business Statistics: A Guide to Solving Practical Problems, Excel for Statistics Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 T.J Quirk, M Quirk, H.F Horton, Excel 2013 for Biological and Life Sciences Statistics: A Guide to Solving Practical Problems, Excel for Statistics Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 T.J Quirk, Excel 2013 for Social Science Statistics: A Guide to Solving Practical Problems, Excel for Statistics Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 In addition, the following books are scheduled to be published in this series in 2015: T.J Quirk, M Quirk, H.F Horton, Excel 2010 for Environmental Sciences Statistics: A Guide to Solving Practical Problems, Excel for Statistics Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 (expected) T.J Quirk, M Quirk, H.F Horton, Excel 2013 for Environmental Sciences Statistics: A Guide to Solving Practical Problems, Excel for Statistics Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 (expected) T.J Quirk Excel 2013 for Engineering Statistics: A Guide to Solving Problems, Excel for Statistics Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 (expected) Additional Statistics books by Dr Tom Quirk that have been published by Springer T.J Quirk Excel 2010 for Engineering Statistics: A Guide to Solving Problems Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014 T.J Quirk, S Cummings, Excel 2010 for Health Services Management Statistics: A Guide to Solving Practical Problems Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014 T.J Quirk, M Quirk, H Horton, Excel 2010 for Physical Science Statistics: A Guide to Solving Practical Problems Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2013 T.J Quirk, M Quirk, H.F Horton, Excel 2010 for Biological and Life Sciences Statistics: A Guide to Solving Practical Problems Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013 T.J Quirk, M Quirk, H.F Horton, Excel 2007 for Biological and Life Sciences Statistics: A Guide to Solving Practical Problems Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013 T.J Quirk, Excel 2010 for Social Science Statistics: A Guide to Solving Practical Problems Springer Science+Business Media New York 2012 T.J Quirk, Excel 2010 for Educational and Psychological Statistics: A Guide to Solving Practical Problems Springer Science+Business Media New York 2012 T.J Quirk, Excel 2007 for Business Statistics: A Guide to Solving Practical Problems Springer Science +Business Media New York 2012 T.J Quirk, Excel 2007 for Social Science Statistics: A Guide to Solving Practical Problems Springer Science+Business Media New York 2012 T.J Quirk, Excel 2007 for Educational and Psychological Statistics: A Guide to Solving Practical Problems Springer Science+Business Media New York 2012 T.J Quirk, Excel 2010 for Business Statistics: A Guide to Solving Practical Problems Springer Science +Business Media 2011 More information about this series at: http://www.springer.com/series/13491 Thomas J Quirk Excel 2013 for Social Sciences Statistics A Guide to Solving Practical Problems Thomas J Quirk Webster University St Louis, MO, USA Excel for Statistics ISBN 978-3-319-19176-8 ISBN 978-3-319-19177-5 DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-19177-5 (eBook) Library of Congress Control Number: 2015940881 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 This work is subject to copyright All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made Printed on acid-free paper Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) This book is dedicated to more than three thousand students I have taught at Webster University’s campuses in St Louis, London, and Vienna; the students at Principia College in Elsah, Illinois; and the students at the Cooperative State University of BadenWuerttemburg in Heidenheim, Germany These students taught me a great deal about the art of teaching I salute them all, and I thank them for helping me to become a better teacher Preface Excel 2013 for Social Science Statistics: A Guide to Solving Practical Problems is intended for anyone looking to learn the basics of applying Excel’s powerful statistical tools to their social science courses or work activities If understanding statistics isn’t your strongest suit, you are not especially mathematically inclined, or if you are wary of computers, then this is the right book for you Here you’ll learn how to use key statistical tests using Excel without being overpowered by the underlying statistical theory This book clearly and methodically shows and explains how to create and use these statistical tests to solve practical problems in the social sciences Excel is an easily available computer program for students, instructors, and managers It is also an effective teaching and learning tool for quantitative analyses in social science courses The powerful numerical computational ability and the graphical functions available in Excel make learning statistics much easier than in years past However, this is the first book to show Excel’s capabilities to more effectively teach social science statistics; it also focuses exclusively on this topic in an effort to render the subject matter not only applicable and practical, but also easy to comprehend and apply Unique features of this book: • You will be told each step of the way, not only how to use Excel, but also why you are doing each step so that you can understand what you are doing, and not merely learn how to use statistical tests by rote • Includes specific objectives embedded in the text for each concept, so you can know the purpose of the Excel steps • Includes 167 color screenshots so that you can be sure you are performing the Excel steps correctly • This book is a tool that can be used either by itself or along with any good statistics book vii viii Preface • Practical examples and problems are taken from the social sciences, including political science, sociology, anthropology, education, and psychology • Statistical theory and formulas are explained in clear language without bogging you down in mathematical fine points • You will learn both how to write statistical formulas using excel and how to use Excel’s drop-down menus that will create the formulas for you • This book does not come with a CD of Excel files which you can upload to your computer Instead, you’ll be shown how to create each Excel file yourself In a work situation, your colleagues will not give you an Excel file; you will be expected to create your own This book will give you ample practice in developing this important skill • Each chapter presents the steps needed to solve a practical social science problem using Excel In addition, there are three practice problems at the end of each chapter so you can test your new knowledge of statistics The answers to these problems appear in Appendix A • A “Practice Test” is given in Appendix B to test your knowledge at the end of the book The answers to these practical social science problems appear in Appendix C This book is appropriate for use in any course in Social Science Statistics (at both undergraduate and graduate levels) as well as for managers who want to improve the usefulness of their Excel skills This book has a single author, Dr Tom Quirk, a current Professor of Marketing at the George Herbert Walker School of Business & Technology at Webster University in St Louis, Missouri (USA), where he teaches Marketing Statistics, Marketing Research, and Pricing Strategies The ideas in this book have been thoroughly tested in Professor Quirk’s Marketing Statistics and Marketing Research courses At the beginning of his academic career, Prof Quirk spent years in educational research at The American Institutes for Research and Educational Testing Service He then taught Social Psychology, Educational Psychology, and General Psychology at Principia College in Elsah, Illinois (USA) He has published articles in The Journal of Educational Psychology, Journal of Educational Research, Review of Educational Research, Journal of Educational Measurement, Educational Technology, The Elementary School Journal, Journal of Secondary Education, Educational Horizons, and Phi Delta Kappan In addition, Professor Quirk has written more than 60 textbook supplements in Management and Marketing, published more than 20 articles in professional journals, and presented more than 20 papers at professional meetings, including annual meetings of The American Educational Research Association, The American Psychological Association, and the National Council on Measurement in Education He holds a B.S in Mathematics from John Carroll University, both an M.A in Education and a Ph.D in Educational Psychology from Stanford University, and an M.B.A from the University of Missouri-St Louis St Louis, MO, USA Thomas J Quirk Acknowledgements Excel 2013 for Social Science Statistics: A Guide to Solving Practical Problems is the result of inspiration from three important people: my two daughters and my wife Jennifer Quirk McLaughlin invited me to visit her M.B.A classes several times at the University of Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, South Africa These visits to a first-rate M.B.A program convinced me there was a need for a book to teach students how to solve practical social science problems using Excel Meghan Quirk-Horton’s dogged dedication to learning the many statistical techniques needed to complete her Ph.D dissertation illustrated the need for a statistics book that would make this daunting task more user-friendly And Lynne Buckley-Quirk was the number-one cheerleader for this project from the beginning, always encouraging me and helping me remain dedicated to completing it Marc Strauss, my editor at Springer, caught the spirit of this idea in our first phone conversation and shepherded this book through the idea stages until it reached its final form His encouragement and support were vital to this book seeing the light of day I thank him for being such an outstanding product champion throughout this process And Hannah Bracken at Springer did her usual first-rate job in coordinating the editing and production of this book; she is always a pleasure to work with ix Appendices Practice Test Answer: Chapter (see Fig C.2) Fig C.2 Practice Test Answer to Chap Problem 243 244 Practice Test Answer: Chapter (see Fig C.3) Fig C.3 Practice Test Answer to Chap Problem Appendices Appendices Practice Test Answer: Chapter (see Fig C.4) Fig C.4 Practice Test Answer to Chap Problem 245 246 Practice Test Answer: Chapter (see Fig C.5) Fig C.5 Practice Test Answer to Chap Problem Appendices Appendices Practice Test Answer: Chapter (see Fig C.6) Fig C.6 Practice Test Answer to Chap Problem 247 248 Practice Test Answer: Chapter (continued) (d) a ¼ y-intercept ¼ 3.52 b ¼ slope ¼ +0.22 (e) Y ẳ a ỵ b X Y ẳ 3:52 þ 0:22 X (f) r ¼ correlation ¼ +.38 (g) Y ẳ 3:52 ỵ 0:22 12ị Y ẳ 3:52 ỵ 2:64 Y ¼ 6:16 ¼ 6% margin of victory Practice Test Answer: Chapter (see Fig C.7) Fig C.7 Practice Test Answer to Chap Problem Appendices Appendices 249 Practice Test Answer: Chapter (continued) 10 11 Rxy ¼ +0.38 y-intercept a ¼ 54.71 b1 ¼ À0.36 b2 ¼ 0.20 Y ẳ a ỵ b1 X1 ỵ b2 X2 Y ẳ 54:71 0:36 X1 ỵ 0:20 X2 Y ẳ 54:71 0:36 41ị ỵ 0:20 48ị Y ẳ 54:71 14:76 ỵ 9:6 Y ẳ 49:55 Y ẳ 50% .31 +.09 +.39 Percent Democrats registered is a better predictor of percent Democratic legislators (r ¼ À.31) than is a liberal political view (r ¼ +.09) The two predictors combined predict the percent of Democratic legislators much better than either single predictor (Rxy ¼ +.38) 250 Practice Test Answer: Chapter (see Fig C.8) Fig C.8 Practice Test Answer to Chap Problem Appendices Appendices 251 Let Group ¼ less than h.s., Group ¼ h.s., Group ¼ college, and Group ¼ advanced (b) H0 : μ1 ¼ μ2 ¼ μ3 ¼ μ4 H1 : μ1 6¼ μ2 6¼ μ3 ¼ μ4 (f) MSb ¼ 3396.92 and MSw ¼ 39.57 (g) F ¼ 85.84 (h) Mean of less than h.s ¼ 18.89 and Mean of College ¼ 36.86 (j) critical F ¼ 2.92 (k) Result: Since 85.84 is greater than 2.92, we reject the null hypothesis and accept the research hypothesis (l) Conclusion: There was a significant difference in the registered voters in Missouri who voted in the last Congressional election based on the educational achievement level (m) H0: μ1 ¼ μ3 H1: μ1 6¼ μ3 (n) df ¼ nTOTAL À k ¼ 34 À ¼ 30 (o) critical t ¼ 2.042 (p) Result: Since the absolute value of À5.67 is greater than the critical t of 2.042, we reject the null hypothesis and accept the research hypothesis (q) A significantly higher percentage of registered voters in Missouri voted in the last Congressional election with College degrees than with less than a high school education (37 % vs 19 %) 252 Appendices Appendix D: Statistical Formulas Mean X ¼ ΣX n Standard Deviation STDEV ¼ S ¼ Standard error of the mean s:e: ¼ SX ¼ psffiffin Confidence interval about the mean X Ỉ tSX One-group t-test t ¼ XÀμ S where X where rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi XÀ Á2 XÀX nÀ1 s SX ¼ pffiffiffi n s SX ¼ pffiffiffi n Two-group t-test (a) when both groups have a sample size greater than 30 t¼ X1 À X2 SX1 ÀX2 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ffi S2 S2 where SX1 ÀX2 ẳ n11 ỵ n22 and where d f ẳ n1 þ n2 À (b) when one or both groups have a sample size less than 30 t¼ where SX1 ÀX2 X1 À X2 SX1 ÀX2 rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ðn1 1ịS21 ỵn2 1ịS22 1 ẳ ỵ n1 ỵn2 n1 n2 and where d f ẳ n1 ỵ n2 À Appendices Correlation 253 nÀ1 XÀ Á À Á XÀX Â YÀY r¼ Sx S y where Sx ¼ standard deviation of X and where Sy ¼ standard deviation of Y Simple linear regression Y¼a+b X where a ¼ y-intercept and b ¼ slope of the line Multiple regression equation Y ¼ a + b1X1 + b2X2 + b3X3 + etc where a ¼ y-intercept One-way ANOVA F-test F ¼ MSb/MSw ANOVA t-test X À X2 s:e:ANOVA r where s:e:ANOVA ẳ MSw n11 ỵ n12 ANOVA t ¼ and where d f ¼ nTOTAL À k where nTOTAL ¼ n1 + n2 + n3 + etc and where k ¼ the number of groups 254 Appendices Appendix E: t-Table Critical t-values needed for rejection of the null hypothesis (see Fig E.1) Fig E.1 Critical t-values Needed for Rejection of the Null Hypothesis Index A Absolute value of a number, 68–69 Analysis of Variance ANOVA t-test formula, 184, 190, 191, 194, 240 degrees of freedom, 185, 190, 192, 195, 226, 228, 241 Excel commands, 186–188 formula, 179, 182, 184, 190, 191, 194, 240 interpreting the Summary Table, 181 s.e formula for ANOVA t-test, 184, 190, 191, 194, 240 ANOVA (See Analysis of Variance) ANOVA t-test (See Analysis of Variance) Average function (See Mean) C Centering information within cells, 6–8 Chart adding the regression equation, 146–148 changing the width and height, 161 creating a chart, 127–135 drawing the regression line onto the chart, 127–135 moving the chart, 134 printing the spreadsheet, 136–137, 149, 150 reducing the scale, 136 scatter chart, 129 titles, 129–132, 134 Column width (changing), 5–6, 161 Confidence interval about the mean 95% confident, 39–44 , 46, 47, 49, 56, 64, 65, 70, 77, 231 drawing a picture, 47 formula (3.2), 41, 43, 44, 48, 50, 51, 55 lower limit, 40–42, 44, 46–49, 55, 64, 66 upper limit, 40–44, 46–49, 55, 64, 66 Correlation formula, 119, 120, 122, 124, 126, 145, 166 negative correlation, 115, 117, 118, 144, 149, 154, 155, 169, 216 positive correlation, 115–117, 122, 126, 149, 154, 168, 169 steps for computing r, 120–122 CORREL function (See Correlation) COUNT function, 9, 55 Critical t-value, 61, 74, 104, 108, 112, 183, 185, 186, 190, 192, 195, 224, 254 D Data Analysis ToolPak, 138–140, 160, 177 Data/Sort commands, 28 Degrees of freedom, 87–90, 92, 97, 102, 104, 185, 190, 192, 195, 226, 228, 241, 251 F Fill/Series/Columns commands step value/stop value commands, 5, 24 Formatting numbers currency format, 15–17 decimal format, 11–13, 17 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 T.J Quirk, Excel 2013 for Social Sciences Statistics, Excel for Statistics, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-19177-5 255 256 H Home/Fill/Series commands, 4, 24 Hypothesis testing decision rule, 55 null hypothesis, 51–65, 68, 71, 72, 75, 78, 79, 81, 86, 88–93, 95, 98, 100, 101, 106, 108, 111, 112, 182–184, 186, 190, 192, 195, 224, 226, 228, 231, 233, 235, 240, 241, 251, 254 rating scale hypotheses, 51–54, 58, 59, 69, 91 research hypothesis, 51–57, 59–61, 63–65, 68, 71, 72, 75, 78, 81, 86, 88–93, 95, 98, 100, 101, 106, 108, 112, 182–184, 186, 190, 192, 195, 224, 226, 228, 231, 233, 235, 240, 241, 251 stating the conclusion, 57, 60 stating the result, 52 steps for hypothesis testing, 54–60, 67–71, 84–92 M Mean formula, 1–2, 11, 43, 67, 74, 95, 252 Multiple correlation correlation matrix, 166–169, 171, 173–175 Excel commands, 162 Multiple regression correlation matrix, 166–169, 171, 173–175 equation, 159–166, 170, 173, 174, 239, 253 Excel commands, 162 predicting Y, 159 N Naming a range of cells, 8–9 Null hypothesis (See Hypothesis testing) O One-group t-test for the mean absolute value of a number, 68–69 formula, 67, 69, 71, 74, 92 hypothesis testing, 67 steps for hypothesis testing, 67–71 Index P Page Layout/Scale to Fit commands, 32, 48, 181, 186 Population mean, 39–42, 51–53, 67, 69, 86, 93, 177, 182–184, 186, 187 Printing a spreadsheet entire worksheet, 149–151 part of the worksheet, 149–151 printing a worksheet to fit onto one page, 31–35, 136–137 R RAND() (See Random number generator) Random number generator duplicate frame numbers, 25–30, 36, 37, 230 frame numbers, 23–26, 36, 37, 230 sorting duplicate frame numbers, 28–31 Regression, 115–156, 159–175, 235, 237–239, 253 Regression equation adding it to the chart, 146–148, 152, 154, 156 formula, 145 negative correlation, 144 predicting Y from x, 159 slope, b, 144, 154 writing the regression equation using the Summary Output, 141–144, 156 y-intercept, a, 144–146, 153, 165, 237, 253 Regression line, 127–135, 144–149, 152, 154–156, 237 Research hypothesis (See Hypothesis testing) S Sample size COUNT function, 9, 55 Saving a spreadsheet, 13–14 Scale to Fit commands, 32, 48, 186 s.e (See Standard error of the mean) Standard deviation formula, 2–3, 11, 48, 52, 55, 67, 69, 83, 85, 93 Standard error of the mean formula, 3, 10, 11, 41, 44, 48, 67, 69, 74, 93, 252 STDEV (See Standard deviation) Index T t-table, 43, 69–71, 74, 78, 79, 81, 87–88, 104, 111, 185, 233, 254 Two-group t-test basic table, 85 degrees of freedom, 87–90, 92, 102, 185, 195 drawing a picture of the means, 91 formula, 83, 84, 86, 88–90, 252 257 Formula #1, 83, 92–100 Formula #2, 83, 99–107 hypothesis testing, 83, 101 s.e formula, 92–93, 96, 104 steps in hypothesis testing, 84–92 ... great deal about the art of teaching I salute them all, and I thank them for helping me to become a better teacher Preface Excel 2013 for Social Science Statistics: A Guide to Solving Practical. .. Statistics: A Guide to Solving Practical Problems, Excel for Statistics Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014 T.J Quirk, Excel 2013 for Business Statistics: A Guide to Solving Practical Problems, ... Problems, Excel for Statistics Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 T.J Quirk, Excel 2013 for Social Science Statistics: A Guide to Solving Practical Problems, Excel for Statistics
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