- A Guide to Bycatch Reduction in Tropical - 8hrimp-Trawl Fisheries
Trang 4Revised edition 2007
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Trang 5Foreword
Bycalch s the unwanted or nonsarget par of he catch ten by fishermen Its ether discarded at sea used for human or animal consumption The capture of bycatch may pose a threat to species versity and ‘ecosystem heath because this part of the catch is usually unregulated In opal shimp-rawl ehefes,
bycach olen consists of juvenile food species and is therefor a treat to food security and sustinable fehofes production, Bycatch isa global problem that must be addressed
The Food and Agiciture Orgaizaton ofthe Unied Nations (FAO) i addressing tis problem trough the technical project ‘Reducton of discards and envzoamental impact rom fsheries Under this projet FAO is executing a five-year global projet funded by the Global Environmental Facity (GEF) ite, Reduction of environmental impacts fom topical ship teming, though the inrodueton of bycatch reducton technologies and change of management Twelve counties fom Latin Ameria, the Carbbean, West ica, Southeast Asa andthe Gulf region, and one ile-govemmenal organization? are also participating in is Project
A Guide to Bycatch Reduction in Topcl Shnimg-Trawl Fishers i 9 resut ofthis projet is design for fshermen, net makers, fishing echrolagts and others intrested in a practical guide tothe design, use and operation of fective bycatch reduction devies Fishery managers, policy-makers and legals wil nd his ude sell o help develo specications governing the design and appicaton ofthese devices ina shrimp tra fishery,
‘The issue urged to use appropriate bycatch reduction measures to help maintain the product ofthe fishery andthe of bycatch is ot gong away and scan of shin activity is increasing, Al shermen ae stongly long tem prosperity ofthe sting industry By responding appropriately, fshermen can hep to re the racine ervizcament and ast lobal fod secuty bath now andi the ure
Eayrs,S
‘A Guido to Bycalch Reduction n Tropical Shrinp-Tram Fisher Revised esiton Rome, FAO 2007 108p
* Bawan, Cameroon, Colombia, Cot is, Cua, Kn, dees, Maen, Nop Pipes, Tad nd Tobago, ad 2 §ouheazlAsaFtefe Dedopnel Cene (SEAFDEC) This one
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Trang 7Contents Eemwadl ‘Auknowtiigunelis vụ Team RD instalation Hegqueny Asked Questions _ 2 Introduction — — 1 bhegdmd ấ) ‘Ada ace 1 ow our stepson na des oe —— 1 SE
airtime cbse, ‘ ‘itn elo be aes by a TED
otal atom cn AO reponse orice ean 102161 a At (Optimizing TED Performance 3 "`" WulandgadÐ S5 2 far (Sid 0 i eight nd ty at a
WhalsimbSiD S8 a et
‘Why reduce bycatch? 1 mm »
“a and procesing eis 3 —¬ 2
rout ay and mare oom 8 icange 5
Foods sn te aig nvr x ‘scape opening 6 ‘ca ner 38 ‘The ABC of TED and BRD design " ‘Sugg pane ore! 88 TH at Hư 3 ca rnc tana hat ai — oa ————
Miata BRO? TE0 tangrats gym a
Mowdaaenewed? “Tae for ogni TED paromanes rs
Waisat tg ‘TED Performance and Operation :
(Cen squenesh coven ep ate Frequently Asked Questions a
‘yea? 8 i
Lana a ú ]——== ence
eet Wists an RES anda nes Davs BD? 17 iudesandaberaninai? ial catch a để Whats a quae mesh window a hoi mi, i a a eee eal
‘Ehepedirs ein? 18 —— “
Walsatelad an Cena ange change avian? rn
Whatanee nachos teach can es ac a What ar spc haul be us? at
‘Choosing and Testing a TED or BRD 2 ni) _ o a
——— ona nate BAO? 2 ow an esape cover nl? a “ Sử ba dì th ñlgrdyrg/12a17 at do big TEDad mean? rn
—— (ais rt by ‘ering a TED? +
Tesing TED an BROS 28 fom Tnnnnnnnnnnili ) ae hy common cases ol si ss, (cadet iba TED aca ae? 5í
Trang 8GồghanLáo 1U2nng ghế82 an Can ue a cae tưng grovel ira
mm " [aan
{ing gourd? s How oon dnd mesh osu mesh
ia TED ines caer s} MM cael
How enw ard? 2 How of simon? 8 ina
mm faa wed 5 Hautagimp bien dioplaa7 —— E9 ‘aes to bua of aa change vớ, sản 5 Sw man] How can pr batch fom rte
fre TEDa a ay azn ew? 3 ent scane sie? 2 Can TEDsimorove ch guy nd a? 5 - Sai amore? SS 08D di "
‘Do TEDs weaken my coderd? a a ee eee s luan efor owl sg GRD fet eorait of my fting pater? Ts "
How sn kash panel taal rer Sea Ki
atin es? imp em óc 83 i ediLuegaBD elùosilsuơn mVbmnssf 1 CanTeDsexkde andar ba? 88
KP tow wil sing a TED af sina ear SPSEE ‘Overcoming ‘equations and other deta the US embargo - TED H
aie ont ng 3 TED ator eoxronie taille Hobe arn rar 2
Ea 8 .MesagoganfcmnpsabseBebenos? 73
Hon nit sing 9 TED afer way mara, Wa He US TED oplaens? J3
‘ayaa? Bs Uo ons enba aga? 4
ptimicing BRD Performance For tng BRD Eig Hị 7 HS em s—-T ba mash sessment aaa
anh ae leon an? u
Smid han i tet egies cone
So of escape opens st oa =
Moving eed 68 How nigh eet fom he ew retin? 75
EES ee eer an court sek sn extn fom Be |
Cote one nd cating nas a Te regusios?
rut fs an a ‘ee tere atanaies io using TED? 5 Behav fering a yeah nto vant 6 Does este rt ned be ed ih Tove) Pớ}= DỐI =| THẾ (Cen neil eras sok expion for áuixc CC cu 4
ee rnin ag a Em 1
$e sipmens of string a a US cache? 76 Tos for epiing BAD peo a ‘Mea chan ae lenaton tou te
BRO Performance and Operation TED regions? 8
Frauen sted Guestons 65 Can seve ROS bo sad ase rs ‘Whats th snot BRD se?
(ose BRD seremance if baleen 3
neigh %
Trang 9The futuro of bycatch reduction in
sheimp-trawl fisheries m Technical data sheats 9 ‘he Trt Escluer Doves TED) 80 The Qala pang Coe" Ofer Tee Eee 8 ‘oe 18 on Pty ONG Tue
Escape Ogenng
The N§N Ngớret Gre a
ThaF me 88
The Seusre en Wedow mỹ The Cargosle 5g2feNfeh neo at The Sgume-Mei Cong “ TheRa#d Eespe Sesen s The semicuvas vente ad Tesh Exe Devoe TED) “ The “ TreBayar 6 Glossary of terms ‘00 ‘Appendix 1: summary of US TED regulations 103,
‘Appendix 2: TED regulations In Australia's Nonhera Prawn Fishery tú ‘Appendix 3: Turtle recovery procedures 108
Contacts 18
Abbreviations tú
Trang 11Acknowledgments
Fst and foremost | woul ke to acknowledge the eet of Gary Day aka TED’ Gary spent many years working at sea in Avsvala and overseas testing and developing TEDs and 8RDs, oten in bad weather, sometimes with uctantfsbemen His contribution fo the development ofthese devices hasbeen enormous, and much of TED and BRO performance and eficieny infomation used in his guidebook is based on his offs at sea He has no doubt accelerated the uptake of TEDS and BROs by fishermen and saved them financial hardship by identifying sources of shrimp los ae sohing ther gear problems Gay also spent many hours producing lustratons fortis guidebook hat are acutate and geometicalycorect
‘Tank you tothe following people for providing valuable feadbackon ear versions ofthis guidebook and for providing technica advice ordeals, They ae: Daniel Agular-Ramitez (previously Natonal Fisheries Instut, Mexico): Eye Ambrose (Nigerian Instiute for Oceanography and Maine Research, Arc); Natt Broadhurst (NSW Department of Primary Industis, Conservation Technology Un, Australia; Bundt Chokesanguan (SEAFDEC Training Deparment Thailand) Daniel Foster and John Michell (NOAA Fisheries, Mssisipp Laboratories, USA); Robert Popeye’ Bennett (Popeye Netnaking, Austaia), Reg Eayfs (Ausvala) and Wied Tile (FRO, tay)
Final, but by no mean leas, | want o acknowledge the efrts of al shermen that have tested a TED or ‘BRO Without your efforts much ofthe operational knowledge ofthese devices would not Nave been obained in such a tk nor cost-effective manner y rskng catch reduction and loss of inca to cntbutet this knowedge, sometimes while other fshermen do litle or nating, i a generous cantbuton and greatly appreciated
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Introduction
A global problem
ost commercial shes have to deal wih bycatch \wtich can be broadly defined as anything that a sherman does not mean to catch, including fish
lures, peces of coral, sponges, ther animals and ronving material The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has recent estimated that nearly bycatch is discarded gobaly by commercal 7 mon tonnes of sh
fehermen every year Thisis equivalent to abou of the global catch Tom maine capture fshares Industial ship trawing in tropical waters is @ leading ofender in the capture of bycatch and accounts for about 27% of all global discards Shrimp rawing is generally regarded as one ofthe least selective Fishing metods because the bycatch ‘may consist of over several hundred teleost species and outwegh the strip catch by 20 o t or more No her Fehing method comes close to matching such discarding ad wastage of marine resources
Threatened and endangered species
‘Shrimp vaaling i also having a sesaus impact on 508 urls In sme shrimp-raw fisheries several thousand tures are caught and rouned each year This impact, combined wit other human acy such a ong line fisting, hunting and coastal devel ‘opment, has resulted in si ofthe word's seven species of sea ture beng Ista in the 2003 IUCN World Conservation Union Red Uist of Threatened ‘Species Five of hese speces ae lised as cically endangered high isk of extinction inthe wid in the immediate future) and one species is sted as endangered very high risk of entncton inthe wld in ‘he immediate future) The threat ofthese animals becoming extn as ao ld tothe listing of al sea tute species in Appendix 1 ofthe Convention on Intemational Trade n Endangered Species (CITES) This means tha he ifemainal cormercal ade cf sea turtles is prohibited, including trade in tre
‘Bycatch from shrimp traulng is dominated by large volumes offs
reat, e99s and shel, Many counties have also Fesponded to theals posed to these animals by requtngspectc protection within waters under teit jurisdiction, Tis has led to a range of protective measures including restricted local trade and consumption of tute produts,protecton of nesting sies and the mandatoy use of tule excuder <evies (TED in shimp-rawl shor
Cer bycatch species that are under treat from shrimp tawling Include sharks, dugongs, sea snakes, seahorses, coral and some fish species In some instances these animals are protected by aw 2nd ther capture is ilepal notes, thei capture is ‘a waste of resource
Global response to reduce bycatch
In response to concerns over the capture of turtles and other bycatch in shinp tras, fishermen in many counts have takon sept modify te ai st and use bycatch reduction devices? The most common masfcatons are TEDS to prevent te
Synth gute t-te ton rc yd ain de ae na ee yh, ay cnt rv sep pts hat See ED a ce na ea ea am ha ld 3 S80 le sơơn Erh (eso evans ‘Fees aelonne mate wemdynth oso ca nse on TED 9d BRD andy ar oaentan se aw een We eva cae ah an aro enh anh nn ude eS EDs XD ba
Trang 142
capture of tures and oer age armas and BRD to prevent the capture of sh bycatch
‘The United States (US) has payed a leading olen these efforts by developing and tesing 2 lage range of TEDs and BRDs These forts have been ‘ngoing since the mid-1980' and the use of hese devices is now a mandatory requirement in most shimping grounds in the Gul of Mexico and Sout- westem Alanic shrimp fsheres Based on ther proven aii o excude at eat 97% of tutes that fenter a shrimp vaw, several TED designs have ‘ben approved fr use in hese waters, Two ypes of BRO, the Jones Davis BRO and the fisheye, ae curenyapproied for these wates based on thee ably to reduce fsh bycatch, and in pail ở snapper The US has a's been responsible for accoerating the global davelpment of TEDS in tropical shimpirawl fisheries This has been achieved tough th intoducten ofan embargo on wikecauoht stamp fom counties that donot have In place an effecive sea turle conservation program This has frced many counties to respond appropriaely by requng the mandatory use of ‘approved TEDs by local simp fshermen,
In esico, TED development and research also has 2 long histoy and these devices are now a ‘mandatory requirement inte industial simp ‘oesin he Pcie Ocean and Gulf Mexico, BROS
sich a the fisheye are also being used, and there is engoing development ofa protaiye raw system that not only reduces bycatch and seabed impact but has the potential to reduce fo! consumpten, In Ausra, TED and BRD development has been angoing fr well over a decade In all ropical
Ausialan shrimp fisheries TEDs are required to protect turtles and most equte the use of BRDS reduce the capture of unvanted fsh and other bycatch In neay all Australian temperate water ship fsheries, BRDs such as incined rds, composite square-mesh windows and fsheyes are required to reduce fish bycatch Ausalia is ao one of ony wo counties (Brazil being the oer) where the US embargo has been iffed fom individual shetes folowing the intoducton ofan fective tule protecton program
In Southeast Asia, atmpts ae being made to reduce the capture of turtles and oer bycatch, paula he catch of wen sh of commercial importance The Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Centre (SEAFDEC) is an inter- governmental organization that has been leading the way inthis region and has developed and tested several TED and BRO designs SEAFDEC has developed 2 Juvenie and Tash Excluder Device (UTED) and has tested it widely throughout the region with good success They have also developed a specalzed TED to better sut local fishing condtons called 2 Tal Trle Free Device (TTFO), Several counties in Southeast Asia, incuding Tralond, Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines, have been working toward the ‘mandatory intoducton of TEDS ito thết shimg- tran fishers lo reduce turtle caplure and seek removal of he US embargo
In the Aabian Gut several counties are aso curently testing and developing bycatch reduction vices, arly due to cancers over the capture of ‘The catch on the right includes large animals because a TED was not fited to the raw The catch on the left is the resutof using @ TED
Trang 15
tures andthe discard of large numbers of smal {ish and ther bycatch, and patty in response tothe US embargo In Iran the testing of bycatch reduction devices has been ongoing for several years, andthe Norherm Ausralan Fisheries TED (NAFTED) and fisheye has proven to be an ‘fective combination io reduce bycatch, Recently the performance of several bycatch reduction devices was assessed in Kuwait on bath industil ‘and arisanal aes (chow), nduống TEDs, the ‘ishoye, @ radial escape section (RES), and ø square-mesh codend The performance of these devices was encouraging and their development is continuing, In Bata tere have also been efofs to reduce smal sh bycatch
Many ther counties in Latin America, the Carbbean, sia and Africa are aso working toward the development of effective bycatch reduction devices n Nigra the fisheye Ras been effective in reducing calches of juvenile fish and TED deve ‘opments ongoing, while Mozambique has recenty made TEDs 3 mandatory requirement in ther shrimp-traw! fishery Research into bycatch reducion is ongoing in Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, India, Pakistan, Tndad and Tobago, and Venezuela
FAO response to reduce bycatch
The FAO is at the forefont of TED and BRD research in developing counties Sinoe 2002 FAO has executed a fveyear global project called
In many countries TEDs are boing used to ‘excludes turtles and other large animals from the tra
Reduction of dscards and environmental impact {fom fisheries’ This pect concentrates on four tropical regions ofthe world, namely Latin America lndudng the Carbbean, West Alfica, the Gul Region and Southeast Asia, I is funded by the ‘Gobel Enviroament Facity (GEF) an is imge- mented by the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP), Key objectives ofthe project include minimising the capture of bycatch such as ‘ures, fah and cher animals, andthe impact of ABRO is @ trawl modification designed brian to reduce fish bycatch
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simp trawing onthe seabed, The project aims to achive these objectives through the inroducion of "more appropiate ishing gear, and improved fishery legislation and management frameworks
The FAO Guide to Bycalch Reduction in Tropical ‘Strinp-Taw Fisheries a result of is project 's wien primanly for fsbemen and others inter ested in the practical aspects of bycatch reduction devices, including ther desgn instalation and ‘operation The Guide ncudes technical information ‘and construction dea fr many devices that have ‘proven to reduce bycatch in tropical smp-rawl fisheries, and provides technical detas about their selection, placement and maintenance, Flow charts ‘enable fshermen to assess a TED or BRD and ‘provide a famework to assist with tasing and
implementing these devices to suit ter specie reeds Fishery managers, policy-makers and ‘ters wil nd this guide useR o help understand the design, use and appicaton of bycatch eduction levies in a ship rawl fishery This infomation wilaid the smooth inreduction fishery and ther rapid adoption by fishermen, It of these davies into wil ep the development of reglatons and spect fications that are not only efetive in reducing bycatch, but that also encourage fishermen to further develop these devices and optimize thei performance Importantly this information wil also ‘encourage high Ives of compliance by fshermen, ‘glossary of arms may be found on page 100 and ‘an abbreviations lit on page 110
‘Shrimp fishermen ail over the word are acting responsibly to reduce the capture of turtles and ‘other bycatch by using TEDs and BRDs Note the TED on the middle trawler
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What is Bycatch?
In ts tzeadesl sense, byeaich Øcludes al non: 'ergelanengls anỏ non in material (debris) which ‘are caught while fshing in shrimp fehedes bycatch may be defned as anything the fisheman oes nat inland to catch and may include tutes, ‘ish, cas, sharks, singays, pieces of coral, weed ‘and seabed debris Sometimes this is called incidental or accidental catch
Bycatch also includes animals and nonlưing material thatinteract wi the fshng gear bu do not reach the deck o the fishing boat This incudes caral and weed that are contacted by the passing ound gear and small fish hat are selected out of the net These nteractons ae often bret astng no tmơe than a split-second, and could be a major source of unaccounted mortaly This part of the bycatch has not been well researched, bu falưe 2 ‘accaunt or this moral is counter othe notion of sustainable heres and may eaten te health of the ecosystem,
Shimp trawing is @relatvely unseecve fsting mmehod because large volumes of bycatch are ‘ypcally retained inthe codend comprising several hundred speces In lage industal fisheries this bycatch s usualy discarded oveboad,butin sme stale fisheries it has commercial value andis used eiher for human or animal consumption In ‘Southeast Asla and West ica this part of the bycatch is called wash fh In Australia any part of ‘the calc hats retained for sal is called byproduct What are discards?
Discards are that part of the bycatch that are ‘eased o rtumed tothe sea ether dead oc alive It als includes all animals and nonivng material that interact withthe flstng gear but donot reach the deck of the boat The discarded catch may ‘consist of species of ow commercial value, under- sized commercially important species, juveniles and seabed debris Fishermen usually discard this pat af the cach because itis not economical to rebi onboard o regulations ford it fam being land,
Bycateh from shrimp trawing includes sh ‘and other animals of al sizes
‘Sometimes catches of commercial species excsed the processing or preservation capaciy of the fishing boat and the excess catch has to be scared This might occur fhe crew are unable to sort though the catch befce the onset of spalage ie supplies ae insufficient to coo the cach ori storage space is inadequate, Discartng might aso be the resut ofa practce known as high-rading This pace is wher flshermen dump cath prev ‘ously landed to make room fo @ more valuable or fresher cach For example, in some small-scale ship fisheries, catches landed inthe eay part of ‘fishing bp may be discarded to make space for @ ‘imlar-sied catch taken al he end ofthe tp,
Trang 18fale, Trash fish i a treat fo Sustainable feheries and food seeunty because includes Änenle fish
What is trash fish?
This term usually apis to smal, undersized fsh and ote anals thal wee vadtonaly discarded overboard because they had no economic vue However, in recent years this pat ofthe catch has become @ substantial source of income for many small-scale fshermen because canbe sodas Fsh mea fod fr cutured fish or shrimp For some fshermen, rash fsh may generate over one-third of thor income from the calc nfsheris where trash fsh ae landed, codend mesh size may be as small as 15mm and few animals escape This prectce poses a threat to sustainable Fshing inthe region because jen fsh ae also included as rash sh The lem trash fish is misleading because it suggess tis par ofthe catch has no ecological or commercial valve Clety ths snot the case
Trang 19Why Reduce Bycatch?
‘The FAO has rent estimated that oer 7 millon tonnes of sh bycatch are discarded every yearby commercial fshermen around the world Shemp trawing isa major contributor to this loại, and no ‘surprisingly, href aca to reduce this bycatch or totind ways of using mare oft Thore ae aso cals to olminate cates of ther bycatch fom shrimp ‘rawing Uống sharks stingrays, and sponges, 12s wal a5 catches of endangered or protected specs, suchas turtles, sea snakes and some fish The FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries requires fshermen wordde to reduce yeah andthe envenmentalimpocs of fisting The code establishes prinoples and standards applicable for esponsibl sing activites It spec ically requires that counties take stop lo ensure that sing operations reduce bycatch and wast, and thatthe environmental impacts of fishing are ririized The code is voluntary in nature, but it oes reflect global concems regaring the need 10 reduce bycalch Smiar codes of conduct have been produced by oer counties or inter govern ‘mental erganzatons such a: SEAFDEC These cates requ similar outoomes and are usually localized to su regional or local needs In adion to codes of conduc, many counties have inro- duced emvironmental poles equiing fshefslo bbe menaged under the pincple of ecologically sistnable development (ESD) and that bycatch be reduced as muchas practicable,
In many counties, fishermen have been acting responsibly to these cals by testing or adopting TEDs and BRDs to reduce bycatch The use of TEDS is now mandatory in many counties andthe capture of turtles (and other large animals) is increasingly an sue ofthe pas Thereis now cle ‘evidnce that TEDs have contbuted positively © the recovery of tute population inthe United ‘States, foc example, thee is documented evidence thal numbers of lve Ridley tures has increased ‘ramatcaly since the introduction of these devices to the region, This san excelent outcome
Bycatch rom shrimp tawing usualy consists of mang sh species and occasionally ago ‘animal
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‘Shrimp fishermen ae also increasingly using 88DS to reduce the capture of fsh and other bycach In ‘many counties fshemen have been using these vices for some time and there has been a substantial reduction in fish bycatch However, there is sll much work to be done Bycatch levels ae sil to high and fishermen are stil struggling to optimise the performance of these devces to feicude the many species that are caught in a shrimp ta
‘Acemmmon perception by oer stakeholders is hat shrimp travis sweep large expanses of the ocean, Catching al animals inthe pat ofthe raw Sue shrimp trawing is a tẻaludy unsdecive fishing ‘method compared to many oter methods, however ro a animals inte path ofthe raw are caught Some animals pass under te ground gear whe others escape around the side or ver he heading
of he tran fac, shimp fshermen have been using Fshing methods designed to reduce the capture of many ofthese animal, inluding
rau wih fou headline height ominiise oh catches, * ground chain arangemens that reduce he amount of seabed animals, rocks and debris
taken,
* avoidance of fishing rounds where bycatch known tobe high, including grounds where cal, sponges and rocks ae preset, “using mesh sizes bg enough to aw some small animals o escape, and + using TEDS and BRD
While misconceptons exist and some fishermen sill catch larg volumes of bycatch, there wil be continued pressure lo further reduce bycatch Moreover s other animals relisted fr protection from human impacts, fshermen wl be required to reduce thereat o these animals the byatch issue isnot tackled apyopiel Ít codl lead to fvenual Cosure of sactons of productive fing grounds, or worse, closure of whale fisheries, Ths has aleady occured in the United States ard Austaia,
To suocessuly reduce bycatch fshermen must be patofthe research process This wl su in rapid evelopment of efecive TEDs and BRDs and higher compiance win the res and regulations addon, understanding the concams of fsherne tích a5 the costs of these devices and fears of shrimp loss, are mates that must be accommo ated as they infuence their uptake rate and adoption of these devices
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bycatch, These benefis may include:
+ improved trang and processing efioeney, * better product quality and marketing
opportunites, and
* protecting he marin environment and extending thee ofthe fishery
Trawl and processing efficiency
Reducing bycatch may improve trawl and processing ficiency because:
+ tra duration canbe longer, thus decreasing
the time fost to repeated haul and depoy the trau,
*wingend spread may be maintained fr longer rods bacause the dag ofthe catch sess, + damage tothe codend caused by large animals
and rocks can be reduced,
+ processing (song) ime shouldbe quicker, and nj to crew rom dangerous animals tài be
reduced
Product quality and marketing opportunities
Keeping heavy animals such as shatks and singrays out ofthe raw! means fewer damaged stiimp in the codend and a mare valuable ship catch Reducng the numbers of unwanted fish can make sorting and processing a lot quicker, contbuing to better shrimp qualty, parielaty Chutng he heat ofthe day These shrimp may attract 2 higher pice and lead to higher income forthe fishermen
In some instances fishermen may gain new ‘marketing opportunites though te sale of shinp Large catches take a long time to sot and are demanding on the crow
caught using trawl fited TEDs and BRD AS consumers became more envircnmentally aware they are increasingly redirecting their seafood purchases toward products tat have been caught using environmental endlyfshing methods, This is increasingly obvious in developed counties and ‘ere are signs of tis occuring in developing counties
Food security
Shrimp trawling can pose a threat o food secur, patculary in developing countries Tiss because many shrimp fishermen use very small meshes in the tan and codend so that the escape of small, |juenie ish and other animals (rash fs) sel The adation of smell mesh cover surounding the cadend ensures that almost no animals escape from the tra
The capture and discarding of these animals is @ waste of source of food These animals are usualy dead or dying when landed, and therefore oot have the cpporunity lo reproduce ox grow to a size mare suitable for human consumption Given ‘an opportunity to gow and become acts these fish would better contibule to overcoming the
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problem of fod secuiy in developing counties In 9ddfon, the capur of hese animals is early a threat o reproductive capacity ofeach species and the heath of the ecosystem Retaining ths part of the catch or sale may increase this threat because fshermen will deliberately target these animal, patiulaty if shrimp catches are poor They are 80 less Me lo be wiling to use a bycatch reduction device and forgo valuable income
Protecting the marine environment
‘There is growing global concern that shrimp trawing is affecting the marie envccament by ‘atehing bycatch and damaging the seabed ‘Studies suggest thal shrimp trawing can have a
Coan catches of shrimp wit ite bycatch ‘means rapid soving and a good quality product
‘etimenta fect on some marine ecosystems and may even damage the shimp fshery sel This is because the envionment hat supper the shrimp fishery consists of many Inked pats, and damage tone par may lead to changesin ote pars ofthe system Thiscanbe a pariculr problem in fisheries here Ishornen ray heavly ơn the bycatch including joven fh to supplement her income,
By reducing bycatch, shrimp fishermen wl help to: + ensure thehoalh,đhenly and itegrl erironnen, ef the ‘enhance shrimp stocks in some fisheries by Catching fewer juvenile skimp, and * proc fish stocks by keeping vente and
2 fishes otf te cate,
Trang 23The ABC of TED and BRD Design
This section answers some of the questions ‘ishernen frequently ask about the design of TED RDS it doserbes the major types of devcas ‘euenty avaiable fo reduce bycatch The advan tagos and aisadvanages of cach dove is also provided based onthe assumption tha excluding a Địcach = bot ving and ron-ning fom te tant is 2 desrate outcome In the subsequent section ‘elas ae provided about choosing and testeg a TED or BRO,
What is a TED?
Inthe context of is Gui, a TED or urls excuder device is any modiicaton to a sheng (aul designed ta reduce the captue of tutes These ences are somelines ealed a aw! eflency vce’ because they can aso prevent the capture of ete large animals nduống charts, stingrays, jelysh and some tage fh,
The Nordmore Gris an example of a had TED ‘The mest conenon TED designs use an inclined td to prevent large arimas tom enterng ie cadend, A panel or ure! of nting immediatly fontofthe grid may be used to det animals sway ‘rom the escape opening and to maximise the length of grid avaiable to seperete large aimale ‘ro the stamp and sai bycatch Lage animals ‘ae then guided by the ard toward an escape opening located eter in the top or bottom of the codend, Smal animals (eluding string) pass ‘trough the bars of the grid and enter the codend “The escape opening is # ole uti he coders and is vsvaly covered wh 3 fap of noting r oer aerial to prevent the escape cf shrimp
‘less common TED desig uses an incied neting pana instead of a grid The neting gues large animals toward an escape opening in the op panel ‘of te tau while sll animals ass trough the estes and enters ihe coded
{note the square-mesh window asa fied tothe ‘den
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What is the difference between a ‘hard’ and a ‘soft’ TED?
Depening on the material used to constut the inclined gor nating panel, TEDs are ther ha cv sợi Ahard TED typical uses of aluminum, sts! or plastic, for example the a gd grid made
Nordmace gid and Super Shooter These are the most common types of TED curenty used vworldvde Hard TEDS have been ciised 25 3 possible salty hazard to crews, parculary ia rough weather, but these fears aro largely usfoundes,
Hard TEDs ‘Advantages:
Very age escape opening may aw arg leahersack rls and oer ltge animals tobe rai excuded
+ Exclude some seabed animals (sponges, cavalo) and rocks (downvardexcuding TEDs en)
Nay nerease stinp cate 6 o eager towing fie ess drag anc fewer hauls) *May reduce sorting me
“Hay improve shri quall by reducing cenlac wih age anima + Reduce nazars to crews rom lage angoreus animals Disedvantages:
* Damage ong or loging ' te gưdng ano or uel by age anima and tris ‘cou leat shững oss
+ Fouling of escape opening by le animals ‘nd dbs cul ead to hông oss aka TEDe,
+ Alta meee scat o handle than 2 ‘andar cacend + Ri i may be a satly hazard lo ray {Gepends on incaton in coded}
Sof TEDS use a non-ig indinad pal of ting to guide ojcateh towards the escape opening a ne top of the tant Examples of his TED incude tho Wonson TED, the Pariar TED and the Bubb’ chute Sot TEDs have been found to be less efedio in excluding heavy sponges and other seabed anmals because these fol ho noting, The Patkar TED is cow the only soft TED approved for use in the Gut of Mexico and Southvestom ‘ant sri fishes
Soft TEDs ‘Advantages:
= Var lage escape opering may al age leatherback ures an eer are animals to
bere de
* May increase string catch duet ogee towing ie ess dag and fewer hauls} “May educe song tre
+ May incove strinp quan by ducing contact with ge ans + Roduce hazar crews For age ‘angers anals Disadvantages
+ Poor insalaton may alec raw perioenance + Damage fouling or cogaing of ne guiding ‘nel by ltge anal an devs cold ead
to stvrp loss
+ Bfechdetebs dapends on aw soread + Mowat to epic than a standard rau * Less efecine than hard TEDs a excucng heavy ters sich a5 rocks ara sponges
Trang 25What are BRDs?
Inthe contx ofthis booklet, @ BRO is any madif- ‘ation designed prncpally to exclude fish bycatch from a shrimp trawl, These devices may aso exclude other animals and norving material (debris, but because fsh usually dominate the bycatch most BRO research has aempted to exclude these armas fromthe trawl, Most BROs are located inthe codend ofthe traw as tis is here the catch s accuruatd and he opportunity
keceElg: Including trash fish om the catch but not the ‘The JTED isa BRD that fitors smal fish larger shim
How do BRDs work?
‘There are two categories of BRD depending onthe principle method used to excude bycatch rom the trav The fest category are BRDs that separate the catch by se These devices use inclined grids or panels of netng to physically block the passage of bycatch ito the codend and guide it toward an ‘escape opening Depending on their asin, these eves exclude bjatch eter larger or smal ‘han shrimp fom he trav, The gi-style JTEO and ‘square-mesh oodend are examples of BRDs that ‘excude small animals from the Yaw, TEDs can ‘also be induded in ths category because they ‘excise large bycatch animals rom the trav “he second category of BRDs are those thal exit behavioural aferences between shrimp and
bycatch Mast fh can sim ina moving net, ‘ofgnate to the drecton of tow, and sưim out trough an escape opening, This behaviour is piopaly the esuit of fh esponding to the visual stimulus of the aw andthe generation of water btlence as the tran is toned trough the wate Shrimp, on the other hand, generally exhibit ile điecional swimming and passively enter the caửend They respond pinpally to tactile stimu (touch) and have ited capably to swim in a ‘moving rau and through an escape opening
The desion ofthe RES allows fish fo swim Examples ofthis type of BRD are the fisheye, fonvard in the codend and escape through square-mesh window, Jones- Davis BRD and RES, tho large escape openings
Trang 26'What is a JTED?
ATED stands for juvenile and trash excludes device:
‘This device is designed to exclude small fish - usualy
jen ores fish - rom the raw and maintain the catch of ship and large fish The TED consists of thre sections hngod together, he fst wo sections ‘are metal ois andthe third section is @ metal frame sippoting a panel of fne-meshneting, Smal sh ‘wim between the bars ofthe gis and escape The noting panel inthe thd secon hops maintain the avinlabon of the device, prevents shimp suring foeward in the codend and escaping, and prevents small fsh fom re-enteing the codend The JTED as designed by SEAFDEC and has ben tested in shrimp fisheries in several counties incuding Vietnam, Thaiand, Malaysia, Myanmar, Phippres, Brunei Durusslam and Indonesia,
The SEAFDEC has also developed two rope LITEDs, One design is a rectangua stainless steel frame fited with ighy stung parallel copes The frame's inserted nto the top ofthe codend withthe ropes ointe lngthways along the codend Small fish escape from the raw by rising upward between
JTED Advantages:
+ Exclude smal sh and rash sh ‘May increas towing tne es ag and
fewer hauls)
‘May reduce sorting time
+ Bar spacing canbe reduced if id is attached to an oer ame + Rope spacing canbe easily adjusted rope ITED ony) + Relative simple design and easy use (ope JTED ony) * May incease shrimp catch due to longer
tow time
the ropes ofthe TED An altematve version ofthis Aevioe is a oyinder of codend neting wih a slaniess steel hop fited to both ends Te entire ‘linda section i then inserted in the tra ahead ofthe codend.Sinlat tothe fst ope JTED, arom of paral ropes used to provide escape openings forthe fh,
‘The rope JTED is designed to alow fish ‘escape between the paral! ropes
Disadvantages:
* Complex design compared to othe devices (Gite JTED on))
*High construction cost (g-se ITED ony + Hinges may become clogged wih mud ard other debs and affect ond rentaton ( ste JTED only)
+ Relies on srl sh having the abu lo ‘swim forward and upward trough the escape openings (rope JTED ony)
*May alow large, valuable sho psh ropes aside and escape rope JTED onl) + Ropes may sete and become slack rope JTED eny)
Trang 27Can square-mesh codi help reduce bycatch?
[A codend constucted enirey from squareesh netting can alow a substantial aout of smal sh ‘and olher bycatch to escape This is because square-mesh nating stays open for he duration of the tow, unike damond:mesh neting that closes Under the weight ofthe catch The selection of Imesh sz is very important and tl and eror is needed to find the mesh size that maxin'ses fish exclusion and prevents shrimp loss Typically, this mesh size wil be 60 - 90% of the damon mesh size, Squaremesh codends can also be constuted fom knotad ciariond-mesh material and oriented sideways However, this a waste use of noting material andthe knts will evertualy sip and diton mesh geometry (unless ropes ae hung along the length of the codend to support he neting under loa)
The last soction of tis square-mesh codend Js replaced with dlamond-mesh to prevent ‘shamp escape
ings ofa tracitonal clamond.mesh codend collapse as it fis with catch and provents the escape of small fish In contrast the mesh openings of @ square-mesh codend ‘ean thei shape asi fils with catch and are availabe for fish fo escape,
Trang 28‘Square-mesh codends Advantages
+ Sal sh byaich may escape May reduce sorting times
* May eease towing ne (ess crag and fewer haus) + May cease shrimp catch dv to longer toning ine * Less anton behaviour and simnig, ably excude smal fh and anima
+ May exclu smal seabed animals and ‘eis ‘Some fshermen are more comfortable using Codend constucted trom both square- and Giamond-mesh because this may prevent the «escape of smal shrimp One options oreplae he top panel ofa damond:mesh codend wih square- ‘mesh, Another options to replace the entre mia section of the codend with @ oyinder of squate- ‘mesh neting la this way he last part ofthe codend 's consicted fom damond-mesh netting loses under load and prevents small timp ftom so that t ‘escaping Presumably these BROS are less ‘efecto in reducing the catch of small sh and ‘other bycatcn because there ae fewer epenings for these animals to escape and they may become Diocked by ied fish, seaweed ot debi, There is aso considerable work attaching the square- ‘meshes unformi othe diamand-meshes
What are fisheyes and how can they help to reduce bycatch? Afsheye is an eiptzal ste! or aumiium fame fited lo he coderé through which fish sui to escape Fisheyes are usualy paced in he top or sides fhe coded escape, whl shrimp pasvely enter the coder so ta strong swimming fish can Fisheye must be inetd inthe coded shat fsh swe frard to pass trough the escape opening
Disadvantages
+ Stape offs fects escape rates, so sone spedes are more ikl to escape than others + Roavly difcut to const, pata a
‘combined diamond and square-mesh codend + Square-meshes may dso i ot corecty ‘tached toa clamond-meshneting + More difeuttotesi han traditional ‘Samondimesh “Mate wastage ‘constructed from damond:mesh and knot sippege
‘The loalon ofthe Fsheye is imgoriant fi ose tothe sccumuatd cach shrimp loss can occur is 0 ‘ing haulback, particulary dung ugh weather ‘On the ather hand should ‘onvard as fish swimming head o the accurate not be focated foo far
cach aro unlkly reach the escape opening The ‘optimal poston ofthe fisheye is diet io prodit ven that performance is infuenced by fish ‘behaviour, catch composton and vlue,
The fishaye is designed to allow strong swimming fish to escape trom the trawl,
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Fisheyes Advantages
+ Simpler desgn and cheaper then many oer BROS + Lower maintenance than cher BROS
+ Easly moved to cferentposinsin he cedend * Nay inease svg catch eto longer toning time (less crag and fewer has) *Nay educe sorting times
* Easy to handle
What is an RES and a Jones- Davis BRD?
The RES was developed to exclude large fish bycatch t consists of a tapered netting funnel attached othe codend surounded by large escape ‘openings that extend radaly around the codend Creumference Alarms in the raw passthrough the funnel and ae rected toward he middle of he cadend, As fish et the funnel, sore tun and swim forward, and escape through the escape openings Water turbulence around the outsie ofthe funnel helps fis to swim forward and escape The escape openings are usualy constructed from lage
Disadvantages:
“Vl not exclude seabed animals and debris + Poot escape for speci tat behave in the same way a8 ship + Optimal postin ica to determine “+ May fou onthe sie ofthe vesse during hang
Aisheye in the lop of thơ codend squate-mesh mater, athough they may simpy be large openings cut into the coden Inthe USA this [BRDisknowm asthe ‘expanded mesh design’ or the “extended funnel desig’ ithe tapered funnel has {an overhanging upper section atthe rang end ‘The Jones-Davis BRD i similar to the RES but he escape opeigs are simply large hols cut ito the codend nating A cane sh stimulator (defect) or 2 float located behind the tapered funnel may be sed to promote fish escape
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RES and Jones-Davis BRD vantages:
* Large escape openings allow are sho escape May crease sip catch due to longer {owing tne (less crag and ewer nas) ‘May educe sorting tne
What is a square-mesh window and how might it reduce bycatch?
‘Asquare-mesh window is usually 2 pana mesh ntng located in tbe op panel fhe codend of square: ‘or tra body AS fish pass though the raw hey ovieniate drectonay toward he device and swim through the square escape openings The slecton ‘of mash sizes very important and tal and err is needed fod he mesh size that maximises fsb ‘excusion and prevents stvenp loss Like he fisheye the size and locaton of the square-mesh window's ‘also important The top of the codend 1s the favoured poston as this reduces shri loss, and itshoud not be oo cose tthe catch in he coded
Disadvantages:
“Wl nt excuse seabed animals and debs + Funnel may become clogged
* Mowe complicated design han mos other fish excuses + May fo on ha side of te vessel aig hang
‘Moret o handle hana standard chương
The racial escape section or shrimp wil be lost Conversely if he square: mesh window Is located too fa foward inthe codend, fish swimming ahead ofthe accumulated cach wil be unable to sum foward and reach the escape openings,
Large square-mesh windows have alo been ested inte top pane of he ain the tapered secon of {he aul body immediatly ahead ofthe codend or bind the headline, The success ofthese windows has geeraly been led because sin oss can be very high pariculaty ilarge volumes of simp contr the tau simultaneously,
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‘Tse fishermen ar using a very large ‘square-mesh window to exclude fish ‘bycatch tom the trawl
The squave-mesh window ‘Square-mesh windows
Advantages: + Sa ish byeath may escape Disadvantages: + Shae sh ais escape rats, 0 some Faby Ge bag ar cy louse: Species ae mare kl fo escape han ches
HỆ HE NI “Suess ny dtr rt oety
May nezease ovrg tie fess rag and fever tal) “efron ran be cate ied es *Mayinezease sing cach due ‘omg ie to onger * “ioe ict oa han vst! mand mesh eh ieee
+ Wilnot exude seabed animals nd bis
Trang 32What is a Fishbox?
[A fishbox fs designed to ater the movernent of water in the codend isa boxsike device filed to the lop or bom of (he codend with an opening ‘trough which fsh can swim and escape A laste ‘or meta plat (ii installed io the font itbox frame and another tothe top ofthe frame, These pales generate water turbulence adjacent the escape openings inthe bofom and sides ofthe
Fishbox Advantages: Easlylnsaled
*Large opening allows large fish o escape * May increase simp cath de to langer
toning ime (ess rag and fewer haus) *May reduce sorting te
device a he ais towed though he waer, The buk movement ofthis water is forvard into the fshbox and incined twough he escape opening in the batt ofthe deve, Many fish species actively seek regions of water turbulence because swimming easier and itis thought hatte inne
‘movement of water heps eet fsh out ofthe ra This is aelavely new BRO thathas been success: ‘uly tested nthe United States and Australia,
The fshbox
Disadvantages
* Poor escape for species tat behave nthe same way as simp + Limted knowledge of fch behaviour and infence off design and oventaton on
{oh xcuson rates
*May foul onthe sie fhe boat dung hauling “Wnt exclude seabed animals and debris
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What other modifications can be used to reduce bycatch? ‘Arange of simple rigging modifications to the awl
may be used to reduce the capture of bycatch ‘These modifcatons may not be sulable for all fisheries, and many have not been widely teste,
but they may sere fo stimulate new ideas They + Aiangular or diamond-shaped cut it he top
ofthe codend, This ver simple modification that can reduce the capture of song swimming fish
* Changes to round chain stings This ‘modification may reduce the capture of age sponges and seabed debris For example, ‘easing the cent dropper chains ofa texas <r’ ground cain system may allow his
bycatch to escape undemeath the tau! loorope
* Longer sweeps between the clr board and ‘ra This can be used to reduce the cape of small ea uchins suchas ‘sea e90, oer
benthic animals and seabed debris, although semetimes this may increase fish caches + Headline height eduction By reducing heading
height some fsh wil escape capture by swimming over he healing othe ra This modification could reduce catches of schooling or lage swimming fish, By reducing headline height the wingend spread ofthe aml may increase and potently incease catches of botom dweling shrimp (and ost anylss of swimiing shine)
+ Alenthof wine sveched between the otter boars to tighten fish away ftom the aw The twine wil vba as itis towed tough the water, warming fsh ofthe approaching vaw and ving them time to escape
+ horizontal separator panel This is 3 panel of et tha des the rant Wo
The use offong sweeps and headin floats wil neroase the amount of bycatch that feners a tra
compartments, each lating to separate ndends This panel alows rocks, sel, crabs and other botlo-<veting animal abe kept separate rom the remainder ofthe catch Ether codend can be le open if dese or made of larger mesh so that smal animals can escape * Large mesh barr across the raw mouth The
bares fted between the headine and footope ofthe rato prevent ge animals from entering he codend Fouling by large animal or deli key lo eduoe wingend spread and catching perfomance
*Large cuts in the top pane! ofthe ne ahead of the cadend Tis modication has successtuly reduced bycatch in daylight fsheris but been less successul during he night, Australia this ‘modiaton is known as the Bigeye
+ §quate-nesh neting adjacent the oorope ofthe ‘rau This modificaten has been successful sed in some fsa heres to reduce the caplue fess rete seabed animals such as ea urchins and starfish, Ithas some ptental for sein shipirau heres, but has not been widely tested The sucesso tis modification ‘els on sep passing ovr the square-mesh
‘panel folowing ground cain contac
Trang 34+ Reducing the size of codend covers and + Aering te jing Manging) ato of coded chafing gear This modication wil alow more ‘meshes to trawl meshes By educng the cadend meshes io be aval fo small {oining lo he codend meshes are urate to ‘animals to escape, ose under oad This may alow more sal
eho escape ner te font ofthe codend, but ray have limited efecveness nar the accumulated cath
“Inereasedcodend mesh size, This wil sow ‘mot smal animals ‘Simplest BROS to implement but interestingly o escape is one ofthe ‘one ofthe leas favoured optons, particulary where smal sh are retsned forsale good
Staring point or bycatch reduction research, *Lastrige ropes hung’ along be length ofthe ‘cadand Tis can alow codend meshes to
remain open and smal sh o escape, Usvlly atlas for ropes are required, and they must be abou $% shorer than the setched length of the codend This modification is used mainly fer dlamand-mesh codends and reves meshes cesing under load from he cach though it can also be useulin square-mesh tndens, paticat keoted maleial se, The efecirenes of is modfcalen is liel to be limted lng codends ae used
‘The mesh size above is small and
unselectve and few animals wil bo able fo
These fishermen ar using @ TED to exclude large animals rom the trawl However the ‘smal mash codend and codend cover wi alow few (any) smal animals to escape,
Trang 35Choosing and Testing a TED or BRD
This section proves information on how to choose ‘and constuct a TED or BRD that wil sut paride ‘operating conditions Detals on methods of estng sa device through colaboraton with recognised research orgrizalons are also provided The subsequent section answers frequently asked ‘questions related to the installation of these eves
How do | choose a TED or BRD?
“The ow dagram on page 24 cesebes the main steps for choosing and lesing a TED or BRD for your patiouar needs
“The ial choice ofa TED or BRO depends on what ‘ype of bycatch sgcng tobe excluded The chice is intuences by:
+ the need to protect endangered or treatened species,
‘the ze and behaviour of string being caught, "he S29 and behaviour of bycatch
+ vations in catch composton, "the dest retain valuable bycatch
*vaiatons inthe amount of yeah caught through the Season and between sing rounds, and
te costo the device
Cleat, the need to protect endangered or threatened species is @ high priory, and iis ‘esse that fshermen choose the correct TED or BRD to exclude these animals fom the Yaw However, in some instances this choice may be Predetermined by legslaion dosgnod to protect these animals Knowledge of catch composton in all areas of the fishery and throughout the fishing szason is also required to choose an effective TED or BRO This cote may be influenced bya desire to maintain valuable bycatch, ands shoud not be Aiscouraged providing regulations alow this
bycatch to be elaine and calc aes are ecoog- caly sustainable Given the vaabesze, betavout and composition of he bycatch it maybe necessary to use several diferent devices simutanecusly to maximise bycatch reduction,
Gotting hod ofa TED or BRD to tes isthe next step, The lectricel data shets athe back of his guide provide constuction delals of the most common types of devices avalable today At bis sfage it might aso be useful to contact other fehamen, net makers ot fshing technologists experienced inthe constucton and use ofthese devices They can provide advice on the TED or BRO best suled for a particular fisher is Important tal the device does not contravene any etng regulations, parteulary tose elated tothe design, size or ype ofthe device, and it ust not |eopardze the survival of endangered animals, or teatoned
By using an upward-excluding TED and a square-mesh window, lage animals and fish bycatch can be excluded from the trawl
Trang 36
How to choose and test a TED or BRD
Trang 37
Choosing a TED or BRD
The fist stops toward reducing bycatch i 0 identily the type of bycatch fo be excluded This is followed by selecton ofan aparoprate bycatch reduction devi In this figure the bycatch that ‘an be excluded by the most common types of bycatch reduction device ere shown, The dashed line indicates the lass common coon used fo reduce a particular type of bycatch,
What is the cost of a TED or BRD?
The cost of purchasing or constusing a TED oF BRO varies considerably between devices I is infenced mainly by mater vaiby, cost, and labour rates A simple device wil require less ‘atti and time to construct o wl be reaively cheap, For example, a square-mesh vind: canbe constructed from sraps of neting and may cost no mote than a few dolar at most It can also be easly madeby the fisherman In south 2st Asia the cost ofa smal ste TED may be less than USS100 Incontasta lage stanes tel or aluminium TED in usta ten times that amount or the United States may cost more than
Given ite experince inthe use and operation of
‘hese devices it may be wise to select a cheap and simple device, suchas a fsheye or square-mesh window Ths is 2 good choice because iis a relatively inexpensive way to get stared and wil hep shermen gain confidence and expenence in thei use It might also be useul to select a device thats curenty being used by oer fishermen to ‘exclude similar bycatch spacies In ths way {isheren can be reasonably assured that the evi wil reduce bycatch and shnp loss wi {hopeful not be too high
When fishermen fest use @ TED or BRD it is possible that shrimp loss occurs relatively equenly and ls lnlaly hgh Kis important rot be ésccuraged Experience and knowlege are the ‘ays to efcint bycatch reduction
Trang 38
Who can help with the
development and testing of these devices?
‘Tofuly assess a TED or BRD itis important to ask: +isit working? (lessor no bycatch),
sisi afectng the size ofthe shrimp catch? (ore or less ship)
+Isitafeting the quality ofthe shim? (ewer damaged shimp),
+Isit easly handled onboard? and
+s there any change in raw spread and crag? (longer toning be and greater efcieney) ‘These are often dftcut questions to answer soit might be a good idea to work wih a fisheries research organization Many of them have ‘experience developing and testing and can assist with the selection, instalation, a TED ox BRD
tesing and assessment of the device While collab- ‘oration isnot essential, it could save considerable im, efor and money
Its impotanto realise that he results of a collab- “lon are usualy more favourably acceped by ‘ther stakeholders because the testing program is usualy more rigorous (Hherough) and involves an independent party, An example of benefits gained by colaboration is provided by SEAFDEC working wih researches and fishermen in Southeast Asa to
Collaboration between researchors and fishermen isa key requirement for the “successful introduction ofa TED or BRD into ‘aishory
induce the JTED This has resulted in the JTED bing tested onboard commercial shrimp trawlers in many countries in te region, including training of Fshermen inthe instalation and operation of the device The development of an efectve tule protecton program and iting of the US embargo eqires al stvimp fshermen in a county 1 use approved TED designs This wl ot happen ifthe iso colabaraion with ether fshermen and fshery managers
Testing TEDs and BRDs
To uly assess the perfomance ofa TED or BRD 2 detaed testing program is recommended This will need to be a ngorous process, wth peomance targets in place to ensure tha the device performs as claimed and sass the concems of other ‘Stakeholders, In Ausvala's Norher Praun Fishery, a tesing protocol has been established to help fshermen test ther can TED and GRDs and 10 identify new devices suitable for approval in the fshery Te protocol has tree assessment phases:
+ an inal assessment phase +a visual assessment phase; and + an asa testing phase
‘Tho inital assessment phase invoves the fisherman providing members of a special commitee bret notes ofthe TED or BRD to be tested, including @ description of the devoe, its ‘operation and claimed performance The conmitee - consisting of a fishing technologist, an independent fsherman and the Fshery manager - detemines i the device has potential to perfom as aimed The commits wil then either request 2 vwsual assessment of the device or recommend commencement of he a-sea phase
Trang 39‘The visual assessment phase involves the cưmnitee viewing the device o testing iin a fume tank Tis phase is required ony if some doubt about the claimed ably ofthe device exits or futher cariiaton is required It aso provides a mechanism to assess complex or unusual TED or BRD designs
The atsea testing phase inches te fisherman being provided 2 permit to test the new device under nomal fishing conditions The committee provides instucton to the fsheman regarding testing condons, duraton and dala coleclon - these instucions are designed to minimize any dstubance to the nomal Fsting operation and recognize ha fshermen usualy have iid ebity to collect catch data the new device perfoos aimed then a rained observer may board the boat as for several weeks to enable an independent assessment ofthe device
(Cuteny a new TED is deemed to have perfommed saisfactorly if no tues are caught during the ents atseatesing phase Tis ensures that any new TED design pefoms as wells thse curenty approved forthe fishery Inthe case ofa BRO there | no bycatch target at present the codend wth the ‘new device simply needs to elan less bycatch han ‘a slandard codend thas been suggested that new BRD design shouldbe tested against a curently approved device The new device would need to ‘excude the same amount of bycatch o mere 12 gain acceptance as an approved BRD The new ‘evi could also be the benchmark to compare the performance of future devices, and in this way the bycatch target would continue to increase Once the ‘alsa testing is complete the resus are provided to the committee for recommendation oroherwise 2s an approved bycatch reduction device The beneis ofthe protocol include
+a method of demonstrating the achievement of reduce bycatch, while accommadaing the cates of testing under commer hing conditions;
‘By working together information is exchanged ‘between researchers and fishermen,
* providing fishermen a quick, simple and inexpensive means of assessing TED or BRD perfomance onbcard the fshing boat (hey ‘ay oly forthe device and feed the observer + empowering fishermen to take greater conto ‘of TED and BRO development this improves ampiance with TED and BRD regutos);
+ providing rigorous testing process that satisfies he conoems of aber stakeholders, * promoting the ongoing development of more efficient TED or BRDS; and + enhanced bycatch reduction
‘To tes a specie TED or BRD, oblain more infor Imation, discuss issues oto share resus, any of ihe research organizations listed under ‘Contacts ‘on page 108 can be contacted
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