HI1?jfITE ~~~~-.-~.~~~~ FORTIFICATIONS c.1650-700 BC ABOUT THE AUTHORS AND ILLUSTRATORS KONSTANTIN S NOSSOV is a researcher in and adviser on ancient and medieval arms, armour and warfare, as well as the author of numerous books and articles His particular areas of interest include the history of weapons, fortification and siege warfare He has lived all his life in Moscow and has travelled extensively in Europe, North Africa, South Asia, Asia Minor and the Far East BRIAN DELF began his career working in a London art studio producing artwork for advertising and commercial publications Since 1972, he has worked as a freelance illustrator on a variety of subjects including natural history, architecture and technical cutaways His illustrations have been published in over thirty countries Brian lives and works in Oxfordshire FORTRESS • 73 HITTITE FORTIFICATIONS c.1650-700 BC KONSTANTIN S NOSSOV ILLUSTRATED BY BRIAN DELF Series editors Marcus Cowper and Nikolai Bogdanovic First published in Great Britain in 2008 by Osprey Publishing, Midland House, West Way, Botley, Oxford OX2 OPH, United Kingdom 443 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10016, USA Email: info@ospreypublishing.com © 2008 Osprey Publishing Ltd All rights reserved Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, electrical, chemical, mechanical, optical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner Enquiries should be addressed to the Publishers A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 84603 207 Editorial by !Iios Publishing, Oxford, UK (www.iliospublishing.com) Page layout by Ken Vail Graphic Design, Cambridge, UK (kvgd.com) Typeset in Sabon and Myriad Pro Index by Alison Worthington Maps by The Map Studio Ltd, Romsey, Hants Originated by PPS Grasmere, Leeds, UK Printed and bound in China through Bookbuilders 08 09 10 11 12 10 FOR A CATALOGUE OF ALL BOOKS PUBLISHED BY OSPREY MILITARY AND AVIATION PLEASE CONTACT: NORTH AMERICA Osprey Direct, c/o Random House Distribution Center, 400 Hahn Road, Westminster, MD 21157 Email: info@ospreydirect.com ALL OTHER REGIONS Osprey Direct UK, PO Box 140, Wellingborough, Northants, NN8 2FA, UK Email: info@ospreydirect.co.uk www.ospreypublishing.com AUTHOR'S NOTE The spelling of proper nouns and geographical names in the book is as close to the original as possible One exception has only been made for the city of Hattusha, which is commonly known by this name but is also encountered as Hattusa or Hattu~a~, as well as in its Hattian form Hattus/Hattush Unfortunately, the original Hittite names of many of the sites are unknown to us today And these sites are named after the closest modern Turkish settlement The following rules should be born in mind in reading Turkish names: Turkish c is read j (for instance, in Alacahoyuk) Turkish