B2 USR3 AnswerKey indd PART 1 | LINGUISTICS Copyright © 2018 by Pearson Education, Inc Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use 1 ADVANCED LEVEL STUDENT BOOK ANSWER KEY University Success REA.
University Success ADVANCED LEVEL STUDENT BOOK ANSWER KEY READING P A R T | Fundamental Reading Skills LINGUISTICS Active Reading SUPPORTING SKILL PREVIEWING A TEXT UNIT PROFILE Exercise 2A page page The article is about a disappearing dialect of English found on the Ocracoke Island off North Carolina, in the United States FUNDAMENTAL SKILL READING ACTIVELY Exercise 1C page 5 T T F - Sign language contains structural rules, like spoken languages F - Every language has rule-based complexity T F - Panini wrote a grammar of Sanskrit between the 6th and 4th centuries bce T F - Some linguists today continue to study ancient languages, and others focus on different aspects of language The reading defines “dialect” and discusses the differences between dialects and languages Exercise 2B page spoken Dialects and languages politics regional social disappear Vocabulary Check B page 10 stems from distinction quipped evolve complexity Classification blurred implied Exercise 1D page SUPPORTING SKILL Possible answers: Three (1) Language facilitates social interaction whenever we ask someone a question (2) We use language to express identity because every person has a name, and we can use language to describe how someone looks, feels, etc (3) Language is a mechanism of thought because most people think in words Possible answer: English has a complex verb system, but adjectives are simple in that they not have gender or number, unlike adjectives in many languages SCANNING Vocabulary Check B page 6 systematic inferior comparative facilitate myth means gesture cognition Exercise 3A page 12 The reading defines code-switching, looks at reasons why codeswitching might occur, and discusses how linguists view codeswitching as a sign of a speaker’s communicative competence and not a substandard way of speaking Exercise 3B page 12 b b b a a b Exercise 3C page 14 with their own social group larger group that includes speakers of a majority language or dialect secret “forbidden” Vocabulary Check B page 15 b a c Copyright © 2018 by Pearson Education, Inc Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use VOCABULARY STRATEGY f d e g h CHOOSING AND WRITING VOCABULARY TO LEARN Exercise 5A page 24 Possible answers: dialects, evolve, factor, variety, status INTEGRATED SKILLS ANNOTATING APPLY YOUR SKILLS Exercise 4A page 18 Before You Read B page 25 Possible annotations: (2.) Two views #1 ⇒ #2 ⇒ Language, Thought, and Identity The question of (1.) how language relates to identity and cognition has long been the subject of study and speculation in many cultures In Western scholarship, philosophers in the Golden Age of Greece in 500 bce discussed the origin and function of language Aristotle, the father of logic in philosophy, called language a representation of thought The (3.) opposite of that theory—that thought is a representation of language—is a more recent idea about the way language works This concept, known as (5.) linguistic relativity, holds that an individual’s particular language shapes the way the person perceives the world, much like viewing the world through a pair of colored glasses Linguistic relativity is also called the SapirWhorf hypothesis after scholars Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf, who are credited with forming the theory in the early 20th century Exercise 4C page 21 e a d b, d g, d f, d c Vocabulary Check B page 22 superiority perception measurable diversity empirical conduct intersection concede 500 bce: Aristotle thought > lang = (4.) rep of thought Thinking Critically page 29 20th c.: (7.) thought shapes view of wld The writer believes it should be preserved She uses positive adjectives to indicate her attitude toward the dialect: distinctive, unique, unusual The final paragraph points toward a hope that features of the brogue will continue in the speech of younger people Folk legends are passed down from person to person and don’t necessarily have research to back up their veracity Scientific study is the opposite Possible answer: The dialect will most likely die out because of the Internet and greater contact between islanders and mainlanders Thinking Visually A page 30 Number of Endangered Languages by Country 1–10 11–29 30–75 76–125 125+ Uruguay, Chile, French Guyana, Suriname, Panama, Costa Rica, Honduras, El Salvador, Belize Argentina, Paraguay, Guyana, Ecuador, Guatemala, Nicaragua Peru, Colombia, Bolivia, Venezuela Canada United States, Mexico, Brazil Possible answer: The number of endangered languages is roughly proportional to the size and population of an area and its history of colonization The United States, for example, is an enormous territory that at one time had millions of indigenous people belonging to dozens of ethnic and linguistic groups As a result of colonization, these indigenous people—along with their languages—were largely exterminated The same process occurred throughout the Americas Today, languages are dying as a result of urbanization and globalization Thinking About Language page 31 The vowel in words like caught and bought sounds like the vowel in put and book The vowel in the word house sounds like “hUH-OO-s.” The vowel in hoi toider sounds like a combination of but and beet Elizabethan English may have been spoken by the island’s original settlers, and the dialect has some words that date back to Shakespearean times Nowadays the island’s economy is based on tourism, not fishing This implies that the dialect may be becoming diluted because of the influx of outsiders It also implies that the dialect may contain more words related to tourism and that words related to fishing may be dying out The speech patterns are more typical of British or Australian English They are documenting it and making recordings it = Ocracoke Island this notion = that the dialect is a living form of the English spoken during Shakespeare’s time them = outsiders This unusual environment = Ocracoke’s isolation Many = linguists so = speak the Ocracoke brogue Copyright © 2018 by Pearson Education, Inc Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use P A R T | Fundamental Reading Skills BUSINESS ETHICS Main Ideas and Supporting Details UNIT PROFILE page 32 The article defines investment banks, explains how they were involved in the Great Recession of 2007–2009, and discusses how improving ethics in trading would benefit those banks The main ideas are that investment banks play an important role in the global economy and that the role of investment banks in causing the Great Recession has led to public distrust Some details include the following: examples of the role and responsibility of investment banks; poll results showing lack of trust in banks; examples of unethical decisions made by investment bankers; and results of investigations into the role investment banks played in the mortgage crisis a transition from the first paragraph and introduces the topic The second sentence introduces the main idea that is explained by the rest of the sentences in the paragraph The main idea of Paragraph is expressed in the first sentence, and the following sentences support this idea The reading contains various examples and reasons that support the main ideas Signal language includes for example, for instance, and because Vocabulary Check B page 36 executive retirement collapse implication defect violations repercussions bring about SUPPORTING SKILL IDENTIFYING MAIN IDEAS FUNDAMENTAL SKILL IDENTIFYING MAIN IDEAS AND SUPPORTING DETAILS Exercise 1A page 34 Possible answers: The study of ethics explores what is fair and unfair and what is morally acceptable and unacceptable Cheating is an example of unethical behavior Business decisions can have a big impact on others Exercise 2A page 38 Topic: Three theories of corporate governance (including shareholder theory) Main Idea: Models of corporate governance that seek to consider the interests of those affected by a business have gained in popularity in recent years Exercise 2B page 39 Topic: Ethics and business ethics Main Idea of text: In our daily lives and in business, we are faced with ethical decisions that have implications for others Paragraph 1: The study of ethics explores what is fair and unfair and what is morally acceptable and unacceptable Paragraph 2: Just as our personal ethics are determined by our everyday decisions, business ethics are determined by the decisions of the individuals who work in the business Paragraph 3: Business ethics are especially important because business decisions often affect not only a company and its employees but also customers, society, and the environment Main Idea of passage: (Other) models of corporate governance that seek to consider the interests of those affected by a business have gained in popularity in recent years Main ideas: Paragraph 1: Since the 1980s, most corporations have followed a model of governance based on shareholder theory, or stockholder theory, which states that a company’s primary responsibility is to increase earnings for its shareholders, the people who own shares of stock in a company Paragraph 2: Stakeholder theory says that a business must consider the interests not just of shareholders but of all of a company’s stakeholders Paragraph 3: A third model of corporate governance is known as corporate social responsibility, or CSR, which says a company should seek not only to make a profit but also to make a positive impact on the community and the environment Exercise 1C page 35 Exercise 2C page 39 2 Exercise 1B page 34 T F - The study of ethics explores what is fair and unfair and morally acceptable and unacceptable F - Business ethics are determined by the decisions made by individuals within a business F - The repercussions of business decisions can be felt beyond the organization and include customers, society, and the environment T T Exercise 1D page 36 Possible answers: The main idea appears in different places depending on the purpose of the paragraph Paragraph is an introduction to the topic The sentences at the beginning of the paragraph lead up to the main idea The first sentence of Paragraph makes corporate governance Shareholder theory stakeholder theory profits corporate social responsibility inclusive Vocabulary Check B page 40 d e g f a c h b Copyright © 2018 by Pearson Education, Inc Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use SUPPORTING SKILL Exercise 4B page 49 IDENTIFYING SUPPORTING DETAILS I Exercise 3A page 42 Main idea: There are clear benefits for companies dedicated to making a positive social impact Exercise 3B page 44 F - Corporate social responsibility means a company makes a commitment to having a positive impact on its employees and other stakeholders as well as broader society T F - According to one survey, more than half of young people would refuse to work for a company that is not socially responsible T F - Investors are interested in companies with reputations for behaving ethically F - In 2008, Starbucks CEO Howard Schultz aimed to increase profits while being socially responsible F - In 2017, Starbucks was honored as one of the world’s most admired companies T Exercise 3C page 44 Sentence D, F Sentence F, E Sentence F Sentence 13 F Sentence 15 E Sentence 16 Q Sentence 17 R, F Sentence 2: or Sentence 3: such as Sentence 8: A survey … found Sentence 13: Research shows that Sentence 15: One example is Sentence 16: use of quotation Sentence 17: As a result of Facts The goal of the passage is to convince the reader that corporate social responsibility is beneficial, so the writer provided evidence in the form of facts Supporting details appear in the middle of the paragraph following general statements that express main ideas Locating the main ideas first can help you to locate their supporting details Vocabulary Check B page 45 turnover reputation commitment dedicated ultimately consumption productivity staggering INTEGRATED SKILLS Exercise 4A page 48 The four main topics are facts, loyalties, values / worldview, and principles These can be indicated by roman numerals or by numbers The example is a hypothetical pharmaceutical company It can be referred to as “EX” or “e.g.,” or indented or numbered Possible answers: III Loyalties A Why? Consider repercussions for diff parties affected Ex: Pharma co = shareholders, customers, community B Think about: which stakeholder most imp., most to lose IV Values = worldview / things person considers most important A Determines how person looks at situation B Can be most important Ex: Pacifist morally opposed to helping manufacture items used in war Ex: Pharma co.: What does it value most? Reputation? Customers? loyalty dilemmas principles prioritize facilitates are opposed to VOCABULARY STRATEGY USING WORD PARTS TO ANALYZE MEANING Exercise 5A page 53 The final point of consideration in Potter’s Box is personal principles Applying moral principles, or a mode of reasoning, will help the decision maker come to a rational conclusion Some examples of different modes of reasoning include end-based reasoning, virtuebased reasoning, and duty-based reasoning End-based reasoning is the idea that doing what is good for the most number of people is the most ethical decision End-based reasoning is also known as teleological ethics Virtue-based reasoning states that moral decisions are made by pursuing certain beneficial virtues, such as prudence, fairness, courage, and respect Finally, duty-based (or deontological) reasoning is the ethical argument that decisions must be considered in the context of a person’s duty If a company executive believed a decision was right because the duties of his position required it, he would, for example, be making an ethical decision using duty-based reasoning Exercise 5B page 53 OUTLINING A TEXT Exercise 4C page 50 Vocabulary Check B page 50 Exercise 3D page 44 Potter’s Box = useful guide for reasoning through process of ethical decision making A Dev by ethicist Ralph Potter (1960s ) B Questions organized into main categories – equal and interrelated Facts Loyalties Values Principles II Facts A Listing everything known about a situation Ex: Pharmaceutical co sells drug w / negative side effects Facts, e.g.: cost of taking off market, safety studies, benefits of keeping on the market, how much corp knows, what has been done re: problem predictability Part of Speech noun cofacilitator noun beneficial unproductive consciousness adjective adjective noun Meaning the ability to guess in advance one who facilitates with relating to benefit not productive being conscious Copyright © 2018 by Pearson Education, Inc Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use implementation noun misstate verb the process or act of accomplishing something incorrectly state Exercise 5C page 53 Possible answers: bankruptcy, beneficial, encourage, engage, internal, integrity, predict, transparent, commitment, environment, statement, recognizing, retirement, engagement, awareness, essential, conspiracy, hypothetical, executive, pharmaceutical, substantial, initiative, fraudulent, violation, supplier, ultimately IV Banks have been subject to fines and regulations since recession A $110 billion in fines from gov’t Ex: Goldman Sachs $5 billion in penalties B New gov’t regulations Ex: Dodd-Frank Act V Banks not inherently unethical Not totally to blame A Take care of imp financial services B Subject to human error C Others failed too – US regulators & credit-rating agencies VI Ethical decisions challenging A Very competitive industry B Pressure to drive é profits in short term Thinking Critically page 57 APPLY YOUR SKILLS Before You Read A page 54 Possible answers: Investment banks are large banks that invest and manage large amounts of money They are traditionally located in New York City (Wall Street) Large banks contributed to the market collapse leading to the Great Recession They are large and pressured to return profits Thinking Visually A page 57 Before You Read B page 54 Investment banks are private companies that act as a bridge between buyers and sellers on a very large scale Investment banks manage complex financial transactions Investment banks play an important role in our society because they advise companies in important financial transactions, buy and sell securities, and assist in the country’s overall economic growth Investment bankers made questionable ethical decisions when they sold off risky subprime mortgage-backed securities to investors They earned huge profits for investment banks, and they embedded risk throughout the entire economy As a result, many Americans lost their jobs, homes, and savings The government paid billions of taxpayer dollars to bail them out The banking industry has paid the government billions of dollars in fines The banking industry has also been forced to deal with extensive new governmental regulations Other important institutions, including the US Federal Reserve, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), and credit rating agencies were also responsible Investment banks are very competitive in the business world, and the pressure to drive up profit in the short-term makes it challenging for them to make ethical decisions Read A page 55 Possible answers: I Investment banks = private companies bridging buyers & sellers on large scale = Wall Street A Manage complex financial transactions B Clients include individuals., large corps., gov’ts, pension funds C Largest include: JPMorgan Chase, Goldman Sachs, Bank of America, Merrill Lynch, Morgan Stanley, & Citigroup D Play imp role in society Advise cos imp financial transactions Buy & sell securities Assist in country’s overall economic growth II Ethical decisions have significant effects A Responsible for decisions leading to Great Recession and effects Millions lost jobs, homes, and savings Taxpayer bailout American distrust III US Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission blames IBs as principal cause of crisis A Questionable decisions selling subprime mortgage-backed securities B Earned huge profits while taking on too much risk The writer believes investment bankers committed ethics violations, but they are not inherently unethical The writer says that the crisis was, in part, the responsibility of investment bankers, but they also made plenty of ethical decisions They are very large, and there is a lot of pressure to earn high profits in the short term The graphs shows the US gross domestics product growth rate between 2001 and 2016 The numbers on the left show change changes in the rate, by percentage The figures across the middle show dates: year – month – day In June of 2007, the growth rate began dropping from about 2.25%, dipping to a low of about -4% between 2008 and 2009, and then climbing into the positive range in late 2009 After 2009, the GDP growth rate has ranged between about and percent Thinking About Language page 59 Possible answers: The US Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, / which explored what happened and what went wrong in the financial meltdown, / pointed the finger at investment banks as the principal cause of the crisis Main idea: The US Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission pointed the finger at investment banks Goldman Sachs, for example, one of the largest investment banks, paid more than $5 billion in penalties associated with the sale of risky mortgage-backed securities Main idea: Goldman Sachs paid more than $5 billion in penalties In the aftermath of the Great Recession of 2007–2009, many investment banks were accused of making deals / that sacrificed ethics for profitability, leading to worldwide economic hardship Main idea: Many investment banks were accused of making deals that sacrificed ethics for profitability Moreover, the government paid billions of taxpayer dollars / to bail out the very institutions / that, in part, caused the problem, / which further angered many Americans Main idea: The government paid billions of dollars to bail out the institutions that caused the problem It is important to note that / while investment banks played a role in the crisis, / the inquiry commission also accused other important institutions of major failings, including the US Federal Reserve, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), and credit-rating agencies Main idea: The inquiry commission accused other important institutions of major failings Nevertheless, big banks are the ones / that have faced the most public outrage over the financial meltdown Main idea: Big banks are the ones that have faced the most public outrage Copyright © 2018 by Pearson Education, Inc Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use P A R T | Fundamental Reading Skills EARTH SCIENCE Organizational Structures UNIT PROFILE The article uses compare-and-contrast to explain the similarities and differences between the two planets, and then focuses on how the Milankovitch cycles change in the orbital patterns of both planets, helping influence the occurrences of ice ages FUNDAMENTAL SKILL RECOGNIZING ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES Exercise 1A page 62 Temperatures rose and declined, from January to December reaching a peak average of about 82 degrees in July–August Changes throughout a calendar year can be attributed to the Earth’s rotation around the sun Between 1871 and 2001, average temperatures ranged from a high of about 83 degrees in the late 80s to a low of about 71 in the early 30s, with a general trend of steadily rising averages Answers will vary The article uses both compare-and-contrast, definition, and example structures to organize ideas RECOGNIZING DEFINITIONS Exercise 2A page 68 2 Weather Climate 1. describes conditions of the atmosphere refers to short-term conditions Both √ The major greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and fluorinated gases forcings, greenhouse gases, global warming potential Exercise 2B page 69 Signals of definitions: describe, refers to, is, is considered Signals of examples: such as, for example, for instance, such as Signals of comparison / contrast: both, while, unlike, slower to change, distinction, Though, compared to Exercise 1C page 65 anomaly cycle dramatically variability atmosphere factor SUPPORTING SKILL Exercise 1B page 63 This condition . Sample answer: Create a three-part outline or chart The first part will include information about weather, the second about climate, and the third about climate anomalies such as El Niño Vocabulary Check B page 66 page 60 T F - Forcings refer to man-made and natural factors in climate change F - Greenhouse gases heat the planet by blocking and trapping heat in the atmosphere F - The main greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated gases T T F - CO2 has a lower GWP than fluorinated gases Exercise 2D page 70 Word / Concept Signal Meaning forcings Paragraph 1: are known as factors that influence the climate of our planet by forcing the climate system to change √ refers to long-term conditions √ greenhouse gases Paragraph 2: are defined as gases that trap heat in the atmosphere requires a minimum of 30 years of data to describe √ fluorinated gases Paragraph 2: m-dash (—) man-made gases that contain the chemical fluorine global warming potential Paragraph 3: or how much warming effect a gas creates GWP Paragraph 3: referred to as global warming potential 5. can change √ √ can vary dramatically from one minute to the next can experience shortterm anomalies such as El Niño √ Vocabulary Check B page 71 Exercise 1D page 65 Paragraph defines and compares and contrasts weather and climate Paragraph defines and gives an example of climate anomaly (variability) See Exercise 1B answers retain emissions absorbed emit Potential driving shift Copyright © 2018 by Pearson Education, Inc Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use SUPPORTING SKILL Exercise 4B page 80 IDENTIFYING COMPARISON-AND-CONTRAST ORGANIZATION Possible answers: Exercise 3B page 75 F – Latitude is one factor that determines a region’s climate Others include elevation, topography, wind, ocean currents, and distance from bodies of water F – Esfahan, Iran, and Dallas, Texas, have different elevations and different climates F - The Köppen climate classification system distinguishes climate types based on their average monthly temperature and precipitation patterns T T T F – Monsoons are wind systems that reverse direction T 1. Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) is the gas that accounts for 80% of greenhouse gas emissions in the US 2. Methane (CH4 ) is the gas that is the second-most abundant human-created greenhouse gas 3. Carbon cycle is a process that distributes carbon dioxide between atmosphere, ocean, and land 4. Global warming potential is a number that Exercise 3D page 76 Signal words for comparison and contrast: Like, however, similar to, on the other hand Climates Temperature Precipitation Location Tropical rainforest predictable, warm regular throughout the year; monthly average at least 2.4 inches (6 cm) Latitudes within 25 degrees of the equators, most commonly in South America, central Africa, Indonesia, and Southeast Asia Tropical monsoon high temperatures year-round, wet and dry seasons in rainy season, similar to tropical rainforest; in dry season, less than 1.6 inches (6 cm) monthly South and Central America, South Asia, western and central Africa, the Caribbean Vocabulary Check B page 76 equator vary predictable reverse humid characterized INTEGRATED SKILLS Exercise 4A page 80 Exercise 4C page 81 Possible answers: CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) BOTH most abundant (80% of US human-made emissions) naturally emitted: plant decay, volcanic eruptions human source: burning fossil fuels >400 parts / million worldwide part of “carbon cycle” can stay in atmosphere 1,000s of yrs emissions stable in recent years total amount = major issue in global warming—impact for many generations carbon dioxide, methane, carbon cycle, global warming potential how they are emitted, amount in the atmosphere, how long they stay in the atmosphere, global warming potential CO2 only: Paragraph Similarities: Paragraph Differences: Paragraphs 4, METHANE (CH4) 2nd most abundant in atmosphere (11% of US) naturally emitted: wetlands, permafrost, microbial sources human sources: cattle farming, landfills, production of fossil fuels stays in atmosphere about 10 yrs GWP 30% > CO2 emissions rising 30% in last decade potency = major issue in global warming a b c d e f VOCABULARY STRATEGY UNDERSTANDING SUFFIXES IN SCIENTIFIC TERMS Exercise 5A page 84 greenhouse gases most abundant gases in atmosphere from natural processes and human activities Vocabulary Check B page 82 TAKING NOTES WITH GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS is determined by how much energy a gas is able to absorb from the sun and how long the gas lasts in the atmosphere on a 100-year time scale scientific, atmospheric, geology, mathematics, physics, oceanography, historical climatology geologists, radiometric, volcanic Paleoclimatology, scientific, dendrochronology Copyright © 2018 by Pearson Education, Inc Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use Exercise 5B page 84 a heart doctor the study of drugs (how drugs affect our bodies) life systems in oceans and lakes human cultures and societies the detection and treatment of poisons heat Exercise 5C page 85 10 (Geo)graphy (Geo)graphers (cart)ographers (Geo)logy (geo)logists (aquat)ic (atmospher)ic (geo)logists (paleont)ology (volcan)ology Milankovitch cycles are variations in orbital patterns that affect the amount of solar energy that reaches a planet On Earth, obliquity varies only slightly—a few degrees—whereas Mars’s tilt varies dramatically over time, up to 60 degrees This results in ice ages on Mars that look very different from those on Earth Thinking Visually A page 88 Their atmospheres are composed of the same gases though they are present in different quantities Earth’s atmosphere has much more oxygen The planets’ surface temperatures are not that different though Mars is colder Sample answer: Somewhat likely Humans would have to adapt to the atmospheric and temperature differences Thinking About Language page 89 APPLY YOUR SKILLS Ice ages are spans of time when a planet becomes cooler Interglacial periods are warmer periods that follow ice ages Milankovitch cycles are cyclical variations in orbital patterns that produce variations in the amount of solar energy that reaches a planet Obliquity is the Milankovitch cycle that most contributes to climate change Before You Read B page 85 They are similar in composition Both have water and both have polar ice caps They have experienced ice ages differently due to the differences in the Milankovitch cycles They are the warm periods between ice ages Copyright © 2018 by Pearson Education, Inc Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use P A R T | Fundamental Reading Skills MEDIEVAL HISTORY Reading Fluency Vocabulary Check B page 100 UNIT PROFILE page 90 The main reasons for the popularity of spices in the Middle Ages include the following: because cooks needed spices to mask the taste of bad meat (debunked); because spiced food made a good impression; and because they were believed to have medicinal properties ornate spectacle on a regular basis sustenance mythical appeal cuisines went to great lengths SUPPORTING SKILL MANAGING AMBIGUITY FUNDAMENTAL SKILL READING FLUENTLY Exercise 3B page 104 Exercise 1C page 93 √ 1, 2, Vocabulary Check B page 105 Exercise 1D page 93 Exercise 1A page 92 The article explains how social class divisions influenced the daily life of people in the Middle Ages, focusing on the differences between the diet of wealthy and poor people Possible answers: The social classes differed in the clothes they wore, the places they lived, and the jobs they had Answers will vary Possible answer: Previewing the reading helped me to predict what to expect in a text, which led to faster reading and better comprehension Looking at visuals, asking questions that I hope the text would answer, and previewing vocabulary are some other possible strategies to improve reading fluency F - Persian poetry influenced Turkish literature T T F – Some Medieval Persian poetry is still well known today F - Rumi was a poet T conquest penned mystical prominent flourished genre reverence lyricism INTEGRATED SKILLS Vocabulary Check B page 94 SUMMARIZING A TEXT Exercise 4A page 108 noble Roasted staple mobility lavish nutritious hierarchical virtually Main idea: Chaucer uses clothing and other symbols to illustrate the morality and immorality of his characters, and, by extension, of the Church itself Exercise 4B page 108 SUPPORTING SKILL INCREASING READING FLUENCY Exercise 2A page 97 The reading explains how medieval chefs used to prepare elaborate dishes at feasts wherein it appeared that live animals were being served Exercise 2D page 99 T F - Only the outside of the peacock was used It was filled with a cooked goose T F – Elaborate animal-imitation dishes are not still popular today T T Summary best captures the ideas in the essay Summary 1: Some phrases are copied verbatim from the original The last sentence contains unnecessary detail The summary does not include the name of the article The summary is the same length as the original Summary 3: It includes the writer’s opinion and is written in the past tense Although the description of the story—a main idea—is missing, the summary is nearly as a long as the original paragraph Vocabulary Check B page 112 extravagant laypeople critique clergy depiction severely immoral Monastery Copyright © 2018 by Pearson Education, Inc Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use VOCABULARY STRATEGY Thinking Critically page 122 RECOGNIZING MULTIPLE MEANINGS OF WORDS Possible answers: Venice is positioned on the water (referenced as a “port city” in the text) and is accessible to both Europe and neighboring continents Trading spices was often the goal of explorers, but a lot of exploration was also about colonization The wars may have been more about territory than the actual commodity of spices Exercise 5A page 114 2 Thinking Visually A page 123 Exercise 5B page 116 Part of speech: verb Definition: to fasten two or more things together with a staple Part of speech: adjective Definition: the food that you normally eat Part of speech: adjective Definition: thin in a healthy and attractive way Part of speech: verb Definition: to sit or stand in a position that is not upright and use another surface for support Part of speech: noun Definition: something that you add to food to decorate it Part of speech: verb Definition: to take money from someone’s salary because he or she has not paid a debt 1490s 476 ce 1000 13th century mid-16th century 7th century 14th century 14th century Thinking Visually B page 123 KEY EVENTS OF THE MIDDLE AGES Late 400s Roman Empire falls 600s Arabs conquer Iran Spices become popular in Europe 1000s 1200s Life of Rumi 1300s Life of Hafiz Canterbury Tales written 1400s Span Port voyages of exploration 1500s Euro spice trade declines Exercise 5C page 118 Thinking About Language page 124 Possible answers: a. a substance such as coal, gas, or oil that can be burned to produce heat or energy b to make something happen, grow, increase, etc a. the amount of money that something is worth b to think that something is important to you a. done without involving other people, actions, processes b to aim something in a particular direction or at a particular person, group, etc a. to hide the truth about a situation, about how you feel, etc that covers all or part of your face, to protect or to b something hide it Uses of language found online will vary during the medieval era, when By the close of the 15th century today, over the course of time old, modern, shelf life simultaneously today contemporary At the turn of the 16th century APPLY YOUR SKILLS Before You Read B page 119 western Europe, including England, Italy, Spain, and Portugal nutmeg, cinnamon, pepper, ginger, mace, cloves, sugar More spices flowed into the economies of western European countries; the price of spices dropped; spices became accessible to everyone; the use of spices decreased; other commodities replaced spices in trade; it led to a race between European nations to colonize other nations Copyright © 2018 by Pearson Education, Inc Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use 10 P A R T | Critical Thinking Skills EARTH SCIENCE Cause, Effect, and Correlation UNIT PROFILE page 224 The article defines these two terms and then gives examples of climate tipping points (rising level of atmospheric carbon dioxide, escalating sea and glacier melt, and a decrease in the amount of carbon dioxide absorbed by the Amazon rainforest.) It explores the effects that crossing these critical thresholds will have on the environment and societies CRITICAL THINKING SKILL UNDERSTANDING CAUSE, EFFECT, AND CORRELATION Exercise 1A page 226 Between 1900 and 2000, the temperature was slowly increasing Possible answer: Natural factors include heat from the sun (based on Earth’s orbital patterns) and volcanic activity Human factors including burning fossil fuels and methane emissions from farm-raised animals The article looks at natural and human-made factors of climate change It examines how these factors have resulted in higher levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which has caused global temperatures to rise Exercise 1B page 226 Paragraph 1: have caused, the main driver behind, factors Paragraph 2: has been driven by, factors, influence, cause, cause, resulting in, cause, has caused, has led to, In this process, As a result Paragraph 3: the consequence of, then, when Paragraph 4: Since, due to Exercise 1C page 227 F – In the past, the main cause of climate change was natural factors (not anthropogenic) F – The sun’s solar output fluctuates over 11-year cycles T F – Dust, ash, and sulfur dioxide released from volcanoes cause the planet to cool T T F – The concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere has been increasing since the 18th century T Exercise 1D page 228 Possible answers: Classical / Correlational Relationship Natural Earth’s orbital patterns influence temperature √ Solar activity causes warmer or cooler temperatures √ Anthropogenic Classical / Correlational Relationship Natural Volcanic activity causes the sun to be blocked with dust and ash and then the planet cools √ Sulfur dioxide from volcanoes creates sulfuric acid aerosols, which reflect sunlight and cool the planet √ volcanic activity Massive releases carbon dioxide, causing global warming through the greenhouse effect √ Anthropogenic Burning fossil fuels releases CO2, causing warming √ Deforestation causes the release of CO2, contributing to warming √ Vocabulary Check B page 229 massive output fluctuate concentration tissue models blocked SUPPORTING SKILL UNDERSTANDING CAUSE-AND-EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS Exercise 2A page 231 Possible predictions: Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere trap heat in the atmosphere, causing increased temperatures Increased temperatures cause oceans to absorb excess heat, then rising ocean temperatures cause ocean water to increase in volume (thermal expansion), leading to rising sea levels Increased temperatures also cause glaciers and sea ice to melt, which leads to rising sea levels Rising sea levels lead to flooding in low-lying areas (e.g Nile delta, Bangladesh, low-lying islands) and coastal areas Exercise 2B page 233 T T F – Sea levels will rise at an accelerated rate F – Sea levels may rise by several feet by 2100 F – Temperatures are increasing at a faster rate in Alaska than in the lower 48 states T T F – The island nation of Kiribati may disappear with a few decades Copyright © 2018 by Pearson Education, Inc Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use 20 Exercise 2D page 234 Vocabulary Check B page 240 Greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere → Global temperatures increase → Ocean waters expand → Polar ice and glaciers melt → Sea levels rise → Coastal and low-lying areas become submerged → Residents are displaced Exercise 2E page 234 Paragraph 1: effects, leading to Paragraph 2: caused by, Once, causing, When, cause, When Paragraph 3: to leave, because of, As a result, Answers will vary “As a result of rising sea levels, the entire island country may become submerged within a few decades, leaving residents country-less.” The hedging signal “may” softens the certainty of the claim uninhabitable relevant Biodiversity intense consequential mammals extinction decline INTEGRATED SKILLS USING FLOWCHARTS TO NOTE CAUSES AND EFFECTS Vocabulary Check B page 234 Exercise 4A page 243 The article is about how global warming has contributed to more extreme weather, which, in turn, has had adverse effects on societies and the environment accelerate expanding displacement thaw relocate thermal volume Exercise 4B page 243 Possible answers: Temperature rises SUPPORTING SKILL Extreme weather events • Adverse effects become more likely: on societies and e.g heat waves the environment intense rainfall, are created droughts, • Other natural flooding, disasters such hurricanes, as wildfires and snowstorms, landslides are tornadoes triggered CAUSATION AND CORRELATION Exercise 3A page 236 Possible answers: Species who lose habitat because of climate change die off In the past, dinosaurs were eradicated by climate change The polar bear is a species that is affected now Exercise 4C page 244 Exercise 3B page 238 Possible answers: T F - The extinction of the dinosaurs occurred during a period of global cooling F – “The Great Dying” 250 million years ago may have been caused by intense volcanic activity T T F - Higher temperatures is causing some species such as the Alpine chipmunk to relocate to new habitats now F - The Alpine chipmunk may become extinct due to global warming T Exercise 3D page 238 Heat waves more frequent, intense, and long-lasting • Increase in heat-related hospitalizations and deaths • More water evaporation • Wildfires Drought and crop failure Vocabulary Check B page 245 c; is connected to c; coincided with b; most scientists agree, was caused by b; There is strong evidence, was caused by a; produced, created c; is contributing to a; is creating a; due to adverse trigger vulnerable evaporation saturated capacity exacerbate VOCABULARY STRATEGY Exercise 3E page 240 Possible answers: Possible causation is most common for discussing events far in the past because it is difficult for scientists to know exactly what happened They need to guess based on evidence This is why the writer often uses possible causation Answers will vary Possible causation and correlation are common to discuss results of experiments or research findings Global warming UNDERSTANDING COLLOCATIONS Exercise 5A page 247 Possible answers: Glacial periods, or ice ages, have occurred approximately every 100,000 years At the heart of survival in early human settlements was access to fresh water Copyright © 2018 by Pearson Education, Inc Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use 21 Today, however, the main driver behind climate change on our planet is anthropogenic factors There is strong evidence that the extinction was caused by volcanic activity In climates where fresh water was plentiful enough to grow crops, successful civilizations developed Smog is a type of air pollution caused when fog mixes with smoke or other airborne pollutants Earth’s orbital patterns influence temperature as the planet moves closer to or farther away from the sun Conservation efforts must focus individually on local species to try to curb extinction rates Exercise 5B page 248 endangered species cause problems adverse effects adapt to food chain fluctuate between vital part risk factors Exercise 5C page 248 Possible answers: marine: habitat, species, wildlife, plants, environment, mammal, science, biology habitat: loss, destruction, protection, conservation, natural habitat, wildlife habitat, protected habitat heat: loss, source, transfer, stroke, map, wave, excess heat, high heat, low heat, midday heat extreme: weather, reaction, conditions, dangers, circumstances, harm, action, heat, cold, temperatures, cases, ideas visible: clue, damage, injury, sign, difference, change, to the eye alarming: results, outcome, number, rate, symptom, increase, drop, rise, statistics, trend block: the sun, a search, access, a move, a rule, efforts, attempts, change, reform cultivate: land, plants, growth, a mind, a desire, awareness, cells, support, relationships, a love for (something), an attraction to (something), an awareness Read A page 250 Possible answers: Crossing critical thresholds ( = point at which the climate system takes a turn that will have major, negative consequences on the future) → Damaged ecosystems, food scarcity, war, mass migrations, severe economic loss No flowchart needed Atmospheric CO2 concentration of 400 ppm (crossed in 2016) → The planet will warm no matter how much we limit emissions Ice melts into sea water → It develops a low albedo → Water absorbs more heat → Temperatures increase further → More ice melts Droughts → Trees die → Less carbon is absorbed by trees → Carbon is absorbed by trees → Trees grow fast but die young → Less CO2 is absorbed Thinking Critically page 252 The writer believes global warming is a serious crisis for humans and the planet The writer says global warming will result in damaged ecosystems, food scarcity, war, mass migrations, and severe economic loss Limiting emissions is the only way to stop or slow the damage Thinking Visually A page 253 Before You Read A page 249 The critical threshold for atmospheric carbon dioxide is 400 ppm, which was crossed in 2016 The consequence is that the planet will warm no matter what we The amount of warming depends on how much we limit carbon emissions Albedo is the measure of the ratio of light that is reflected off a surface As ice melts into sea water, it develops a low albedo, causing it to absorb more heat, and in turn melts ice further Trees absorb CO2 Droughts are causing trees to die and absorb less carbon Carbon is encouraging young trees to grow fast but die young, reducing the number of trees to absorb CO2 Natural factors such as solar output, orbital cycles, and volcanic activity caused the rise and fall of CO2 levels before 1950 The highest level was 280 ppm 1950; 400 Possible answer: Projections are that levels could reach 550 by 2050 and 800 by 2100 Thinking About Language page 253 APPLY YOUR SKILLS A critical threshold is a point at which the climate system takes a turn that will have major, and often negative, consequences in the future Tipping point means “a point of no return.” The albedo effect says that a surface without snow or ice will absorb most of the sun’s heat, while a surface with snow and ice will reflect most of the sun’s heat is often used - the performer is unimportant or unknown are also considered - the performer is not known or unimportant; is triggered – the performer is less important will also be crossed - the performer is not important be continue to be impacted - the performer is unknown or unimportant or the writer may want to avoid mentioning; being made - the performer is unknown Before You Read B page 249 A critical threshold is a point at which the climate system takes a turn that will have major, and often negative, consequences in the future Tipping point means “a point of no return.” The three main critical thresholds are the rising level of atmospheric carbon dioxide, escalating sea and glacier ice melt, and a decrease in the amount of carbon dioxide the Amazon rainforest absorbs Copyright © 2018 by Pearson Education, Inc Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use 22 P A R T | Critical Thinking Skills MEDIEVAL CULTURE Author’s Purpose and Tone UNIT PROFILE quest doctrines SUPPORTING SKILL page 254 DETERMINING AN AUTHOR’S PURPOSE The author’s attitude toward non-Western art from the Middle Ages is positive The author’s purpose is enlighten the reader about impressive art from the Middle Ages, located beyond Europe The intended audience is Western readers Exercise 2A page 261 CRITICAL THINKING SKILL Exercise 2B page 263 DETERMINING AN AUTHOR’S PURPOSE AND TONE Exercise 1B page 256 Possible answers: Purpose: to convince the reader that Margery Kempe, who is the topic of the article, is a relatively unreliable author Tone: critical Intended audience: general audience or students Exercise 1C page 258 T F - Kempe’s own religious experience and prayers were given great emphasis in her writing T F - Kempe was ridiculed for the odd manner in which she exhibited her religious beliefs (The passage does not state that the ridicule stopped.) T F - Kempe was quite unlikeable as a person, but as a writer, “her story reveals interesting information about early 15th-century English society.” F – Some changes have been made to Kempe’s story over time, impacting it authenticity T Exercise 1D page 258 Possible answers: The purpose was to convince the reader that Margery Kempe was a relatively unreliable author due to her strange behaviors and the unreliable way that her story was recorded Tone language: Sentence 1: but this claim is disputed by many; Sentence 4: bizarre; Sentence 5: various ordeals; she was mocked and regarded with suspicion for the peculiar ways in which she expressed her religious beliefs; Sentence 6: These behaviors were so outrageous that she was accused of heresy; Sentence 7: Among her many odd traits; frequently exhibited uncontrollable, loud weeping spells that left others unsure of how to react; Sentence 8: despite the fact that Kempe is a rather unlikable main character; Sentence 9: putting the book’s authenticity into question; Sentence 10: Kempe’s reliability as an author is questionable Yes, Kempe’s strange personality, beliefs, and actions are emphasized This serves to make readers view her critically—as an unreliable author Vocabulary Check B page 259 devotion dictated ordeal bizarre authenticity The purpose is to inform The article compares and contrasts three styles of medieval architecture: Anglo-Saxon (early stage), Romanesque (middle), and Gothic (late) Possible answers: F - The materials used in the construction of medieval buildings over the three main periods of medieval architecture remained more or less the same T F - Few Anglo-Saxon buildings are still in existence today F - Structures from the early period of medieval architecture were dull in design compared to structures built later in the Middle Ages F - The Romanesque style evolved into the Gothic style, with structures in the latter style boasting features such as stainedglass windows and vaulted ceilings T Exercise 2C page 264 Possible answers: define classify compare, describe, define contrast, describe, critique, praise describe, contrast, critique, praise describe, praise Vocabulary Check B page 265 endure floor plans evolved fortified humbler invaders Wonders stunning SUPPORTING SKILL RECOGNIZING AN AUTHOR’S TONE Exercise 3A page 267 The reading looks at Byzantine and Romanesque art, focusing on the art and architecture related to the Christian Church Exercise 3B page 269 F – Romanesque and Byzantine artwork were two styles of art in the Middle Ages T F - Byzantine artwork is best known for its mosaics and expertly stylized, or designed, figures F – The materials for Byzantine artwork were often quite expensive T Copyright © 2018 by Pearson Education, Inc Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use 23 T T F - Romanesque cathedrals were elaborate and had a lot of paintings, sculptures, and stained-glass windows inside Exercise 3C page 269 Possible answers: Author’s Techniques Example from the Passage Repeated use of positive or negative adjectives elegant, intricate, iconic, memorable, phenomenal, brilliantly colored, stunning, remarkable, fascinating 2. Repeated / emphasized ideas throughout the text All introductory and conclusion sentences in the paragraphs are also praiseworthy 3. Ideas dismissed, mentioned only in passing, or ignored In Paragraph 2, the author says that the architecture of the Byzantine era may seem like “bland afterthoughts.” This could be seen as not positive, but it is not dwelled on because the author still likes the architecture of this time period Level of detail or imagery provided Detailed descriptions of features of the individual types of architectural styles: “mother-ofpearl, colored glass, and gold leaf.” Exercise 3D page 270 The author seems to agree that Byzantine architecture is less appealing than the mosaics and paintings of the same era No The rest of the sentence praises Byzantine architecture It does not affect the overall tone because the purpose of the sentence is to praise Byzantine architecture The first part of the sentence acknowledges the counterargument but is not the main point of the sentence Tone at the sentence level, or even in part of a sentence, is not necessarily indicative of the overall tone of the passage Vocabulary Check B page 270 f d e g b c a INTEGRATED SKILLS USING DESCRIPTIVE IMAGERY Exercise 4C page 275 Possible answers: 5) Using specific adjectives : “Woven in silver and white thread”; “a gold lion’s head spout” 6) Discussing implications or interpretations: “The material from which the tapestry is made—silk, wool, gold, and silver— implies a sense of wealth”; “ the ‘star’ of the tapestry, the unicorn itself, is a symbol of Christ and purity” 7) Moving from general to more specific details: “Situated at the foreground of the painting is a unicorn lowering its horn into a stream of water”; “The material from which the tapestry is made—silk, wool, gold, and silver—implies a sense of wealth”; “The letters are woven into each of the tapestry’s four corners and into its center, where the letters appear on either side of the fountain” Vocabulary Check B page 276 VOCABULARY STRATEGY DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN DENOTATION AND CONNOTATION Exercise 5B page 279 Sample answers: the same different from – Peculiar is more negative in meaning than atypical the same the same the same different from – Burden better conveys the idea; issue is more neutral APPLY YOUR SKILLS Before You Read A page 280 Given the subject matter, the purpose is possibly not only to inform but also to persuade Therefore the tone will likely be neutral and positive Before You Read B page 281 Exercise 4B page 275 A B C D E F G implies engage in textiles disputed indicate gesture coincidence foreground Africa, Asia, the Americas, and Muslim-ruled southern Spain Africa: Djenné Mosque; Asia: Angkor Wat; The Americas: Machu Picchu; Muslim-ruled southern Spain: the Alhambra Palace The overall tone is positive Post-classical refers to the era in world history that corresponds to the Middle Ages in Europe The period before this time was considered the classical period As it was coming to an end, many empires (e.g., Greece and Rome) and societies disappeared, and new cultures and religions began to emerge architecture Copyright © 2018 by Pearson Education, Inc Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use 24 Thinking Critically page 284 mud bricks, timbers, sandstone, clay Thinking About Language page 285 In the West, there is a long and unfortunate tradition of sidelining the art of non-European nations – sports metaphor However, art history during the centuries that coincided with the European Middle Ages (known in world history as the “postclassical” period) reveals incomparable artistic accomplishments in societies wholly separate from European medieval traditions - hyperbole In this article, we will go on a brief around-the-world tour of four important post-classical achievements in architecture from four different parts of the world: Africa, Asia, the Americas, and Muslim-ruled southern Spain - metaphor The terra-cotta color of the material gives the Djenné Mosque a deep orange glow in the sunlight - imagery Four towers crown the top level of the temple, with a fifth tower—the largest—in the center –metaphor, imagery An almost endless number of decorative relief sculptures covers the temple’s walls, towers, and roofs - hyperbole The tops of the towers are sculpted in the shape of curved stone lotus flowers that pierce the sky imagery Sophisticated stone drainage systems provided water to terraces that look like bright green steps cut into the mountainside imagery, simile Copyright © 2018 by Pearson Education, Inc Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use 25 P A R T | Critical Thinking Skills MATERIALS ENGINEERING Visuals Exercise 2C page 297 UNIT PROFILE page 286 The article defines nanotechnology, and then explains how nanomaterials are used in drug-delivery methods to fight cancer CRITICAL THINKING SKILL UNDERSTANDING VISUALS Exercise 2D page 298 Exercise 1C page 292 T F - Polymers have a number of applications in the healthcare industry, primarily in devices and materials inserted into the body F - Coronary stents become wider to facilitate blood flow to the heart T F - Second-generation coronary stents differ from firstgeneration ones in that the former contain medicine T F - Bioresorbable stents are different from metal stents in that the polymer materials that bioresorbable stents are made up of dissolve after about three years T Exercise 1D page 293 Possible answers: an illustration and a flowchart Possible answer: I looked at the visual before reading and when there were textual references to them Language used to refer to visuals: Paragraph 1: “(see Fig 1)”; Paragraph 2: “As can be seen in the close-up detail of a stent in Figure 2” No, this language does not describe the type of visual because “Figure X” is sufficient Figure shows that how in an angioplasty, the plaque is compressed Figure shows how the balloon is removed Vocabulary Check B page 293 F - The ultimate objective of regenerative medicine is for the body to be capable of rejuvenating its own cells T T T F - Collagen and biodegradable plastic materials are two of the many materials from which medical scaffolds are made T F - In some cases, tissue scaffolds have been used to create natural organs fleece woven in the works artery generation refined vessels illustration • As shown in Fig • Possible answers: As can be seen in Figure 1; As demonstrated in Figure 1; In Figure photo • (see Fig 2) • Possible answers: as displayed in Figure 2; as shown in Figure 2; Figure photo • as displayed in Figure • Possible answers: as illustrated by the photo in Figure 3; as shown in the photo (see Fig 3) flowchart composed of illustrations • Figure demonstrates; as depicted in the flowchart; as can be seen in the third part of the image • Possible answers: Figure demonstrates / represents / shows; The flowchart in Figure shows; As depicted / indicated in the image Exercise 2E page 298 Possible answers: Only one reference is used because the information in Figure is intended to prepare the reader for the main topic of the reading—scaffolds in regenerative medicine More emphasis is given to Figure through textual references because it is the main focus of the reading and a more complex visual Figure shows a scaffold, a temporary structure built on the outside of buildings to support workers and materials during the building process Figure X is used most often Vocabulary Check B page 299 SUPPORTING SKILL UNDERSTANDING TEXTUAL REFERENCES TO VISUALS malfunctioning transplanted scab spontaneously ambitious platform stimuli rejuvenate Exercise 2A page 295 The reading explains regenerative medicine and discusses how scaffolds are used in the process of tissue engineering Copyright © 2018 by Pearson Education, Inc Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use 26 SUPPORTING SKILL INTERPRETING INFORMATION IN VISUALS Exercise 3A page 302 The reading looks at the field of regenerative medicine and the growing increase in public and private investment in it It explains the process by which regenerative medicine therapies are approved Exercise 3C page 304 c d a b b c a d Exercise 5C page 317 Vocabulary Check B page 305 healing trigger marketable fracture(s) composite customizable chronological technical malignant intervened deduct thermometer heartburn understood APPLY YOUR SKILLS Before You Read B page 318 INTEGRATED SKILLS EXPLAINING INFORMATION IN VISUALS Exercise 4B page 311 Possible answer: The number of gene-therapy clinical trials a country sponsors correlates to some degree with the economic robustness of the country For example the United States, whose GDP (gross domestic product) is the largest in the world, leads with nearly 67 percent of all trials during this period The EU has the next largest GDP, and in fact France, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Germany, and the UK combine to conduct approximately 20 percent of trials China, Japan, Canada, and Australia follow, reflecting their order in the world market Surprisingly, however, economic heavy hitters like India, Brazil, and South Korea don’t appear in this graphic Vocabulary Check B page 312 temporary: continuing for only a limited period of time structure: something that has been built, especially something large such as a building or bridge support: to hold the weight of something, keep it in place, or prevent it from falling synthetic: made by combining different materials; not natural polymer: See item transplanted: relocated from one place to another malfunctioning: operating poorly nanomedicine: one-billionth part of something sensitive: reacting quickly or strongly to something Thinking About Language A page 323 To date robust combat Chronic innovative alter Nanotechnology is the science of making and using extremely small structures in medicine, electronics, etc Nanomaterials are small enough that they can deliver drugs directly to the site of a cancerous tumor without negatively affecting other areas of the body Their release can be controlled more easily than that of traditional medicines Nanomedicines specifically target tumor cells They move through the body’s systems, enter into the tumor, disintegrate, and release their drugs into the tumor Light, temperature, and magnetic fields can activate nanomedicines The choice depends on the specific type of medicine used Liposomes, for example, are like tiny, spherical bubbles, as illustrated in Figure Dendrimers are somewhat branchlike in appearance, as shown in Figure As shown in Figure 2, the walls of the device are a woven mesh material As shown in Figure 1, this material is semirigid and holds its shape well despite being flexible and permeable As demonstrated in Figure 2, the catheter is inserted into a blood vessel in the groin and threaded through the vessel until it reaches the heart A close-up of a hip replacement implant is depicted in Figure VOCABULARY STRATEGY RECOGNIZING GREEK, LATIN, AND GERMANIC WORD ROOTS Exercise 5B page 316 generation: all the members of a group of things which have been developed from a previous group polymer: a large molecule formed from many smaller molecules Regenerative: related to regrowth after having been damaged rejuvenate: become young again Copyright © 2018 by Pearson Education, Inc Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use 27 P A R T | EXTENDED READING LINGUISTICS Accent and Affect EXTENDED READING Check What You’ve Learned Paragraphs 1–7 A page 330 The six aspects are age, gender, social class, race, political orientation, and expressions of affect Expressions of affect are less stable It causes the vocal tract in front of the tongue to become shorter and the voice to resonate at a higher frequency, which produces a higher second formant (F2) Back vowels, such as those in goose, foot, and goat, are produced with the tongue in a fronter position And the front lax vowels are lowered It is changing from one generation to the next Each new generation produces vowels that are more fronted than those produced by the generation before The author cites two studies that provide evidence of speakers who manipulated the F2 to create a more positive or negative affect This is a statement of opinion The author uses the subjective adjective limited and the verb constrains, which communicates a subjective attitude The author is explaining these limitations in order to point out why further research is needed We know this because in Paragraph he explains how the study he and his colleagues conducted addressed these limitations Check What You’ve Learned Paragraphs 8–14 A page 334 Vowels that were produced while smiling produced a higher F2 F1 is related to the length of the back cavity, while F2 is related to the length of the front cavity F1 is not affected by the physical act of smiling This is significant because a shift in F1 while smiling shows there is a connection between affect and the vowels pronounced in the Western shift F1 is higher when speakers move their bodies more Body movement correlates to emotional arousal This shows that a shift in vowels is connected to affect These results suggest that accents can communicate affect 10 The author is suggesting that burnouts are rewarded in their social group for speaking in a way that produces negative affect 11 This quote supports the idea that we don’t usually express our emotions directly through language, but instead we signal our emotions in indirect ways, such as through our accent Thinking Critically page 335 Thinking About Language: Understanding Structures Used for Hedging page 336 Possible answer: Speakers can also signal affect through volume, speed, and intonation of speech For example, speaking more loudly, quickly, and with rise and fall in intonation can signal excitement The fronting of the back vowels is an element of what linguists sometimes describe as the California vowel shift Linguists characterize this as a shift because speakers’ tongue positions for these vowels are not stable over time, but instead shift from backer to fronter Previous studies that have drawn a connection between vowel pronunciation and affect have been limited in two respects First, they have focused on the behavior of single individuals, which constrains our ability to draw generalizations Second, they have not considered whether speakers are smiling when they are producing vowels with higher F2 values It is therefore unclear whether higher F2 values are simply automatic consequences of smiling, which speakers typically when expressing positive affect, or whether the connection between affect and vowel production is more fundamental The same pattern would not be expected in other varieties, especially ones associated with working-class toughness, as found in Eastern cities like Philadelphia and Pittsburgh I will show that speakers produce stronger California accents when they are smiling and suggest the value of thinking about regional accents in terms of their potential to signal affect That smiles are hearable can be attributed, at least in part, to the fact that the physical act of smiling has acoustic consequences Another important element of the California vowel shift is the lowering (and to some extent, retraction) of the front lax vowels The front vowels of English are typically divided into tense vowels and lax vowels The laboratory was staged like a living room (to encourage relatively unguarded conversation), but had the acoustical specifications of a sound-recording booth (so that high-quality audio recordings could be collected) At a minimum, it appears that the range of meanings that accents can communicate must expand to include affect I would also like to suggest the value of thinking about regional accents in terms of their affective valences It is quite possible that the shifted vowels of these accents correlate with expressions of negative affect, exhibiting opposite patterns from those presented here for California And of course, Southern English might pattern differently still, as a warm, friendly affect underlies many of this region’s character types, including the Southern belle, and even more negative representations, such as the redneck In probably all speech communities, emotions can be described (e.g., I hate him) although such overt avowals in the first person are likely to be associated with rather marked situations Thinking About Language: Understanding Pro-Forms page 335 Smiles can convey a variety of affective stances, and even though they vary in terms of their sincerity, foundational work in psychology has illustrated that they are conventionally used to communicate positive affect When the front tube shortens, like it does during a smile, the F2 is higher Compare a piccolo to a flute; the former is higher (resonates at a higher frequency) because it is shorter Copyright © 2018 by Pearson Education, Inc Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use 28 P A R T | Extended Reading BUSINESS ETHICS Sustaining Values Thinking About Language: Simplifying Complex Sentences page 349 EXTENDED READING Check What You’ve Learned Paragraphs 1–5 A page 342 In 2007 Goldman Sachs was selling risky investments while misleading investors and profiting from their losses Goldman made billions of dollars in earnings, and then they were paid $10 billion in taxpayer paid bailout money when the market collapsed in 2008 At the same time, millions of American properties went into foreclosure, and more than 10 percent of Americans became unemployed as a result of the Great Recession The author quotes what Bernanke said when testifying before a government committee in 2007 The author then mentions that Bernanke was a tenured professor of economics at Princeton University and was an expert on the Great Depression This detail implies that even though Bernanke was highly qualified to predict the upcoming crisis, he did not so Check What You’ve Learned Paragraphs 6–10 A page 345 He should consider the Potter’s Box tool to facilitate ethical decision in four quadrants: facts, loyalties, principles (mode of ethical reasoning), and values (worldview) Goldman Sachs’s stakeholders include clients, stockholders, employees, the financial industry, homeowner mortgagors or borrowers, government regulators, taxpayers who provide bailout money, and the country and world beyond if Goldman’s actions lead to major recession or depression Values / Worldview is the most important because this can impact the other quadrants: It can “skew” understanding of the facts or determine which facts are considered, set up priorities for stakeholder loyalty, and influence the mode of reasoning used The author is implying that we operate with a worldview though we may not be conscious of it Wall Street firms were creating risky investments They created risky investments by fashioning and selling (and buying) financial products that packaged subprime mortgages The subprime mortgages had been sold to low-income real estate buyers The subprime mortgages were often sold with little or no documentation Blankfein as CEO will be operating within a particular worldview One worldview is “economic man,” who pursues self-interest single-mindedly in a free market The free market maximizes the distribution of goods and services through the “invisible hand.” The “invisible hand” was referenced by economist Adam Smith Another worldview is of an American citizen trying to uphold legal rights of life, liberty, and property for all Another worldview is of a nationalist trying to put America first and make the United States most competitively successful in the world Another worldview is of a religious person The religious person thinks first about the plight of “widows and orphans” or operates with a “preferential option for the poor.” There are a number of other possible worldviews The “economic man” worldview was used There was a stated loyalty priority: clients’ interests came first After clients’ interests were those of government regulators Employees were expected to fulfill specific duties They fulfilled their duties with new training and performance reviews The training and performance reviews related to clients and to legality The training and performance reviews provided clarity and transparency about the type of client and product They provided clarity and transparency about avoidance of conflict of interest Check What You’ve Learned Paragraphs 11–17 A page 347 Thinking About Language: Understanding Noun Clauses page 350 The efforts made by Blankfein to create a positive corporate ethical climate within Goldman Sachs failed to address some key concerns that would have been revealed had he used Potter’s Box to guide his decision making The themes were 1) a higher standard of client care; 2) reputational awareness; and 3) individual and collective responsibility, including employee training programs clients (shareholders) and government regulators 10 The author is suggesting that the effort to make changes at Goldman Sachs was not strong, and as a result, some considerations were missed 11 The stakeholders mentioned include the nation, “Main Street,” the world, and the homeowners whose mortgages were packaged and sold by Goldman Sachs The author implies that investment banks should consider the effects of their actions on many other stakeholders who are impacted by their business decisions, not just shareholders O Let us work through each of them to analyze how Lloyd Blankfein might be helped in sorting out his thinking S First, it is unclear how much factual analysis was undertaken of past ethical violations by the firm O Harvard ethicist Ralph Potter some 50 years ago created what is now affectionately known as “Potter’s Box” as a tool to facilitate ethical decision making O, OP First, in relation to facts, Blankfein needs to know exactly what his employees did, and may be continuing to do, and who knew or knows about it at what point O He created a business Standards Committee to “ensure that the firm’s business standards and practices are of the highest quality; that they meet or exceed the expectations of clients, other stakeholders, and regulators; and that they contribute to overall financial stability and economic opportunity Copyright © 2018 by Pearson Education, Inc Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use 29 P A R T | Extended Reading EARTH SCIENCE Climate and Environmentalism EXTENDED READING Check What You’ve Learned Paragraphs 1–13 A page 358 Climate is a complex system, and the study of paleoclimate can help us to understand the “internal workings” of the climate that will help to inform our decisions about climate change It wasn’t until the 20th century that we developed global coverage of weather stations and other climate monitoring systems This short period of climate coverage makes it hard to understand climate change in the distant past The Milankovitch cycles predict the year-to-year timing of when Earth is exposed to energy from the sun There are also occasional abrupt events that can “kick off a series of feedbacks” that contribute to ice-sheet advance and retreat This suggests that climate change is a real problem that we face today Teleconnections are the processes by which different parts of the ocean-atmosphere system communicate over distances The study of paleoclimate records from around the globe helps us to understand all of the teleconnections acting across time Check What You’ve Learned Paragraphs 14–25 A page 364 10 scientists must gather information about different regions across time and fit them together in order to understand how they impact the entire planet, just as you might fit together different pieces of a jigsaw puzzle The first principle is that the further back in time you go, the less you know The second principle is that we don’t have a direct measurement of the past As a result, climate scientists must rely on proxy records to deduce past climate conditions A proxy is a substitute measurement for something you actually want to measure Proxies for different regions of Earth contribute to understanding climate in the distant past The proxies described in the passage are tree rings, ice cores, corals, cave deposits, and sediment cores The author states that the research that has been done offers insights into fundamental processes and suggests that it will “stir your imagination” to pursue future research In the author’s opinion, ENSO is an extremely important factor in year-to-year climate variability The author provides the examples of hurricane activity, pandemics, monsoon strength, crop yields, fish catch, forest fires, and “a range of climate extremes.” Thinking Critically page 365 Possible answer: Sediment cores can reveal ash layers that indicate past volcanic activity Examining tree rings from that period could reveal changes in temperature or precipitation during that period Studying corals could reveal changes in ocean temperatures at the time The “puzzle” refers to understanding all of the “teleconnections acting across time” as mentioned in Paragraph 13 Understanding teleconnections is like a jigsaw puzzle because Thinking Visually B page 365 Possible answers: Paleoclimate Archive (Proxy Record) Location Tree rings Information Provided Advantages / Disadvantages Different regions Examining rings from trees that have been cut Each ring can provide information about the climate conditions of the year in which the tree grew Advantage: Trees grow for hundreds or thousands of years, so measuring rings can put together history that spans centuries Ice cores Cold locations such as Greenland or Antarctica Collecting ice cores from ice sheets and examining bubbles that contain pockets of ancient atmosphere Composition of atmosphere in the past: concentration of greenhouse gases, and variations in the chemistry of molecules that indicate the annual temperatures Disadvantage: Only found in regions cold enough to have ice year-round Corals Seawater Examining calcium carbonate deposits (similar to tree rings) Changes in geochemistry are correlated with fluctuations in temperature and salinity Advantage: Useful for understanding frequency and strength of changes associated with El Niño Cave deposits Caves, such as in China Examine speleothems Long-term variations in strength of monsoons Advantages: Protected from erosion and have stable temperatures, and located in tropics and midlatitudes Sediment cores Freshwater lakes or oceans Examining sequences of mud, silt, sand, and other geological material present in depositional basins Contain numerous indicators; for example, ash layers from volcanic eruptions in the past Advantages: Information about volcanic eruptions are important for understanding the past chemistry of the atmosphere and incoming solar radiation Method for Gathering / Examining Copyright © 2018 by Pearson Education, Inc Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use 30 Thinking About Language: Recognizing Relative Clauses for Definition page 366 The majority of incoming solar radiation, which is all of the energy on Earth that is derived from the sun, is concentrated at the tropics and becomes more diffuse as you move poleward from the equator Milankovitch cycles, named after the Serbian scientist Milutin Milankovitch, describe small variations in the way Earth revolves around the sun The advance and retreat of ice sheets, which scientists refer to as glacial-interglacial cycles, are only partially explained by the Milankovitch cycles The goal of climate science is to understand internal mechanisms and teleconnections, which are processes by which different parts of the ocean-atmosphere system communicate over vast distances Proxy records are measurements that substitute for things you actually want to measure Speleothems, which are cave deposits such as stalagmites and stalactites, offer important advantages Thinking About Language: Understanding Passive and Active Voice page 366 Collectively these sources of energy are known (passive) as fossil fuels, and when we ignite (active) fossil fuels, we release (active) carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere Passive voice is used in the first clause to keep the focus on fossil fuels The second two clauses focus on the human role in burning fossil fuels and releasing greenhouse gases Simply put, the Milankovitch theory describes (active) small variations in the way Earth revolves (active) around the sun Collectively these are called (passive) orbital variations Active voice is used to focus on the purpose of the Milankovitch theory and to explain how the Earth moves around the sun Passive voice is used in the third clause because the focus is on the name of the variations rather than on who has named them When we look (active) at the climate system on time scales of thousands to hundreds of thousands of years, glacial-interglacial cycles are partially explained (passive) by Milankovitch cycles The first clause is in active voice to focus on our examination of the climate system Passive voice is used in the second clause to keep the focus on the glacial-interglacial cycles rather than the Milankovitch cycles There are (active) periods where Earth undergoes (active) climate transitions at rates much faster than what can be explained (passive) by Milankovitch theory alone The first two clauses are in active voice to focus on the periods of climate transition The third clause is in passive voice to focus on the explanation for that rather than on the Milankovitch theory Ice cores are (active) especially useful when they are collected (passive) from large ice sheets like those that are found (passive) on Greenland or the Antarctic continent The first clause is in active voice to focus on the ice cores The second two clauses are written in passive voice to keep the focus on the ice cores rather than those who collect or find them However, the research that has been done (passive) globally offers (active) insight into fundamental processes, … The main clause is in active voice to focus on the research The dependent relative clause is in passive voice to keep that focus rather than on those who have done the research Copyright © 2018 by Pearson Education, Inc Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use 31 P A R T | Extended Reading MEDIEVAL CULTURE Medieval Feasting EXTENDED READING Check What You’ve Learned (Paragraphs 1–8) A page 375 Feasts were a way for participants (nobility) of the region to celebrate their shared values of feudal culture and show their loyalty to a ruler, and for a ruler to demonstrate his generosity and temperance and affirm his authority over the guests They also were a way to “negotiate social relations” (Paragraph 1) Historians can learn about feasting in the Middle Ages through chronicles and romances (for example, Flamenca), musical compositions (“I Have Never Seen Her Like”), and images (the image of from the Grandes Chroniques de France, c 1375–1380) Minstrels were performers who sang, played instruments, and entertained by doing physical tumbling and tricks The “ostensible purpose” for the feast was so Philip and others could take crusading vows According to the author, “a more practical reason” was that the feast allowed Philip “to assert his control over the nobility of his territories and create a unified community.” This was an unstated purpose that served a political function The entremets included an “elaborate set” that included a costume of “luxurious materials” and “culinary inventions.” These would have demonstrated the generosity of the ruler and created a “sumptuous affair.” The performances “moved among the audience,” creating a moving theater “probably interacting with various audience members in different ways.” This would have been a way to involve the guests and celebrate their shared values and social relationships Check What You’ve Learned (Paragraphs 9–17) A page 379 Eating, drinking, listening to musical performances, and watching and participating in performances and visual spectacles engaged all of the senses The purpose, according to the author, was to affirm the values of an elite class, to encourage political or religious causes, and to create shared experiences The singer, or “lover,” demonstrates loyalty to a lady through song This “civilizes” him in that he “dedicates himself to a worthy ideal in the form of a lady,” aspiring to better himself through his art Polyphonic songs were produced by using multiple voices Combined with the visual effect of the boy on the stag, the voices coming from the stag “would have solicited wonder” and contributed to the “multisensory celebration.” (Paragraph 11) The author does not know for sure but infers that these songs were performed The author uses hedging: “One cannot rule out the possibility that more popular songs might have been performed at events … ” and “we can guess that popular songs for dancing and drinking might have been performed at courtly gatherings in the 12th and 13th centuries.” 10 The lines “willingly I would fight with you” and “I would compete with you to be a good drinker” mention competing by fighting and drinking Thinking Critically page 380 Possible answer: Today, weddings, state dinners, business and sports banquets, as well as religious celebrations are still held to accomplish similar goals Though the food, music, and rituals may be different, many of these events are lavish affairs involving food and entertainment as a way of bringing people together to celebrate shared values or to promote causes For example, weddings often involve religious ceremonies, music, singing, and dancing as ways to celebrate the union of two people and two families Thinking Visually B page 381 Possible answers: People / Objects Roles Purposes or Goals at the Feast Charles V of France Host Motivate guests for war; affirm shared social values of feudal culture; demonstrate his generosity and temperance Charles IV Wenceslaus Guest Show allegiance to host; actively engage Minstrels Entertainers Provide musical and theatrical entertainment Boat Theatrical element in a play about the siege of Jerusalem Create a moving spectacle Tablecloth with fleur-de-lys, heraldry on boat Political symbols Combine statesmanship with entertainment and culinary pleasure Servants Serve food / drink Provide culinary pleasure Thinking About Language: Understanding Language Associated with Chronology page 381 era at the turn of the lead up Simultaneously By the close of the century Over the course of time, Copyright © 2018 by Pearson Education, Inc Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use 32 Thinking About Language: Recognizing Figurative Language page 382 Text from Reading Type of Figurative Language As if to temper the pleasurable concoction of music and pageantry taking place in the banquet hall, the motet emerging from the church after the singing of the stag reminds its audience about the moral and spiritual intentions for the assemblage imagery personification Your very great sweetness awakens my spirit and touches my eye, my heart, and that I can rightly say, since it disposes me to serve you personification This kind of courtly service “civilizes” symbolism the lover in that he dedicates himself to a worthy ideal in the form of a lady, and aspires to better himself morally through artistic prowess During the time of such feasts, people believed that the diverse polyphonic sound of multiple voices recalled the classical tradition of the banquet that celebrated music making and dining as a multisensory celebration of the senses, one that cultivated knowledge, intellectual community, and morals coming together at the feasting table personification In thinking about this urban “soundscape” (Dillon 88) in relation to the feasting songs, it is important to note that like the courtly representations of Flamenca and Feast of the Pheasant, such songs drew from their environments and are echoes of live, improvised performances in particular court or urban settings, with various actors and artificial inventions simile Copyright © 2018 by Pearson Education, Inc Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use 33 P A R T | Extended Reading MATERIALS ENGINEERING Polymers: Regenerative Medicine EXTENDED READING could become brittle and crack if they were too cold One way to test them would be by heating them This would reveal how they would behave under hot temperatures and to determine how they would behave over a longer period of time Scientists could also test the materials by exposing them to cold temperatures to find out how brittle the materials would become Check What You’ve Learned (Paragraphs 1–7) A page 388 Thinking About Language: Understanding Modifiers page 394 1 Polymers are a class of materials that are long, chain-like molecules that are constantly in motion If you stretch gum slowly, the molecular chains have time to disentangle If you pull the gum apart quickly, the molecular chains not have time to slide past one another and remain knotted The tension on the individual chains causes them to snap and break apart in a brittle manner Stirring the mixture slowly causes it to act compliantly, and it behaves like a liquid Stirring it quickly causes it to act stiffly, and it behaves like a solid The concentrated mixture is named after a strange substance called “oobleck” in a children’s story It is named after oobleck in Dr Seuss’s story because it is also a strange substance If a person stopped running, the oobleck would become compliant, and the person would sink into the oobleck and get stuck in it This is because the polymer chains in the oobleck would have time to disentangle, making the oobleck behave like a liquid Check What You’ve Learned (Paragraphs 8–15) A page 392 Thermal energy is created as molecules heat up They move more quickly, and their chemical bonds vibrate and rotate faster When polymer chains are heated, the molecules move more quickly and require less time to move past one another and distentangle This makes them more likely to be ductile When gum is cold, the molecules move more slowly, and the chains need more time to move The chains remain tangled, which makes it more difficult to stretch the gum, and it becomes more stiff and brittle When gum is warmed, the molecules move more quickly, and the polymer chains slide past one another to disentangle This allows the gum to be more easily deformed and stretched The concept of time-temperature superposition refers to the fact that the effects of time and temperatures on a polymeric material are similar This is useful for materials scientists and engineers because it is possible to test a material at warmer temperatures over shorter periods of time to determine how a material will behave over a long period of time The author mentions the temperature at the time of the launch of the space shuttle Challenger because it was colder than any other temperature on record for a space shuttle launch This low temperature caused the O-rings on the rocket boosters to become stiff and brittle and unable to seal in the gases 10 This statement implies that the system did not allow safety concerns to be expressed efficiently If a system had been in place, safety concerns could have been been communicated and the disaster avoided Thinking Critically page 393 Possible answer: Seat covers would need to be ductile enough to conform to the shape of the seat and to move when you sit on them They would need to be designed for any extreme weather conditions of the area where the car is used If they get too hot, they could melt, whereas they In the second case (prepositional phrase to distinguish which case is being discussed) abruptly (adverb to describe how the gum snaps) into two pieces (prepositional phrase to describe how the gum snaps) as you pull your hands apart quickly (adverb clause to describe the cause of the snapping) In both instances (prepositional phrase to indicate that both cases are being discussed) exact same (adjectives to describe molecules) very differently (adverbs to describe the behavior of the molecules) depending on their conditions (participial phrase to describe the different behavior of the molecules) slowly (adverb to modify pull) sufficient (adjective to modify time) to slide past each other and become disentangled (infinitive phrase to modify the chains) on the individual chains (prepositional phrase to describe the tension) to snap and break apart (infinitive phrase to describe what the tension causes the chains to do) in a brittle manner (prepositional phrase to describe how the chains break apart) chemical (adjective to describe bonds) faster (adverb to describe how the bonds vibrate and rotate) resulting in a more molecular motion (participial phrase to describe what happens to the chemical bonds) For this reason (prepositional phrase to link the sentence to the previous sentence and introduce it as an effect) made from polymeric materials (participial phrase to describe objects) suggested (adjective to describe temperature range) over which they should be used (adjective clause to describe temperature range) Thinking About Language: Understanding the Use of Passive Voice in Research Writing page 394 are held can be thought of is (sometimes) referred to is placed was propelled must be made was grounded would be designed Copyright © 2018 by Pearson Education, Inc Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use 34 ... levels before 1 950 The highest level was 280 ppm 1 950 ; 400 Possible answer: Projections are that levels could reach 55 0 by 2 050 and 800 by 2100 Thinking About Language page 253 APPLY YOUR SKILLS... making an ethical decision using duty-based reasoning Exercise 5B page 53 OUTLINING A TEXT Exercise 4C page 50 Vocabulary Check B page 50 Exercise 3D page 44 Potter’s Box = useful guide for reasoning... composed of dentures deterioration versatility VOCABULARY STRATEGY Exercise 5A page 149 b b g d a Exercise 5B page 150 INTEGRATED SKILLS SUMMARIZING A RESEARCH ARTICLE Exercise 4A page 144 The