A Universe of Consciousness ISBN 13 978 0 465 01377 7 ISBN 10 0 465 01377 5 A Member of the Perseus Books Group www basicbooks com US 18 0021 95 CAN A Universe of Consciousness Edelman FM qxd 624.A Universe of Consciousness ISBN 13 978 0 465 01377 7 ISBN 10 0 465 01377 5 A Member of the Perseus Books Group www basicbooks com US 18 0021 95 CAN A Universe of Consciousness Edelman FM qxd 624.
US $18.00/$21.95 CAN ISBN-13: 978-0-465-01377-7 ISBN-10: 0-465-01377-5 A Member of the Perseus Books Group www.basicbooks.com Edelman-FM.qxd 6/24/04 12:09 PM Page i A Universe of Consciousness Edelman-FM.qxd 6/24/04 12:09 PM Page ii DETAIL FROM MICHELANGELO’S CREATION OF ADAM IN THE SISTINE CHAPEL God is pictured on a background that bears more than a passing resemblance to a section of the human brain A detailed comparison can be found in F L Meshberger, “An Interpretation of Michelangelo’s Creation of Adam Based on Neuroanatomy,” Journal of the American Medical Association, 264 (1990), 1837– 41 Edelman-FM.qxd 6/24/04 12:09 PM Page iii A Universe of Consciousness H O W M AT T E R B E C O M E S I M A G I N AT I O N GERALD M EDELMAN AND GIULIO TONONI A Member of the Perseus Books Group Edelman-FM.qxd 6/24/04 12:09 PM Page iv OTHER WORKS BY GERALD M EDELMAN The Mindful Brain: Cortical Organization and the Group-Selective Theory of Higher Brain Function Neural Darwinism: The Theory of Neuronal Group Selection Topobiology The Remembered Present: A Biological Theory of Consciousness Bright Air, Brilliant Fire: On the Matter of the Mind Copyright © 2000 by Gerald M Edelman and Giulio Tononi Published by Basic Books, A Member of the Perseus Books Group All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America No part of this book may be reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews For information, address Basic Books, 387 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10016-8810 Book Designed by Kris Tobiassen FIRST PAPERBACK EDITION A CIP catalog record of this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 0-465-01377-5 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 Edelman-FM.qxd 6/24/04 12:09 PM Page v Contents Illustrations vii Acknowledgments ix Preface xi PA R T I THE WORLD KNOT Consciousness: Philosophical Paradox or Scientific Object? The Special Problem of Consciousness 10 Everyman’s Private Theater: Ongoing Unity, Endless Variety 20 PA R T I I CONSCIOUSNESS AND THE BRAIN Building a Picture of the Brain 37 Consciousness and Distributed Neural Activity 51 Neural Activity Integrated and Differentiated 62 PA R T I I I MECHANISMS OF CONSCIOUSNESS: THE DARWINIAN PERSPECTIVE Selectionism Nonrepresentational Memory Perception into Memory: The Remembered Present 79 93 102 Edelman-FM.qxd 6/24/04 12:09 PM vi Page vi CONTENTS PA R T I V DEALING WITH PLETHORA: THE DYNAMIC CORE HYPOTHESIS 10 Integration and Reentry 113 11 Consciousness and Complexity 125 12 Determining Where the Knot Is Tied: The Dynamic Core Hypothesis 139 PA R T V U N TA N G L I N G T H E K N O T 13 Qualia and Discrimination 157 14 The Conscious and the Unconscious 176 PA R T V I OBSERVER TIME 15 Language and the Self 193 16 Thinking 200 17 Prisoners of Description 207 Notes 223 Bibliography 253 Credits 265 Index 267 Edelman-FM.qxd 6/24/04 12:09 PM Page vii Illustrations Frontispiece: Detail from Michelangelo’s Creation of Adam 1.1 Diagram by Descartes on how the brain forms mental images 2.1 A skeleton observing a skull, an engraving by Andreas Vesalius 2.2 William James 3.1 Virgin Forest with Setting Sun by Henri Rousseau 3.2 An ambiguous figure 3.3 Drawing by a patient with left hemineglect 3.4 Shot sequence from Eisenstein’s Potemkin 4.1 Gross anatomy of the brain 4.2 Two illustrations by Ramon y Cajal 4.3 Diagram of a synapse 4.4 Three topological arrangements of brain neuroanatomy 5.1 Distributed neural processes underlying conscious experience revealed by MEG 6.1 The corpus callosum 6.2 Anna O., a patient of Sigmund Freud 6.3 Coherence of neural processes underlying consciousness 6.4 EEG patterns during epilepsy and sleep 6.5 La Notte (The Night ), by Michelangelo 7.1 Charles Darwin 7.2 Diagram of the theory of neuronal group selection 7.3 Diagram of a value system 7.4 Darwin IV tracking colored cubes 8.1 Diagram of a global mapping 8.2 Knik glacier, Alaska 9.1 Mechanisms of primary consciousness 13 18 21 25 28 30 38 39 41 43 56 63 65 70 72 73 80 84 89 90 96 100 108 Edelman-FM.qxd viii 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 11.1 11.2 11.3 12.1 13.1 13.2 13.3 14.1 6/24/04 12:09 PM Page viii ILLUSTRATIONS What is connected to what in the cerebral cortex Diagram of a computer model of cortical integration Solving the binding problem Diagram of functional clustering Diagram of mutual information Diagram of complexity How complexity varies, depending on neuroanatomical organization M83, a spiral galaxy, in Hydra Color space Qualia space Spring model of the dynamic core Structures and connections mediating conscious and unconscious processes 15.1 A scheme of higher-order consciousness 17.1 Diagram of a Turing machine 17.2 Counterpart, by Arcimboldo 115 116 117 122 128 129 132 145 162 164 172 179 194 213 221 Edelman-FM.qxd 6/24/04 12:09 PM Page ix Acknowledgments We wish especially to thank our colleagues Ralph Greenspan, Olaf Sporns, and Chiara Cirelli for their useful suggestions and thought-provoking discussions during the writing of this book We are also grateful to David Sington for his penetrating editorial suggestions and critical analysis Jo Ann Miller, the executive editor of Basic Books, gave us valuable help in clarifying portions of the text We, of course, take full responsibility for any inadvertent errors and deficiencies that may remain Many of the ideas and most of the work described here occurred at the Neurosciences Institute, whose Fellows are dedicated to understanding how the brain gives rise to the mind Edelman_RM.qxd 260 6/24/04 12:10 PM Page 260 BIBLIOGRAPHY Newsome, W T S C D “The Neuronal Basis of Motion Perception.” Ciba Foundation Symposium, 174 (1993), 217-30 Nicolis, G., and Prigogine, I Exploring Complexity: An Introduction San Francisco: W H Freeman, 1989 Nielsen, T., Montplaisir, J., and Lassonde, M “Decreased Interhemispheric EEG Coherence During Sleep in Agenesis of the 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Frontispiece Composite from a detail of Michelangelo’s Creation of Adam, Sistine Chapel, Rome, and from Saggio sopra la vera struttura del cervello dell’ uomo e degli animali e sopra le funzioni del sistema nervoso, figure in rame disegnate ed incise dall’ autore, Sassari, Nella Stamperia da S.S.R.M Privilegiata, 1809, fig 1, by Luigi Rolando Biblioteca Nazionale Universitaria, Turin, M.V.G 321 Figure 1.1 From: De homine figuris et latinitate donatus, a Florentio Schuyl, Lugduni Batavorum, apud Franciscum Moyardum & Petrum Leffen, 1662, fig 34, Biblioteca Comunale dell’ Archiginnasio, Bologna: 9F.IV.4 Figure 2.1 “A skeleton contemplates a skull.” Permission granted by Octavo Corporation (1999) All right reserved Figure 2.2 William James, pfMS Am 1092: Pach C–1, by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University Figure 3.1 ă Henri Rousseau, Virgin Forest with Setting Sun Permission granted by Offentliche ă Kunstsammlung Basel, Kunstmuseum Photo: Offentliche Kunstsammlung Basel, Martin B¸hler Figure 3.2 “Egyptian-Eyezed Tête-à-Tête” from Mind Sights, by Robert Shepard Permission granted by Roger Shepard Figure 3.3 From: J C Marshall and P W Halligan, “Visuo-Spatial Neglect: A New Copying Test to Assess Perceptual Parsing.” Journal of Neurology 240:37–40, 1993 Permission granted by Springer Verlag Figure 3.4 Permission granted by David A Cook, Film Studies Program Figure 4.1 Modified from: Fundamental Neuroanatomy, by Nauta and Feirtag © 1986 by W.H Freeman and Company Used with permission Figure 4.2 From: Histology of the Nervous System, Volume Set, by Santiago Ramon y Cajal, translated by Larry Swanson & Neely Swanson, translation copyright © 1995 by Oxford University Press, Inc Used by permission of Oxford University Press, Inc Figure 4.3 Modified from: The Central Nervous System, by P Brodal, Oxford University Press, New York, 1992 Permission granted by Tano Aschehoug Publishing, Oslo, Norway Figures 5.1 and From: R Srinivasan, D P Russell, G M Edelman, and G Tononi, “Increased Synchronization of Magnetic Responses During Conscious Perception.” Journal of Neuroscience 19:5435–48 (1999) Permission granted by The Society for Neuroscience Figure 6.1 From the atlas of Louis Achille Foville’s Traité complet (1844), Plate VII, Fig 1; artist E Beau; engraver F Bion Figure 6.2 Bertha Pappenheim Permission granted by the Institut für Stadtgeschichte, Frankfurt am Main Figure 7.1 Photograph of Charles Darwin, aged 40 by T H Edelman_RM.qxd 266 6/24/04 12:10 PM Page 266 CREDITS Maguire, 1849 Permission granted by The British Museum Figure 7.3 Modified from: Neuroscience, by M F Bear, B W Connors, and M A Paradiso, Williams & Wilkins, 1996 Permission granted by Williams and Wilkins Figure 7.4 From: G M Edelman, G N J Reeke, W E Gall, G Tononi , D Williams, and O Sporns (1992) “Synthetic Neural Modeling Applied to a Real-World Artifact.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 89 (15):7267–71 Figure 8.2 Originally published in National Geographic Magazine, June 1951, p 835 (photo by Don C Knudson) Figure 10.1 From J.W Scammell, and M P Young (1993) “The Connectional Organization of Neural Systems in the Cat Cerebral Cortex.” Current Biology, 3: 191–200 Figures 10.2 and 10.3 From: G Tononi, O Sporns, and G M Edelman (1992) “Reentry and the Problem of Integrating Multiple Cortical Areas: Simulation of Dynamic Integration in the Visual System.” Cerebral Cortex (4):310–35 Permission granted by Oxford University Press Figure 12.1 Permission granted by Anglo-Australian Observatory Photography by David Malin Figure 17.1 From: G M Edelman, Bright Air, Brilliant Fire: On the Matter of the Mind, New York: Basic Books, 1992 Permission granted by Perseus Books Figure 17.2 From: Eve and the Apple, with Counterpart, by Arcimboldo Private Collection, Basel, photograph by Peter Hamen Edelman_RM.qxd 6/24/04 12:10 PM Page 267 Index Abstraction, 104–105 Act, defined, 69 Action potential, 40, 41 Action slips, 230(n20) Adaptation See Selectionism Alien hand syndrome, 64 Alpha activity, 59–60 Amnesia, 66 Anesthesia, 68, 236(n31) Anosognosia, 28 Anton’s syndrome, 28 Aphasia, 231(n1) Arcimboldo, Giuseppe, 221f Aristotle, 51 Artifacts, synthetic See Computer simulations Atomism, 6, 163, 167 Attention, 22, 228(n13), 236(n32) Automatic performance, 57–61, 229–230 (n18), 230(n20), 231(n24), 249(n12) Awareness, 55–57 coherence and, 69–70 perception and, 67–70, 142, 234(n17), 235(n26), 244(n8), 244–245(n14) Axons, 38 Baars, B.J., 245–246(n20) Basal ganglia, 38, 45, 95, 96, 248(n6) unconscious and, 176, 179f, 183–185 Behavior, 33 Behaviorism, 6–7, 216–217 Being, 15 Binding problem, 106–107, 113, 117f, 150 reentry and neural integration, 114–120 Binocular fusion, 26 Binocular rivalry, 55–57, 69, 70f, 140–141, 153, 243(n4) Biofeedback training, 149, 177 Biologically-based epistemology, 207, 215–217 Blindness, chronic, 232(n1) Blindness, hysterical, 66, 190 Blood flow, cerebral, 55 Brain blood supply, 39–40 chemicals in, 41 computer comparison, 47–49, 81, 85, 93–94, 212–214 evolutionary older part, 54 hemispheres, 64–66, 85 individuality and variability of, 56–57, 81, 82, 213 limitations, 7, 26–27 neuroanatomy, 38–47, 43f, 79, 100–101, 142–143, 184 organizing principles, 47–50 structures, 8, 17, 24–25, 27–29, 38f, 52, 179f, 214 topological arrangements, 42, 43f See also Neurons; individual structures Brain stem, 38, 54, 95, 105, 157, 228(n12) unconscious and, 178, 179 Breuer, Josef, 65 Edelman_RM.qxd 268 6/24/04 12:10 PM Page 268 INDEX Camera example, 31–32 Capacity limitation, 7, 26–27, 119, 150–151, 225–226(n9), 245(n20) Categorization, 20, 48–49, 94, 106 global mapping and, 95–96 remembered present and, 102, 104, 107 self and, 173, 174–175 Cathartic method, 65 Cerebellum, 38, 45, 95, 96, 142 unconscious and, 176, 183–184 Cerebral cortex, 38, 42, 43f, 54, 115f, 119 epilepsy and, 70–71 global mappings and, 95 primary consciousness and, 107 Charcot, Jean, 66 Cholinergic system, 89, 91, 97 Church-Post thesis, 212 CI See Cluster index Cluster index (CI), 122–123, 134 CM See Complexity matching (CM) Cognitive psychology, Cognitive routines See Routines Coherence, 24–26, 69–70, 70f, 94, 106, 147 in computer simulations, 119–120 Color constancy, 160 Color perception, 11–12, 53, 162f, 246(nn2, 4) neural correlates of, 159–162 neuronal groups and qualia, 162–163 See also Visual system Coma, 54 Complexity, 112, 124–126, 129f, 132f, 166, 241–242(n9), 242(n18), 243(n24) computer simulations, 131–134 defined, 135–136 dynamic core hypothesis and, 148–149, 154 measurement of, 126–130 origination of, 136–138 Complexity matching (CM), 137–138 Computer comparison, 47–49, 81, 85, 212–214 representational memory and, 93–94 Computer simulations, 107, 113, 142–143, 220–222, 239(n7), 239–240(n8) binding problem and, 114–120 Darwin IV, 90–91 of neural complexity, 131–134 Concepts, 102, 104–105, 108, 215–216 Confabulation, 225(n8) Conjunction errors, 119, 151 Connectivity, rules and, 249–250(n12) Consciousness basic questions, xiii–xiv general properties, 18, 20, 145–152 as physical process, 219–220 serial nature of, 151–152 See also Higher-order consciousness; Primary consciousness; Unconscious; individual properties of consciousness Content, 53 Context, 31, 94, 148–149 Conversion disorders, 66, 233(n11) Core states, 146–147, 148, 187 Corpus callosum, 63f, 85 Cortex See Cerebral cortex Cortical appendages, 43, 43f, 45–46, 95, 96, 176, 183, 187 thinking and, 204, 218 See also Basal ganglia; Cerebellum; Hippocampus Cortical evoked potentials, 68 Corticocortical fibers, 43f, 107, 239(n7), 239–240(n8) Counterpart (Arcimboldo), 221f Creativity, 101, 109 Darwin, Charles, 77, 79–81, 80f, 82 Darwin IV, 90f, 90–91 Decision-making, 59 Decisions, 27, 58–61, 151 Degeneracy, 86–87, 93, 97–98, 213 Dejerine, Joseph, 231(n1) Dendrites, 38 Dendrons, Descartes, René, 3–4, 5f, 8, 11, 35 Description, 10–15, 219–220 Desynchronization, 59–60 Developmental selection, 83, 84, 154 Dickinson, Emily, 221f Differentiation, 14, 29–33, 111–112, 125–126 dynamic core hypothesis and, 147, 167 epileptic seizures and, 70–71 measurement of, 126–130, 131–134 as necessary, 70, 74 sleep states and, 71–74 Edelman_RM.qxd 6/24/04 12:10 PM Page 269 INDEX Disconnection syndromes, 63–66, 152, 231–232(n1) Dissociative disorders, 66–67, 152, 154, 233(n11) Distributed neural activity, 53–54, 56f, 111–112, 229(n15) awareness of stimuli and, 56–57, 67–70 conscious vs automatic performance, 57–61, 229–230(n18) decisions and, 58–61 reticular activating system and, 54, 228(n12) studies, 54–55 as unique to individual, 56–57, 81 Doing, 15–16 Dominant hemisphere, 64 Dopaminergic system, 188, 189 Dreams, 21, 33, 53 Dualism, 4, 8, 215, 219 Dynamic core hypothesis, 112, 139–140, 143–144, 172f functional clusters and, 139, 144, 146, 148, 153 general properties of conscious experience, 145–152 metric space, 168–169 qualia and, 164–167, 247(n14) questions, 153–154 splinter cores, 189–190 unconscious and, 176–177, 187–188 See also N-dimensional neural space EEG See Electroencephalography Einstein, Albert, 201 Electrocorticogram, 230(n23) Electroencephalography (EEG), 52, 55, 131, 153 Emotions, 218 Entropy, statistical, 121–122, 128, 131–133, 240(n12), 241–242(n9) Epilepsy, 53, 63–64, 70–71, 72f, 133, 135, 154 Epiphenomenalism, Episodic memory, 149 Epistemology, 207, 215–217 Evoked potentials, 68 Evolutionary assumption, 14, 215 Evolutionary theory, 77–78, 107–110 See also Selectionism 269 Excitatory neurons, 41 Experience, 15, 220–222 Experiential selection, 84 Externalist view, 197–198, 201–202 Fabrica Humani Corporis, De (Vesalius), 13f Feedback, 85 Filling in, 225(n8) fMRI See Functional magnetic resonance imaging Forebrain, 54, 184 Frequency tagging, 56, 153 Freud, Sigmund, 65, 66, 190 Frontal cortex, 105 Fugue states, 66 Functional clusters, 112, 113, 120–124, 122f, 134, 239(n8), 240(n16) dynamic core hypothesis and, 139, 144, 146, 148, 153 Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 52, 60, 114, 123, 153 Fusiform and lingual gyri, 53, 160 Ganzfield stimulation, 74 Genetic code, 86–87, 209–210 Glacier comparison, 93, 99–101 Glia, 39, 41 Global access, 148–149 Global mappings, 95–97, 96f, 178, 180, 203 higher-order, 104–105, 196 learning and, 186–189 Global workspace, 245–246(n20) Globus pallidus, 179, 185 Glucose metabolic rate, 60 Golgi stain, 39 Hemineglect, 28, 225(n7) Hemispheres, 53, 64–66, 85, 232(nn2, 4) Hidden Persuaders, The (Packard), 67 Higher-order consciousness, 102–104, 110, 174–175, 191–192, 194f, 207–208, 232(n4) global mappings and, 104–105, 196 See also Information; Language; Self; Thinking Hilgard, Ernest, 66 Hippocampus, 38, 45, 95, 96, 149, 248–249(n6) Edelman_RM.qxd 6/24/04 12:10 PM 270 Page 270 INDEX Huxley, Thomas, Hypothalamus, 46, 54 Hysterical blindness, 66, 190 Idealism, 4, 215 Imagery, 21, 203 Imaging techniques functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 52, 60, 114, 123, 153 magnetoencephalography (MEG), 52, 55–56, 119, 153 positron emission tomography (PET), 52, 60, 114, 123 Immune system, 82–83, 94–95 Inferotemporal cortex (IT area), 160, 161, 163, 166, 170–171, 173, 236(n32), 238(n4) Information, 18 content, 125–126, 147–148 origin in nature, 208–212 See also Differentiation; Mutual information Information-processing hierarchy, 7, 126–127 Information theory, 126–127 Inhibitory neurons, 41 Inner speech, 21 Inputs, sensory, 59, 97, 180–182 Instructionism, 81, 85 Integration, 14, 18, 20–21, 111–112, 116f binding problem and, 114–120 brain structure and, 24–25, 27–29 coherence and, 24–26 dynamic core hypothesis and, 146 functional clustering, 120–124 neuropsychological disorders, 27–29, 67, 225(nn7, 8) privateness of, 23–24, 146–147 reentry and, 85, 113–114 See also Entropy, statistical Integrative Action of the Nervous System, The (Sherrington), 23 Interchange See Reentry Internalist view, 197–198, 201–202 Intralaminar nuclei, 107–108 Introspection, 6, 217 Inverted spectrum argument, 12 IT area See Inferotemporal cortex James, William, 4, 8, 18f, 27, 110, 200, 240(n8) on attention, on automatization, 58–59 consciousness as process, 18, 146, 147, 168 specious present, view of, 108, 152 on thought, 23 Jamesian scenario, 205 Janet, Pierre, 66 Külpe, O., Language, 102, 175, 193–199 internalist vs externalist view, 197–198, 201–202 protosyntax, 197 qualia and, 198–199 speech, 195–196 subjectivity and, 197–198 syntax, 94, 194, 197, 198, 211 thinking and, 201–202 value systems and, 195, 197 Learning, 15–16, 105, 186–189 conscious vs automatic performance, 57–61, 229–230(n18) Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, Lesions, 53, 54, 64, 87, 140, 142, 226(n18), 232(n1) Libet, Benjamin, 68–69 Liepmann, Hugo, 231(n1) Limbic system, 105 Limited capacity See Capacity limitation Linguistic capability, 93–94, 102 Linking, 106 Locke, John, 11–12 Locus coeruleus, 89, 90, 97 Logic, 16, 212–214 McGinn, Colin, Magnetoencephalography (MEG), 52, 55–56, 119, 153 Malebranche, Nicolas de, Materialism, 4–5, 219–220 Mathematical capabilities, 94 Maudsley, Henry, 57 Meaning, 138, 158, 167, 173, 196 Meditationes de Prima Philosophia (Descartes), Edelman_RM.qxd 6/24/04 12:10 PM Page 271 INDEX MEG See Magnetoencephalography Memory, 22, 45, 58 associative properties, 98, 99 defined, 93, 105 degeneracy and, 93, 97–98 episodic, 149 glacier comparison, 93, 99–101 global mappings and, 95–97 individual memory systems, 98–99, 108, 109, 210 as nonrepresentational, 93–95, 99–101, 138, 203 repetition and, 97–98, 210 representational view, 93–94 selection and, 93, 97–99, 210 short-term, 109 speech and, 196 value-category memory, 105, 107, 174, 205 value systems and, 97, 98, 105 visuospatial, 69 working memory, 22, 69 See also Remembered present Mental illness See Neuropsychological disorders Mental life I and II, 203–204 Mesencephalon, 54 Metaphysics, 215 Methodology, 12–16 Michelangelo, 73f Molyneux, William, 224(n2) Morphology, 14 Motor acts, 59, 69, 95–96, 182–183 Motor cortex, 178–180 Musicians as examples, 57, 58–59, 106, 186–187, 188 Mutual information, 122, 127–130, 128f, 133, 241(nn4, 6), 241–242(n9) extrinsic vs intrinsic, 137–138 N1 response, 68 Nagel, Thomas, 11 Natural selection See Selectionism Naval crisis metaphor, 180, 181, 183 N-dimensional neural space, 165–167, 247(n11) corollaries, 168–169 self and, 173–174 See also Dynamic core hypothesis; Qualia 271 Nested selective systems, 92 Neural complexity See Cn Neural Darwinism, 79, 83–86 Neural dynamics, 48 Neural processes, 18–19, 52–53, 146 continuity of, 152 description of, 10–15 dynamic core hypothesis and, 143, 144 See also Complexity; Neuronal firing; Neuronal groups; Theory of neuronal group selection Neural reference space, 164, 166–167 Neuroanatomy, 38–47, 43f, 79, 100–101, 142–143, 184 Neuromodulators, 41, 46, 90, 91 Neuronal firing, 64–66, 71–74, 89–90, 107, 236–237(n32)114, 243(n5) color perception and, 161, 166 neuronal complexity and, 131–134 See also Computer simulations Neuronal groups, 44, 79 N-dimensional neural space, 165–167 qualia and, 162–163 selection of, 82–86 See also Dynamic core hypothesis; Functional clusters; Neuronal firing; Neurons; Selectionism Neuronal space See N-dimensional neural space Neurons, 38–40 activation/deactivation of, 53, 67–70 firing patterns, 71–74, 89–90, 107, 118 firing rate, 71–73, 118, 161 Neuropsychological disorders, 27–29, 46, 67, 189, 225(nn7, 8) conversion disorders, 66, 233(n11) disconnection syndromes, 63–66, 152, 231–232(n1) dissociative disorders, 66–67, 152, 154, 233(n11) epilepsy, 53, 63–64, 70–71, 133, 135, 154 hemineglect, 28, 225(n7) lesioning experiments, 53, 54, 140, 142, 226(n18), 232(n1) split-brain syndrome, 27–28, 63–66, 190 Neuroscience, 7–9 Neurotransmitters, 40, 41, 118 Edelman_RM.qxd 6/24/04 12:10 PM 272 Page 272 INDEX NMDA receptors, 118, 239(nn7, 8) Nonrepresentational memory, 93–95, 99–101, 138, 203 global mappings, 95–97 selection and, 93, 97–99, 210 Noradrenaline, 43f, 90 Noradrenergic system, 89, 91, 134 Norepinephrine system, 89 Notte, La (Michelangelo), 73f O., Anna, 65 Observers, 12–16, 191–192, 208, 217 Obsessive-compulsive disorder, 189 Outputs, 149, 178–180 P1 response, 68 Packard, Vance, 67 Pallidum, 179, 184 Pappenheim, Bertha, 65 Parallel loop structure, 45–46, 85, 96, 106, 176, 184–186 Parkinson’s disease, 189 Pencil of light example, 1–2, 16–17 Perception, 22, 181 awareness and, 67–70, 142, 234(n17), 235(n26), 244(n8), 244–245(n14) See also Color perception; Visual system Perceptual categorization See Categorization Performance, 57–61, 229–230(n18), 230(n20), 231(n24), 249(n12) PET See Positron emission tomography Phenotypic structures, 87–88 Philosophy, 3–6, 158, 215–218 Photodiode example, 17, 32–33, 158 Photoreceptors, 160 Physics assumption, 14, 215 Pictorialist view, 202–203 Pineal gland, Planning, 218 Plasticity, neural, 46–47 Plato, 51 Polysynaptic loops, 43f Pons, 54 Population thinking, 82 Positron emission tomography (PET), 52, 60, 114, 123 Postsynaptic neuron, 40–41 Potemkin, 30f Practice, 57–61, 142 Present See Remembered present Presynaptic neuron, 40–41 Primary consciousness, 102–103, 108, 174–175, 193–194, 208, 232(n4) higher-order consciousness vs., 102–104 prerequisites for model of, 103–105 remembered present and, 107–110 thinking and, 205 Processes See Neural processes Projections, 44 Propositionalist view, 202–203 Protosyntax, 197 Psychoanalysis, 65f Psychogenic symptoms, 66 Psychological refractory period, 27, 151 Psychons, Qualia, 15, 155, 157–159, 164, 246–247(n8), 247(n16) dynamic core and, 164–167, 247(n14) neural correlates of color perception, 159–162 in neural time, 169–175 neuronal groups and, 162–163 reentry and, 171–173 self and, 198–199 Qualia assumption, 15 Qualified realism, 207, 215–216 Quantum mechanics, 86 Quine, Willard Van Orman, 219 Ramon y Cajal, Santiago, 39 Raphé nucleus, 97 Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, 33, 55, 71, 72, 91, 127, 133, 154, 226(n18) Readiness potential, 69 Realism, 207, 215–216 Reentry, 36, 44, 48–49, 62, 105–106, 238–239(n6) binding problem and, 114–120 disconnection syndromes and, 63–66 dissociative disorders and, 66–67 functions, 86 integration and, 85, 113–114 language and, 196, 197 as necessary, 63, 74 qualia and, 171–173 reentrant mapping, 84, 85 Edelman_RM.qxd 6/24/04 12:10 PM Page 273 INDEX remembered present and, 102, 108–110 selectionism and, 79 thalamocortical system and, 119–120 See also Global mapping; Parallel loop structure Reflexes, 88 REM See Rapid eye movement Remembered present, 78, 102–103, 107–110, 138, 211, 218 self and, 193–195 See also Memory; Primary consciousness Repetition, 97–98, 141, 210 Representation, 93–94, 238(n2)203 Response patterns, 98 Reticular activating system, 54, 228(n12) Reticular nucleus, 107 Retina, 160, 161, 225(n8) Rousseau, Henri, 21f Routines, 176, 182–183, 218 language and, 197 nesting of, 186–187 parallel loops and, 183–186 Russell, Bertrand, 1–2, 16, 158 Schizophrenia, 33, 66, 123, 154 Schopenhauer, Arthur, 2, 3, 35, 163 Schrödinger, Erwin, 15, 217 Schrödinger equation, 86 Selectionism, 16, 47, 79, 103, 136, 196 degeneracy and, 86–87 developmental selection, 83, 84 experiential selection, 84 genetic code and, 86–87, 209–210 logic and, 212–214 memory and, 93, 97–99, 210 nested selective systems, 92 neuronal groups and, 82–86 reentrant mapping, 84, 85 somatic selection, 82–83, 88, 92, 214 value systems and, 87–92, 97 See also Primary consciousness Self, 23–24, 102, 104, 110, 208 categorization and, 173, 174–175 qualia and, 198–199 remembered present and, 193–195 speech and, 196–197 Semantic capabilities, 93–94, 102, 194, 208 Sensory inputs, 59, 97, 180–182 Sensory percepts, 21 273 Serotoninergic system, 89, 91, 134 Sherrington, Charles, 1, 16–17, 23, 24, 158 Sleep state, 54, 68, 72f differentiation and, 71–74 dreams, 21, 33, 53 rapid eye movement (REM), 33, 55, 71, 72f, 91, 127, 131, 154, 226(n18) sleepwalking, 236(n29) slow-wave sleep, 71, 72f, 91, 134, 229(n15), 235(n27) Snow-blindness, 74 Social interactions, 194, 195, 197 Somatic selection, 82–83, 88, 92, 214 Somatosensory cortex, 68 Specific nerve energies, 246–247(n8) Specific thalamic nuclei, 107 Speech, 195–196 Sperry, Roger, 64 Spinoza, Baruch, 6, 218 Spiral galaxy, 145f Spiritualism, 80–81 Split-brain syndrome, 27–28, 63–66, 190 Statistics dependence, 240(n14), 241(n4) entropy, 121–122, 128, 131–133, 240(n12), 241(nn4, 6), 241–242(n9) See also Information Stimuli, awareness of, 56–57, 67–70 Stream of consciousness, Striatum, 184 Stroop effect, 230(n20) Studies on Hysteria (Freud and Breuer), 65 Subjectivity, 10–11, 17, 35, 197–198, 205, 212 Subliminal perception, 67 Symbols, 94, 195–198 Synapses, 38, 39f, 40–41, 41f, 83, 97–98 Synaptic vesicle, 40, 41 Synchronization, 70–74, 85, 118–119, 166, 235(n26), 239–240(n8), 243(n4) Syntax, 94, 194, 197, 198, 211 Temporal cortex, 105 Tetris experiment, 60 Thalamocortical system, 36, 42–45, 43f, 53, 142, 164, 179f awareness and, 69 degeneracy and, 87 Edelman_RM.qxd 274 6/24/04 12:10 PM Page 274 INDEX global mappings and, 95 memory and, 78 primary consciousness and, 107–109 reentry and, 119–120 splinter cores, 189–190 See also Cerebral cortex; Thalamus Thalamus, 38, 42, 43f, 54, 70–71, 119 Theory of neuronal group selection (TNGS), 83–86, 84f, 95–96, 105–106, 196, 214 See also Degeneracy; Global mappings; Reentry; Value systems Thinking, 4, 21, 23, 200–206 language and, 201–202 mental life I and II, 203–205 pictorialist vs propositionalist view, 202–203 value systems and, 204, 218 Time, 85, 114, 168, 239(n8), 243(n5) functional clustering and, 120, 123–124 qualia and, 169–175 working memory and, 22, 69 Titchener, Edward, 6, 163 TNGS See Theory of neuronal group selection Turing machine, 212–214, 213f Unconscious, 97, 176–178, 230(n20) basal ganglia and, 176, 183–185 long loops and cognitive routines, 183–186 motor and cognitive routines, 182–183 ports in, 180–182 ports out, 178–180, 248(n3) Understanding, 15–16 Unity See Integration V1 area, 231(n24), 238(n4) V4 area, 160, 231(n24) Value-category memory, 105, 107, 174, 205 Value systems, 43f, 46–48, 89f binding problem and, 116, 117–118 language and, 195, 197 memory and, 97, 98, 105 neuronal complexity and, 134 remembered present and, 103, 105, 107–109 selectionism and, 87–92, 97 thinking and, 204, 218 Vesalius, Andreas, 13f VI layer, 180, 184 Virgin Forest with Setting Sun (Rousseau), 21f Visual cortex, 160, 161, 232(n1), 239(n7) Visual system, 42–44, 53, 131, 140–142, 169 blindness, 66, 74, 190, 232(n1) computer simulation, 114–120 hemineglect, 28, 225(n7) See also Color perception Visuospatial memory, 69 V layer, 180 Voltage dependent connections, 118, 143, 239(n7), 239–240(n8) Wakeful state, 54 Wallace, Alfred Russel, 80–81 Wernicke, Karl, 231(n1) Working memory, 22, 69 World knot, 2, 3, 163 Zombies, 12 ... Diagram of mutual information Diagram of complexity How complexity varies, depending on neuroanatomical organization M83, a spiral galaxy, in Hydra Color space Qualia space Spring model of the dynamic... discriminate among a certain number of integrated states However, over a fraction of a second, even a sophisticated scanner-software combination can discriminate among at most a few digits or a few... among post-Cartesian philosophers As we had FIGURE 1.1 A diagram by Descartes illustrating his ideas about how the brain forms mental images of an object The transaction between mental substance