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THE URBAN AUDIT
Towards the Benchmarking of Quality of Life in
58 European Cities
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The Yearbook
• Overview
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Comparative Section
The Urban Audit is supported by the European Commission. It is aimed at improving comparative information on
urban areas. The Urban Audit was supervised by Marcello Roma and Mireille Grubert of Directorate General for
Regional Policies and Gilles Durand and Berthold Feldman of Eurostat.
The realisation of the pilot phase of the Urban Audit was entrusted to ERECO under the direction of David Taylor,
Cambridge Econometrics, Nick Bozeat, Ecotec, Michael Parkinson, EIUA, and Mireia Belil, Borakasi and including
a network of national and city level correspondents.
Further information on the Urban Audit can be accessed at the INFOREGIO web site
(inforegio.cec.int/urban/audit).
Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication.
Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2000.
ISBN 92-828-9241-7
© European Communities, 2000
Reproduction is authorised, except for commercial purposes, provided the source is acknowledged.
Yearbook
1
Foreword
This is the first edition of the Urban Yearbook. It presents the main results of the pilot phase of the Urban Audit.
The purpose of the Urban Audit is to provide a resource allowing comparisons across national boundaries on
conditions in EU urban areas. The work has, for the first time, brought together information from 58 major EU
cities concerning a wide range of aspects of the ‘quality of life’ in urban areas.
This process has engaged directly the city authorities who were invited by the European Commission to
participate. Though practice concerning information collection and management varies between and within
countries, use has been made of a large number of local data sources, in order to supplement the ‘official
statistics’ available at national levels.
To achieve this, close co-operation has been necessary between the European Commission and the cities. Many
individuals within the cities, in statistical agencies at the national levels, and in other agencies at the local level
have contributed to the work. Without this active co-operation, the completion of the pilot phase would not have
been possible. Special thanks are due to the cities of Bilbao and Nuremberg who were invited to ‘test’ the manual
and procedures being developed during the pilot phase to discover the ease with which they could be applied to
other cities not yet participating in the Urban Audit. The statistical results from these cities are not included in the
urban Yearbook. The advice and feedback will be used however, to inform the future plans of the Urban Audit.
The results of the pilot phase are, we hope, of immediate interest to city authorities and citizens alike. However,
the value of the information brought together in the pilot phase of the Urban Audit will be much increased if steps
are taken to fill the gaps, to update the information, to increase the number of participating cities, to improve the
richness of the information in particular domains, and to ensure easy and wide access to the detailed information.
The European Commission proposes to continue to work with the cities to this end.
The Urban Audit has been directed and managed by Directorate General REGIO, Regional Policy, unit A.1 and
Eurostat. Other Directorates of the European Commission have advised on aspects of the work. The urban
Yearbook and other products have been prepared by a team of consultants and researchers brought together
under the umbrella of ERECO for the Urban Audit pilot phase. The opinions expressed in the Urban Audit
products are not necessarily those of the European Commission.
The results of the Urban Audit pilot phase are published in three Volumes.
Volume I provides the first part of the Yearbook with an overview of the results and brief analyses of the apparent
differences in results between different types of cities and emerging trends. Volume I also presents the main
results in a series of comparative tables so that findings may be compared between cities and with the results at
the Conurbation/Wider Territorial Unit and national levels.
Volume II, which is the second part of the Yearbook, presents the summary results for each of the 58 cities. The
presentation of findings allows the reader to see how a particular city compares with the other Urban Audit cities
and, if appropriate, the variation between scores at the city and Conurbation/Wider Territorial Unit level.
Volume III presents the Urban Audit Manual, which allows readers to appreciate in detail the way in which the
information was collected and compiled during the pilot phase of the Urban Audit.
Yearbook
2
In addition to this publication, the pilot phase of the Urban Audit generated several other outputs, which are
publicly available. Namely:
- An Urban Audit Web Site (http://www.inforegio.cec.int/urban/audit/). Visitors to the Web Site can investigate
different aspects of the Urban Audit process and have access to the results contained in this urban Yearbook
and Individual City Audits. The Web site also provides access to the bibliography of parallel work concerning
urban indicators. Where applicable, hyperlinks are provided from the Urban Audit Web Site to the sites of
participating cities.
- Individual City Audits. for each of the 58 Urban Audit Cities. These Individual City Audits elaborate on the
information summarised for each city in this document and are ‘virtual’ annexes to the Yearbook. They
include maps on population density and land use illustrating the City and WTU/Conurbations boundaries
used in the Urban Audit. They are available via the Urban Audit Web Site.
Yearbook
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The Urban Audit Volume I: The Yearbook
FOREWORD
…………………………………………………………………………………….
1
OVERVIEW
…………………………………………………………………………………….
5
• Introduction …………………………………………………… ………………………………………….
7
• Policy Context ……………………………………………………………………………………………
7
• City Coverage …………………………………………………………………………………………….
7
• Indicators …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 10
• Spatial Level – City and Conurbation level – Wider Territorial Units – Sub-city Level …………… 14
• Feasibility ………………………………………………………………………………………………….
15
• Key findings ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
16
1. Population ……………………………………………………………………………………. 18
2. Nationality ……………………………………………………………………………………. 19
3. Household structure ………………………………………………………………………… 20
4. Labour market and Unemployment ……………………………………………………… 22
5. Income, disparities and poverty ……………………………………………………………. 24
6. Housing ………………………………………………………………………………………. 25
7. Health…………………………………………………………………………………………. 26
8. Crime …………………………………………………………………………………………. 27
9. Employment …………………………………………………………………………………. 28
10. Economic activity …………………………………………………………………………… 29
11. Civic involvement …………………………………………………………………………… 31
12. Education and Training Provision ………………………………………………………… 32
13. Level of educational qualifications …………………………………………………………. 33
14. Air quality and Noise ………………………………………………………………………… 34
15. Water ……………………………………………………………………………………… 35
16. Waste management ……………………………………………………………………… 36
17. Land use ……………………………………………………………………………………. 37
18. Travel patterns …………………………………………………………………………… 38
19. Energy use ………………………………………………………………………………… 40
20. Climate/geography ………………………………………………………………………… 41
21. Culture and recreation ………………………………………………………………………. 42
Subcity variations ………………………………………………………………………………… 43
• Annex 1 Detailed results of analysis informing the Overview ………………………… ……………
45
•
Annex 2 Methodological aspects
………………………………………………………………………
75
City Coverage
………………………………………………………………………………………
Indicators …………………………………………………………………………………………
Spatial Level
……………………………………………………………………………………….
City
…………………………………………………………………………………………
Wider Area ………………………………………………………………………………
Sub-City Level
…………………………………………………………………………….
Data flow and data base
………………………………………………………………………….
Testing the Urban Audit Manual
…………………………………………………………………
76
76
77
77
77
78
79
79
COMPARATIVE SECTION…………………………………………………………………………. 81
• Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
82
• Notes of caution ….………………………………………………………………………………………
82
• Socio-economic aspects ………………………………………………………………………………
84
1 Population ………………………………………………………………………………………… 84
1.1 Population and change ………………………………………………………………………. 84
1.2 Population Age Structure ……………………………………………………………………. 87
2 Nationality
…………………………………………………………………………………………
90
3 Household Structure ………………………………………………………………………………. 93
Yearbook
4
4 Labour market and Unemployment ……………………………………………………………… 96
4.1 Activity …………………………………………………………………………………………. 96
4.2 Unemployment
…………………………………………………………………………….…
99
5 Income, Disparities and Poverty ……………………………………………………………… 102
5.1 Household Income and Disparities …………………………………………………………. 103
5.2 Poverty ………………………………………………………………………………………… 105
6 Housing
………………………………………………………………………………………….…
108
6.1 Type of Housing ………………………………………………………………………….… 108
6.2 Type of Tenure ……………………………………………………………………………… 110
6.3 Housing Costs ………………………………………………………………………………… 113
7 Health ………………………………………………………………………………………….……. 116
8 Crime
………………………………………………………………………………………………
119
9 Employment Change ……………………………………………………………………………… 122
10 Economic Activity ………………………………………………………………………………… 125
11 Civic involvement ………………………………………………………………………………… 128
11.1 Elections …………………………………………………………………………………… 128
11.2 Municipal Budget ……………………………………………………………………………. 131
• Levels of Training and Education ……………………………………………………………………
134
12 Education and Training Provision… ………………………………………………………….…. 134
12.1 School Performance ……………………………………………………………………… 134
12.2 Pre and Post School Provision ……………………………………………………………. 137
13 Level of Educational Qualifications …………………….…………………… …………………. 140
• Environment ……………………………………………………………………………………………
143
14 Air Quality and Noise ……………………………………………………………………… ……. 143
15 Water
………………………………………………………………………………………… …….
146
16 Waste Management
………………………………………………………………………………
149
17 Land Use ……………………………………………………………………………………… …. 152
18 Travel Patterns ……………………………………………………………………………… …… 155
19 Energy Use ………………………………………………………………………………… …… 158
20 Climate
……………………………………………………………………………………… …….
161
• Culture and Recreation ………………………………………… ……………………………….…….
163
21 Culture and Recreation ……………………………………………………………………… … 163
21.1 Music and cinema ………………………………………………………………………… 163
21.2 Museum, Theatre and Libraries …………………………………………………………… 166
21.3 Sports ………………………………………………………………………………………… 169
• Sub-City variations ……………………………………………………………………………………… 172
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Yearbook: Overview
7
Introduction
This is the first urban Yearbook to be published by the European Commission. It has been informed by the results
of the pilot phase of the Urban Audit. This pilot phase began in May 1998 and was funded under the aegis of
Article 10 of the ERDF Regulation which enables the support by the European Commission of innovative
measures. Directorate General REGIO for Regional Policy and EUROSTAT are responsible for managing the
Urban Audit. Other Directorates of the European Commission have advised on the choice of information to be
included in the Urban Audit. The pilot phase was undertaken by ERECO on behalf of the European Commission.
The overall purpose of the Urban Audit is to enable an assessment of the state of individual EU cities and to
provide access to comparative information from other EU cities. It is intended that the process will facilitate the
exchange of information amongst cities.
Policy Context
There is demand amongst policy makers at all levels for an assessment of quality of life in Europe’s cities. To meet
this demand, there is a need for comparable information. Such information helps to identify priorities, to target
actions and to assess progress. Such information is currently very limited.
The Commission Communication ‘Towards an Urban Agenda in the European Union (COM(97)197)’ identified this
need for comparable information and proposed a two-fold approach.
First, the Urban Audit to ‘measure the quality of life in our towns and cities through the use of a simple set of urban
indicators and a common methodology’. This would be undertaken with a view to these indicators being updated
and, in the future, providing an assessment of the impact of urban policies on the development of urban areas.
Second, in parallel with this approach, EUROSTAT, in co-operation with national statistical institutes, would
process the ‘local’ level information on cities and urban agglomerations and harmonize information systems and
definitions.
The subsequent Commission Communication ‘Sustainable Urban Development in the European Union: A
Framework for Action’ published in October 1998 and debated at the European Urban Forum in Vienna, November
1998, also identified, as one of 24 actions ‘Improving Comparative Information on Urban Conditions’.
City Coverage
The 58 cities included in the Urban Audit pilot phase were identified by the European Commission on a systematic
and objective basis. The largest cities (by population size within their administrative boundaries) within the EU
member states have been included. The main exceptions to this principle are: the exclusion because of their large
scale of London and Paris; and, in order to ensure a good geographical spread across the EU and to cover a
significant percentage of the population in each country, some cities from the smaller EU countries were included
even though they have smaller populations than some of those cities not included from the larger countries.
Yearbook: Overview
8
POPULATION OF URBAN AUDIT CITIES, CONURBATIONS AND WTU AND NUMBER OF SUB-CITY AREAS
CITIES CONURBATIONS WTU SUB-CITY
COUNTRY Population
(1996)
Conurbations
1
Corresponding
population
Wider territorial
units
1
Corresponding
population
Number of
Sub-city
areas (within
city level)
Germany
Berlin 3425759
(1997)
23
Hamburg 1707247 4
Munich 1321557 113
Cologne 1014910
(1997)
85
Frankfurt 652324 Frankfurt 2470215 46
Essen 612690 50
Stuttgart 560925 Stuttgart 866631 23
Leipzig 457173 49
Dresden 456102 56
Austria
Graz 240179 17
Vienna
(1-23)
1616240 46
Belgium
Antwerp 455852 25
Brussels (19
Communes)
950597
(1997)
19
Denmark
Copenhagen 476751 Copenhagen 1172884 15
Spain
Madrid 2866693 Madrid 4404398 21
Barcelona 1508805 Barcelona 2904941 38
Valencia 746683 Valencia 1344436 38
Seville 697485 Seville 983662 12
Zaragoza 601674 24
Malaga 549135 17
Finland
Helsinki 532053 Helsinki 905555 33
France
Marseilles 799849
(1990)
Marseilles :
Urban
Community, 16
communes
962634 215
Lyon 414000 Lyon : Urban
Community, 55
communes
1134693 126
Toulouse 358290
(1990)
Toulouse 495431 47
Nice 342766
(1990)
34
Strasbourg 251554
(1990)
Strasbourg :
Urban
Community, 27
communes
422849 30
Bordeaux 217871 Bordeaux :
Urban
Community, 27
communes
658738 28
Nantes 265000
(1990)
Nantes : Urban
District, 15
communes
546000 35
1
See page 14 for explanations of Conurbations and Wider Territorial Unit.
[...]... work, including correspondents in each member state and representatives from participating cities; and, a detailed assessment of the practicality of obtaining information to inform the 33 Terms of Reference ‘indicators’ As a result of this work, the following refinements were made : - - - - The indicators were regrouped into 21 domains reflecting aspects of urban quality of life The grouping offered the. .. decline in the eighties to an increase in the nineties Only four cities experienced the opposite The trends in population over the last two decades indicate stable levels of population within the boundaries of the cities with similar numbers of cities experiencing growth and decline However, much of the decline in cities population that characterised the nineteen eighties has been arrested and the. .. headings2.One of the main criteria emphasised in the selection of indicators was the likelihood of information being available During the pilot phase, the indicators were refined more precisely so that, as far as possible, information could be collected on a comparable basis for the 58 cities This process involved: a review of existing relevant work; discussions amongst those involved in the Urban Audit. .. Levels of activity More people, especially women are in work or seeking work especially in northern cities, but unemployment is increasing Just over two thirds of the population of working age in Urban Audit cities are in work or seeking work The proportions are lower in southern cities Half of the cities have higher activity rates than the national levels and the majority higher activity rates than in. .. Infant mortality rates declining but relatively high in Urban Audit cities The average infant mortality rate (death from birth to one year old per 1,000 births) is 6 for the Urban Audit cities In 63% of the cities for which a gender split is available the infant mortality rate is higher for boys than for girls In 96% of the cities, there has been a decrease in the infant mortality rate Two thirds of. .. one exception, the numbers are higher for the capitals included in the Urban Audit in comparison with the non capitals in the same countries In two thirds of cities, the numbers of headquarters have increased Businesses In all cases at city level, net business registrations were positive The average number of net business registrations per year is 1934 for the Urban Audit cities for which information... number of days per year of “winter smog” is 1.3 for the Urban Audit cities The number of days varies from 0 to 25 Information from 35 cities indicates no days of “winter smog” in the most recent year reported Of the cities for which trend information is available, only 4% have experienced an increase in the number of days per year Winter Smog days 23.6 8.4 1.3 1981 Nine cities registered no “winter... (Activity rate is the number in work or seeking work as a proportion of the population of working age) The majority of women of working age are in the workforce The proportions are much lower in southern cities but overall, they have grown considerably since 1981 and in almost all cities the female activity rates have increased Three fifths of the cities have higher female activity rates than at the national... exists for European comparative urban information Yearbook: Overview 15 Key Findings The philosophy of the urban Yearbook is that it should present information in an objective but comprehensible manner so that the figures can “speak for themselves” Thus readers of the urban Yearbook can use the information to inform their interpretation of the situation affecting EU cities in general and the comparative... WTU/Conurbations, the population have tended to decline slowly at the city level but increase within the WTU/Conurbation level Population decline at the city level was greater amongst large, southern, central and capital cities, but the decline has slowed The majority of Urban Audit cities experienced a decline in the eighties whilst only a minority did so in the nineties Fourteen cities experienced a reversal in . This is the first edition of the Urban Yearbook. It presents the main results of the pilot phase of the Urban Audit.
The purpose of the Urban Audit is. THE URBAN AUDIT
Towards the Benchmarking of Quality of Life in
58 European Cities
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The Yearbook
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