THE URBAN AUDIT Towards the Benchmarking of Quality of Life in 58 European Cities V V O O L L U U M M E E I I : : The Yearbook • Overview • • Comparative Section The Urban Audit is supported by the European Commission. It is aimed at improving comparative information on urban areas. The Urban Audit was supervised by Marcello Roma and Mireille Grubert of Directorate General for Regional Policies and Gilles Durand and Berthold Feldman of Eurostat. The realisation of the pilot phase of the Urban Audit was entrusted to ERECO under the direction of David Taylor, Cambridge Econometrics, Nick Bozeat, Ecotec, Michael Parkinson, EIUA, and Mireia Belil, Borakasi and including a network of national and city level correspondents. Further information on the Urban Audit can be accessed at the INFOREGIO web site (inforegio.cec.int/urban/audit). Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2000. ISBN 92-828-9241-7 © European Communities, 2000 Reproduction is authorised, except for commercial purposes, provided the source is acknowledged. Yearbook 1 Foreword This is the first edition of the Urban Yearbook. It presents the main results of the pilot phase of the Urban Audit. The purpose of the Urban Audit is to provide a resource allowing comparisons across national boundaries on conditions in EU urban areas. The work has, for the first time, brought together information from 58 major EU cities concerning a wide range of aspects of the ‘quality of life’ in urban areas. This process has engaged directly the city authorities who were invited by the European Commission to participate. Though practice concerning information collection and management varies between and within countries, use has been made of a large number of local data sources, in order to supplement the ‘official statistics’ available at national levels. To achieve this, close co-operation has been necessary between the European Commission and the cities. Many individuals within the cities, in statistical agencies at the national levels, and in other agencies at the local level have contributed to the work. Without this active co-operation, the completion of the pilot phase would not have been possible. Special thanks are due to the cities of Bilbao and Nuremberg who were invited to ‘test’ the manual and procedures being developed during the pilot phase to discover the ease with which they could be applied to other cities not yet participating in the Urban Audit. The statistical results from these cities are not included in the urban Yearbook. The advice and feedback will be used however, to inform the future plans of the Urban Audit. The results of the pilot phase are, we hope, of immediate interest to city authorities and citizens alike. However, the value of the information brought together in the pilot phase of the Urban Audit will be much increased if steps are taken to fill the gaps, to update the information, to increase the number of participating cities, to improve the richness of the information in particular domains, and to ensure easy and wide access to the detailed information. The European Commission proposes to continue to work with the cities to this end. The Urban Audit has been directed and managed by Directorate General REGIO, Regional Policy, unit A.1 and Eurostat. Other Directorates of the European Commission have advised on aspects of the work. The urban Yearbook and other products have been prepared by a team of consultants and researchers brought together under the umbrella of ERECO for the Urban Audit pilot phase. The opinions expressed in the Urban Audit products are not necessarily those of the European Commission. The results of the Urban Audit pilot phase are published in three Volumes. Volume I provides the first part of the Yearbook with an overview of the results and brief analyses of the apparent differences in results between different types of cities and emerging trends. Volume I also presents the main results in a series of comparative tables so that findings may be compared between cities and with the results at the Conurbation/Wider Territorial Unit and national levels. Volume II, which is the second part of the Yearbook, presents the summary results for each of the 58 cities. The presentation of findings allows the reader to see how a particular city compares with the other Urban Audit cities and, if appropriate, the variation between scores at the city and Conurbation/Wider Territorial Unit level. Volume III presents the Urban Audit Manual, which allows readers to appreciate in detail the way in which the information was collected and compiled during the pilot phase of the Urban Audit. Yearbook 2 In addition to this publication, the pilot phase of the Urban Audit generated several other outputs, which are publicly available. Namely: - An Urban Audit Web Site (http://www.inforegio.cec.int/urban/audit/). Visitors to the Web Site can investigate different aspects of the Urban Audit process and have access to the results contained in this urban Yearbook and Individual City Audits. The Web site also provides access to the bibliography of parallel work concerning urban indicators. Where applicable, hyperlinks are provided from the Urban Audit Web Site to the sites of participating cities. - Individual City Audits. for each of the 58 Urban Audit Cities. These Individual City Audits elaborate on the information summarised for each city in this document and are ‘virtual’ annexes to the Yearbook. They include maps on population density and land use illustrating the City and WTU/Conurbations boundaries used in the Urban Audit. They are available via the Urban Audit Web Site. Yearbook 3 The Urban Audit Volume I: The Yearbook FOREWORD ……………………………………………………………………………………. 1 OVERVIEW ……………………………………………………………………………………. 5 • Introduction …………………………………………………… …………………………………………. 7 • Policy Context …………………………………………………………………………………………… 7 • City Coverage ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 7 • Indicators …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 10 • Spatial Level – City and Conurbation level – Wider Territorial Units – Sub-city Level …………… 14 • Feasibility …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 15 • Key findings ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 16 1. Population ……………………………………………………………………………………. 18 2. Nationality ……………………………………………………………………………………. 19 3. Household structure ………………………………………………………………………… 20 4. Labour market and Unemployment ……………………………………………………… 22 5. Income, disparities and poverty ……………………………………………………………. 24 6. Housing ………………………………………………………………………………………. 25 7. Health…………………………………………………………………………………………. 26 8. Crime …………………………………………………………………………………………. 27 9. Employment …………………………………………………………………………………. 28 10. Economic activity …………………………………………………………………………… 29 11. Civic involvement …………………………………………………………………………… 31 12. Education and Training Provision ………………………………………………………… 32 13. Level of educational qualifications …………………………………………………………. 33 14. Air quality and Noise ………………………………………………………………………… 34 15. Water ……………………………………………………………………………………… 35 16. Waste management ……………………………………………………………………… 36 17. Land use ……………………………………………………………………………………. 37 18. Travel patterns …………………………………………………………………………… 38 19. Energy use ………………………………………………………………………………… 40 20. Climate/geography ………………………………………………………………………… 41 21. Culture and recreation ………………………………………………………………………. 42 Subcity variations ………………………………………………………………………………… 43 • Annex 1 Detailed results of analysis informing the Overview ………………………… …………… 45 • Annex 2 Methodological aspects ……………………………………………………………………… 75 City Coverage ……………………………………………………………………………………… Indicators ………………………………………………………………………………………… Spatial Level ………………………………………………………………………………………. City ………………………………………………………………………………………… Wider Area ……………………………………………………………………………… Sub-City Level ……………………………………………………………………………. Data flow and data base …………………………………………………………………………. Testing the Urban Audit Manual ………………………………………………………………… 76 76 77 77 77 78 79 79 COMPARATIVE SECTION…………………………………………………………………………. 81 • Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 82 • Notes of caution ….……………………………………………………………………………………… 82 • Socio-economic aspects ……………………………………………………………………………… 84 1 Population ………………………………………………………………………………………… 84 1.1 Population and change ………………………………………………………………………. 84 1.2 Population Age Structure ……………………………………………………………………. 87 2 Nationality ………………………………………………………………………………………… 90 3 Household Structure ………………………………………………………………………………. 93 Yearbook 4 4 Labour market and Unemployment ……………………………………………………………… 96 4.1 Activity …………………………………………………………………………………………. 96 4.2 Unemployment …………………………………………………………………………….… 99 5 Income, Disparities and Poverty ……………………………………………………………… 102 5.1 Household Income and Disparities …………………………………………………………. 103 5.2 Poverty ………………………………………………………………………………………… 105 6 Housing ………………………………………………………………………………………….… 108 6.1 Type of Housing ………………………………………………………………………….… 108 6.2 Type of Tenure ……………………………………………………………………………… 110 6.3 Housing Costs ………………………………………………………………………………… 113 7 Health ………………………………………………………………………………………….……. 116 8 Crime ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 119 9 Employment Change ……………………………………………………………………………… 122 10 Economic Activity ………………………………………………………………………………… 125 11 Civic involvement ………………………………………………………………………………… 128 11.1 Elections …………………………………………………………………………………… 128 11.2 Municipal Budget ……………………………………………………………………………. 131 • Levels of Training and Education …………………………………………………………………… 134 12 Education and Training Provision… ………………………………………………………….…. 134 12.1 School Performance ……………………………………………………………………… 134 12.2 Pre and Post School Provision ……………………………………………………………. 137 13 Level of Educational Qualifications …………………….…………………… …………………. 140 • Environment …………………………………………………………………………………………… 143 14 Air Quality and Noise ……………………………………………………………………… ……. 143 15 Water ………………………………………………………………………………………… ……. 146 16 Waste Management ……………………………………………………………………………… 149 17 Land Use ……………………………………………………………………………………… …. 152 18 Travel Patterns ……………………………………………………………………………… …… 155 19 Energy Use ………………………………………………………………………………… …… 158 20 Climate ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……. 161 • Culture and Recreation ………………………………………… ……………………………….……. 163 21 Culture and Recreation ……………………………………………………………………… … 163 21.1 Music and cinema ………………………………………………………………………… 163 21.2 Museum, Theatre and Libraries …………………………………………………………… 166 21.3 Sports ………………………………………………………………………………………… 169 • Sub-City variations ……………………………………………………………………………………… 172 O O V V E E R R V V I I E E W W 6 Yearbook: Overview 7 Introduction This is the first urban Yearbook to be published by the European Commission. It has been informed by the results of the pilot phase of the Urban Audit. This pilot phase began in May 1998 and was funded under the aegis of Article 10 of the ERDF Regulation which enables the support by the European Commission of innovative measures. Directorate General REGIO for Regional Policy and EUROSTAT are responsible for managing the Urban Audit. Other Directorates of the European Commission have advised on the choice of information to be included in the Urban Audit. The pilot phase was undertaken by ERECO on behalf of the European Commission. The overall purpose of the Urban Audit is to enable an assessment of the state of individual EU cities and to provide access to comparative information from other EU cities. It is intended that the process will facilitate the exchange of information amongst cities. Policy Context There is demand amongst policy makers at all levels for an assessment of quality of life in Europe’s cities. To meet this demand, there is a need for comparable information. Such information helps to identify priorities, to target actions and to assess progress. Such information is currently very limited. The Commission Communication ‘Towards an Urban Agenda in the European Union (COM(97)197)’ identified this need for comparable information and proposed a two-fold approach. First, the Urban Audit to ‘measure the quality of life in our towns and cities through the use of a simple set of urban indicators and a common methodology’. This would be undertaken with a view to these indicators being updated and, in the future, providing an assessment of the impact of urban policies on the development of urban areas. Second, in parallel with this approach, EUROSTAT, in co-operation with national statistical institutes, would process the ‘local’ level information on cities and urban agglomerations and harmonize information systems and definitions. The subsequent Commission Communication ‘Sustainable Urban Development in the European Union: A Framework for Action’ published in October 1998 and debated at the European Urban Forum in Vienna, November 1998, also identified, as one of 24 actions ‘Improving Comparative Information on Urban Conditions’. City Coverage The 58 cities included in the Urban Audit pilot phase were identified by the European Commission on a systematic and objective basis. The largest cities (by population size within their administrative boundaries) within the EU member states have been included. The main exceptions to this principle are: the exclusion because of their large scale of London and Paris; and, in order to ensure a good geographical spread across the EU and to cover a significant percentage of the population in each country, some cities from the smaller EU countries were included even though they have smaller populations than some of those cities not included from the larger countries. Yearbook: Overview 8 POPULATION OF URBAN AUDIT CITIES, CONURBATIONS AND WTU AND NUMBER OF SUB-CITY AREAS CITIES CONURBATIONS WTU SUB-CITY COUNTRY Population (1996) Conurbations 1 Corresponding population Wider territorial units 1 Corresponding population Number of Sub-city areas (within city level) Germany Berlin 3425759 (1997) 23 Hamburg 1707247 4 Munich 1321557 113 Cologne 1014910 (1997) 85 Frankfurt 652324 Frankfurt 2470215 46 Essen 612690 50 Stuttgart 560925 Stuttgart 866631 23 Leipzig 457173 49 Dresden 456102 56 Austria Graz 240179 17 Vienna (1-23) 1616240 46 Belgium Antwerp 455852 25 Brussels (19 Communes) 950597 (1997) 19 Denmark Copenhagen 476751 Copenhagen 1172884 15 Spain Madrid 2866693 Madrid 4404398 21 Barcelona 1508805 Barcelona 2904941 38 Valencia 746683 Valencia 1344436 38 Seville 697485 Seville 983662 12 Zaragoza 601674 24 Malaga 549135 17 Finland Helsinki 532053 Helsinki 905555 33 France Marseilles 799849 (1990) Marseilles : Urban Community, 16 communes 962634 215 Lyon 414000 Lyon : Urban Community, 55 communes 1134693 126 Toulouse 358290 (1990) Toulouse 495431 47 Nice 342766 (1990) 34 Strasbourg 251554 (1990) Strasbourg : Urban Community, 27 communes 422849 30 Bordeaux 217871 Bordeaux : Urban Community, 27 communes 658738 28 Nantes 265000 (1990) Nantes : Urban District, 15 communes 546000 35 1 See page 14 for explanations of Conurbations and Wider Territorial Unit. [...]... work, including correspondents in each member state and representatives from participating cities; and, a detailed assessment of the practicality of obtaining information to inform the 33 Terms of Reference ‘indicators’ As a result of this work, the following refinements were made : - - - - The indicators were regrouped into 21 domains reflecting aspects of urban quality of life The grouping offered the. .. decline in the eighties to an increase in the nineties Only four cities experienced the opposite The trends in population over the last two decades indicate stable levels of population within the boundaries of the cities with similar numbers of cities experiencing growth and decline However, much of the decline in cities population that characterised the nineteen eighties has been arrested and the. .. headings2.One of the main criteria emphasised in the selection of indicators was the likelihood of information being available During the pilot phase, the indicators were refined more precisely so that, as far as possible, information could be collected on a comparable basis for the 58 cities This process involved: a review of existing relevant work; discussions amongst those involved in the Urban Audit. .. Levels of activity More people, especially women are in work or seeking work especially in northern cities, but unemployment is increasing Just over two thirds of the population of working age in Urban Audit cities are in work or seeking work The proportions are lower in southern cities Half of the cities have higher activity rates than the national levels and the majority higher activity rates than in. .. Infant mortality rates declining but relatively high in Urban Audit cities The average infant mortality rate (death from birth to one year old per 1,000 births) is 6 for the Urban Audit cities In 63% of the cities for which a gender split is available the infant mortality rate is higher for boys than for girls In 96% of the cities, there has been a decrease in the infant mortality rate Two thirds of. .. one exception, the numbers are higher for the capitals included in the Urban Audit in comparison with the non capitals in the same countries In two thirds of cities, the numbers of headquarters have increased Businesses In all cases at city level, net business registrations were positive The average number of net business registrations per year is 1934 for the Urban Audit cities for which information... number of days per year of “winter smog” is 1.3 for the Urban Audit cities The number of days varies from 0 to 25 Information from 35 cities indicates no days of “winter smog” in the most recent year reported Of the cities for which trend information is available, only 4% have experienced an increase in the number of days per year Winter Smog days 23.6 8.4 1.3 1981 Nine cities registered no “winter... (Activity rate is the number in work or seeking work as a proportion of the population of working age) The majority of women of working age are in the workforce The proportions are much lower in southern cities but overall, they have grown considerably since 1981 and in almost all cities the female activity rates have increased Three fifths of the cities have higher female activity rates than at the national... exists for European comparative urban information Yearbook: Overview 15 Key Findings The philosophy of the urban Yearbook is that it should present information in an objective but comprehensible manner so that the figures can “speak for themselves” Thus readers of the urban Yearbook can use the information to inform their interpretation of the situation affecting EU cities in general and the comparative... WTU/Conurbations, the population have tended to decline slowly at the city level but increase within the WTU/Conurbation level Population decline at the city level was greater amongst large, southern, central and capital cities, but the decline has slowed The majority of Urban Audit cities experienced a decline in the eighties whilst only a minority did so in the nineties Fourteen cities experienced a reversal in . This is the first edition of the Urban Yearbook. It presents the main results of the pilot phase of the Urban Audit. The purpose of the Urban Audit is. THE URBAN AUDIT Towards the Benchmarking of Quality of Life in 58 European Cities V V O O L L U U M M E E I I : : The Yearbook •