Thông tin tài liệu
This PDF document was made available
from www.rand.org as a public service of
the RAND Corporation.
6
Jump down to document
Visit RAND at www.rand.org
Explore RAND Project AIR FORCE
View document details
This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law
as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic
representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non-
commercial use only. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or
reuse in another form, any of our research documents.
Limited Electronic Distribution Rights
For More Information
CHILD POLICY
CIVIL JUSTICE
EDUCATION
ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT
HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE
INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS
NATIONAL SECURITY
POPULATION AND AGING
PUBLIC SAFETY
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
SUBSTANCE ABUSE
TERRORISM AND
HOMELAND SECURITY
TRANSPORTATION AND
INFRASTRUCTURE
The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit
research organization providing
objective analysis and effective
solutions that address the challenges
facing the public and private sectors
around the world.
Purchase this document
Browse Books & Publications
Make a charitable contribution
Support RAND
This product is part of the RAND Corporation monograph series.
RAND monographs present major research findings that address the
challenges facing the public and private sectors. All RAND mono-
graphs undergo rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for
research quality and objectivity.
Bruce R. Pirnie, Alan Vick, Adam Grissom,
Karl P. Mueller, David T. Orletsky
Prepared for the United States Air Force
Approved for public release; distribution unlimited
Beyond Close
Air Support
Forging a New Air-Ground Partnership
The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit research organization providing
objective analysis and effective solutions that address the challenges
facing the public and private sectors around the world. RAND’s
publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients
and sponsors.
R
®
is a registered trademark.
© Copyright 2005 RAND Corporation
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any
form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying,
recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in
writing from RAND.
Published 2005 by the RAND Corporation
1776 Main Street, P.O. Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138
1200 South Hayes Street, Arlington, VA 22202-5050
201 North Craig Street, Suite 202, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1516
RAND URL: http://www.rand.org/
To order RAND documents or to obtain additional information, contact
Distribution Services: Telephone: (310) 451-7002;
Fax: (310) 451-6915; Email: order@rand.org
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Beyond close air support : forging a new air-ground partnership / Bruce R. Pirnie
[et al.].
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
“MG-301.”
ISBN 0-8330-3741-2 (pbk.)
1. Close air support. 2. Military doctrine—United States. 3. United States. Air
Force. I. Pirnie, Bruce, 1940–
UG700.B48 2005
358.4'142—dc22
2004030608
The research described in this report was sponsored by the United States
Air Force under Contract F49642-01-C-0003. Further information may
be obtained from the Strategic Planning Division, Directorate of Plans,
Hq USAF.
iii
Preface
Although airmen have been providing close air support (CAS) to
friendly ground forces since World War I, recent operations in Af-
ghanistan and Iraq have brought renewed attention to the unique
demands of this mission. The Army increasingly views air power as
indispensable to its future warfighting concepts and seeks mecha-
nisms to ensure that it is available and responsive to the needs of the
land forces. For the Air Force, counterland operations are becoming
more important, but airmen remain concerned with ensuring that air
power’s unique ability to mass rapidly is not lost in efforts to provide
on-call fires to small ground elements spread across a large battle
space.
To address these and related policy challenges, Project AIR
FORCE conducted a study of close support on the future battlefield.
The study addressed three major policy questions: (1) How should air
attack and ground maneuver be integrated? (2) How should the CAS
terminal attack control function be executed? (3) How should ground
maneuver/fires and air attack be deconflicted? This research builds on
work done in Project AIR FORCE over the past ten years to provide
a better understanding of the air-ground partnership as well as to en-
hance the Air Force contribution in operations against enemy land
forces. Previous RAND reports in this area include:
• The Stryker Brigade Combat Team: Rethinking Strategic Respon-
siveness and Assessing Deployment Options, by Alan Vick, David
T. Orletsky, Bruce Pirnie, and Seth G. Jones, MR-1606-AF,
2002.
iv Beyond Close Air Support: Forging a New Air-Ground Partnership
• Aerospace Operations Against Elusive Ground Targets, by Alan
Vick, Richard M. Moore, Bruce Pirnie, and John Stillion,
MR-1398-AF, 2001.
• Aerospace Operations in Urban Environments: Exploring New
Concepts, by Alan Vick, John Stillion, Dave Frelinger, Joel S.
Kvitky, Benjamin S. Lambeth, Jefferson P. Marquis, and
Matthew C. Waxman, MR-1187-AF, 2000.
• Enhancing Airpower’s Contribution Against Light Infantry Targets,
by Alan Vick, John Bordeaux, David T. Orletsky, and David A.
Shlapak, MR-697-AF, 1996.
The research reported here was sponsored by the Director of
Operational Planning, Headquarters, U.S. Air Force, and was con-
ducted within the Strategy and Doctrine Program of RAND Project
AIR FORCE.
RAND Project Air Force
RAND Project AIR FORCE (PAF), a division of the RAND Corpo-
ration, is the U.S. Air Force’s federally funded research and develop-
ment center for studies and analyses. PAF provides the Air Force with
independent analyses of policy alternatives affecting the development,
employment, combat readiness, and support of current and future
aerospace forces. Research is conducted in four programs: Aerospace
Force Development; Manpower, Personnel, and Training; Resource
Management; and Strategy and Doctrine. The research reported here
was prepared under contract F49642-01-C-0003.
Additional information about PAF is available at http://www.
rand.org/paf.
v
Contents
Preface iii
Figures
ix
Tables
xi
Summary
xiii
Acknowledgments
xxi
Abbreviations
xxv
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction 1
Background
1
Purpose and Organization of This Report
4
CHAPTER TWO
The Evolving Relationship Between Air Power and Land Power 7
Air Power Against Armies: Counterland Operations
7
The Spectrum of Counterland Missions
8
Differences Among the Counterland Missions
10
Operational Conceptions of Air Power and Land Power
13
Air Power Augments Land Power
14
Air Power Complements Land Power
15
Air Power Partners with Land Power
16
Air Power Dominates Land Power
18
Air Power Trumps Land Power
19
The Air-Land Partnership in Perspective
20
vi Beyond Close Air Support: Forging a New Air-Ground Partnership
Envisioning Air Power and Land Power on Future Battlefields 21
Counterland Operations Are Critical to U.S. Strategy
21
Air Power Is Increasingly Effective Against Land Forces
22
Land Forces Provide Unique and Essential Capabilities
25
Land Forces Are Increasingly Reliant on Aerial Firepower
26
Enemy Reactions Reinforce the Need for Air-Land Integration
27
Why Forge a New Air-Land Partnership?
28
CHAPTER THREE
Trends in Counterland Operations 31
Introduction
31
Land Forces Are the Critical Target Set
32
Joint Action Is Improving Counterland
33
Jointness Is Descending to Lower Echelons
36
Kosovo (Operation Allied Force)
38
Strategy
38
Operations
41
Insights
44
Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Freedom)
46
Strategy
46
Operations
50
Insights
56
Iraq (Operation Iraqi Freedom)
61
Strategy
61
Operations
64
Insights
70
Changes to Doctrine
74
Missions
75
Fire Support Coordination Line
81
Supported and Supporting Commanders
84
CHAPTER FOUR
Army Transformation and the Air-Land Partnership 87
Introduction
87
The Changing Battlefield
88
The Precision Revolution
88
Contents vii
Information Technology 90
Force Projection
92
The Army’s Vision of Transformation
93
New Equipment
93
New Combat Organizations
98
New Doctrine
100
Trends in Army Firepower
102
Results
106
Implications for the Air Force
111
CHAPTER FIVE
Air Attacks on Call 115
Introduction
115
Desired Characteristics for Aircraft on Call
117
Assessing Required Aircraft
119
Force Structure for Protracted Coverage
121
On Call During a Campaign
122
Conclusion
130
CHAPTER SIX
Terminal Attack Control in the Air-Land Partnership 133
Introduction
133
Background
133
The Terminal Attack Control Mission
135
TAC-Aircraft Communications
136
TAC Proficiency Standards and Training Requirements
140
The TAC Manning Dilemma
142
Support for Army Special Forces
143
TACs and the War on Terrorism
144
Current Demand for TACs
144
Future Demand for TAC Elements
145
New Concepts for Terminal Attack Control
150
Expand Situational Awareness of Ground TACs
150
Place TACs on Helicopters
153
Use Helicopter Pilots as Airborne FACs
154
Enhance Capabilities of FAC-As
156
viii Beyond Close Air Support: Forging a New Air-Ground Partnership
Enhance Bombers as CAS Platforms 157
Disaggregate the Terminal Attack Function
160
Conclusion
164
CHAPTER SEVEN
Conclusions 167
Key Findings
167
Recommendations for the Air Force and the Army
170
Bibliography
173
[...]... ETAC FAC FAC -A Air Force Special Operations Command air interdiction air liaison officer air operations center air support operations center air support operations squadron Army Tactical Command and Control System Airborne Warning and Control System battlefield air interdiction Brigade Unit of Action close air support combat control team Combined Force Air Component Commander Combined Force Land Component... forces in planned offensive operations, and to act as a theater reserve • Air attack and ground maneuver should be planned as mutually enabling activities Close air support is an inaccurate term that implies a one-sided relationship In modern combat, air and ground forces increasingly operate in mutually enabling ways This partnership should be encouraged Close air attack” is a more accurate description... xvi Beyond Close Air Support: Forging a New Air- Ground Partnership more frequently in recent years, take jointness down to the level of very small teams An Operational Detachment-Alpha in the Army’s Special Forces is just a squad, yet it may operate independently, and, normally augmented with terminal attack controllers (TACs), it may call in large numbers of air attacks Conventional forces are operating... terminal attack controller Kosovo Liberation Army laser-guided bomb Multiple Launch Rocket System North Atlantic Treaty Organization Operational Detachment Alpha Stryker brigade combat team secure, mobile, antijam, reliable, tactical terminal special operations forces special tactics squadrons terminal attack controller tactical air control party tactical operations center unmanned aerial vehicle weapons... Functions 161 xi Summary Recent operations in Afghanistan and Iraq have reawakened interest in counterland operations One battle in particular, Operation Anaconda in Afghanistan, sparked a heated debate between the Air Force and the Army about the conduct of close air support (CAS) and led to new efforts to improve the integration of air power and ground power prior to Operation Iraqi Freedom Although these... replacing xiii xiv Beyond Close Air Support: Forging a New Air- Ground Partnership artillery in some cases Marines habitually take this approach, and it might also be valid for Army forces in some situations, such as an airborne assault At the other extreme, air power might coerce an opponent or destroy his military forces in the absence of any ground operation Between the extremes are three plausible alternatives,... weather services (Air Force Doctrine Center, 2000, pp 5–24) 7 8 Beyond Close Air Support: Forging a New Air- Ground Partnership with friendly ground operations or largely independent of them.3 Counterland does not constitute all air attacks against land targets, however; combat operations in the other functional areas, especially counterair, counterspace, strategic attack, and special operations, also... frequently) Marine Corps fighters However, the Army’s relationship to air power is far different from that of the Marine Corps Marine units fight as part of a Marine air- ground task force that includes attack helicopters and fixed-wing attack aircraft The Marines train their ground and air units to fight as a combinedarms team Their airmen see their sole mission as assuring the survival and success of Marines... Beyond Close Air Support: Forging a New Air- Ground Partnership ETAC, Task Force 3-6 9 Armor, 1st Brigade; and TSgt Kevin A Butler, ETAC, 2nd Brigade Maj Michael Pietrucha, the project action officer, provided outstanding support to the study on both substantive and administrative matters We greatly appreciate his detailed and constructive comments on an earlier draft of this report We thank Col Carl Fosnaugh... Commander Central Intelligence Agency Combined Joint Task Force direct attack Department of Defense Defense Satellite Communications System enlisted terminal attack controller forward air controller forward air controller–airborne xxv xxvi Beyond Close Air Support: Forging a New Air- Ground Partnership FCS FSCL FSCM FSE FSO GBS GPS IP ISR IT JAOC JDAM JSTARS JTAC KLA LGB MLRS NATO ODA SBCT SMART-T SOF . as Airborne FACs
154
Enhance Capabilities of FAC-As
156
viii Beyond Close Air Support: Forging a New Air- Ground Partnership
Enhance Bombers as CAS Platforms. 45 1-7 002;
Fax: (310) 45 1-6 915; Email: order@rand.org
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Beyond close air support : forging a new air- ground
Ngày đăng: 06/03/2014, 20:20
Xem thêm: Beyond Close Air Support - Forging a New Air-Ground Partnership pptx, Beyond Close Air Support - Forging a New Air-Ground Partnership pptx