Air Pollution from Motor Vehicles: Standards and Technologies for Controlling Emissions docx

i Air Pollution from Motor Vehicles Standards and Technologies for Controlling Emissions ii Air Pollution from Motor Vehicles blank iii Asif Faiz Christopher S. Weaver Michael P. Walsh With contributions by Surhid P. Gautam Lit-Mian Chan The World Bank Washington, D.C. Air Pollution from Motor Vehicles Standards and Technologies for Controlling Emissions [...]... the U.S Tier 1 standards Country and Other Standards Motorcycles Although the ECE has issued emission standards for motorcycles (ECE regulation 40.01) and mopeds (ECE Regulation 47), these regulations are only now being adopted in the EU (table 1.8) In addition, Austria and Switzerland have established their own technology-forcing emission standards for motorcycles and mopeds.The moped standards are sufficiently... Prevention and Control of Air Pollution (1987), and the “Detailed Rules and Regulations for the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution (1991) Based on these laws, the National Environmental Protection Agency, which is responsible for formulating emission standards and testing procedures, has issued 11 motor vehicle emission control standards and formulated... 141 Inspection and Maintenance Standards Recommended for Thailand 145 Distribution of Carbon Monoxide and Hydrocarbon Emissions from 17,000 Short Tests on Gasoline Cars in Finland 145 In-Service Vehicle Emission Standards in the European Union, 1994 146 In-Service Vehicle Emission Standards in Argentina, New Zealand, and East Asia, 1994 147 In-Service Vehicle Emission Standards in Poland, 1995 148 In-Service... Bus Engines in British Columbia, Canada 198 Emissions from Diesel and Natural Gas Bus Engines in the Netherlands 198 Comparison of Emissions and Fuel Consumption for Five Modern Dual-Fueled European Passenger Cars Operating on Gasoline and LPG 201 Pollutant Emissions from Light- and Heavy-Duty LPG Vehicles in California 201 Standards and Certification Emissions for Production of M85 Vehicles Compared with... Mexico, Sweden, and Switzerland Compliance with these standards usually required a three-way catalytic converter with closedloop control of the air- fuel ratio, and it provided the impetus for major advances in automotive technology worldwide The 1990 Clean Air Act amendments mandated even stricter standards for light-duty and heavyduty vehicles, and also brought emissions from nonroad vehicles and mobile... Current U.S and California emission standards for motorcycles are summarized in table 1.3 Unlike other vehicles, motorcycles used in the U.S can meet these emission standards without a catalytic converter The most important effect of the U.S federal emission standards has been the elimination of twostroke motorcycles, which emit large volumes of hydrocarbons and particulate matter California standards, ... emissions from new cars, such as residual paint solvent) California also applies this limit to motorcycles, but the U.S EPA does not regulate motorcycle evaporative emissions New, more stringent evaporative 6 Air Pollution from Motor Vehicles Table 1.4 U.S Federal and California Exhaust Emission Standards for Medium-Duty Vehicles (grams per mile) 50,000 miles or five years Standard (FTP-75) U.S federal California/U.S.Tier... road vehicles Emission standard for fuel evaporative emissions from road vehicle with gasoline engine Emission standard for pollutants from crankcase of vehicle engines Emission standard for pollutants at idle speed from road vehicle with gasoline engine Emission standard for smoke at free acceleration from road vehicles with diesel engine Emission standard for smoke at full load from automotive diesel... at full load from automotive diesel engines Emission standard for exhaust emissions from motorcycles Measurement method for exhaust emissions from motorcycles under running mode Measurement method for exhaust emissions from motorcycles under idle speed Source: Walsh 1995 Table 1.19 Colombia Emission Limits for Gasoline-Fueled Vehicles for Idle and Low Speed Conditions, Carbon monoxide (%) Model year... number of former Eastern bloc countries, and in some Asian countries Japan has also established a set of emission standards and testing procedures that have been adopted by some other East Asian countries as supplementary standards In setting limits on vehicle emissions, it is important to distinguish between technology-forcing and technologyfollowing emission standards Technology-forcing standards are . i Air Pollution from Motor Vehicles Standards and Technologies for Controlling Emissions ii Air Pollution from Motor Vehicles blank . Chan The World Bank Washington, D.C. Air Pollution from Motor Vehicles Standards and Technologies for Controlling Emissions