New Directions for Biosciences Research in Agriculture High-Reward Opportunities Committee on Biosciences Research in Agriculture Board on Agriculture National Research Council NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington, D.C. 1985 i About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. New Directions for Biosciences Research in Agriculture: High-Reward Opportunities http://www.nap.edu/catalog/13.html National Academy Press 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20418 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sci- ences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was established by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of further- ing knowledge and of advising the federal government. The Council operates in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy under the authority of its congressional charter of 1863, which establishes the Academy as a private, nonprofit, self-governing membership corpora- tion. The Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sci- ences and the National Academy of Engineering in the conduct of their services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. It is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. The National Academy of Engineering and the Institute of Medicine were established in 1964 and 1970, respectively, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences. ——— This project was supported under Agreement No. 59-32R6-3-217 between the Agricultural Research Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the National Academy of Sciences. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 85-60530 ISBN 0-309-03542-2 Printed in the United States of America ii About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. New Directions for Biosciences Research in Agriculture: High-Reward Opportunities http://www.nap.edu/catalog/13.html Committee on Biosciences Research in Agriculture RALPH W. F. HARDY (Chairman), BioTechnica International, Inc., and Cornell University C. EUGENE ALLEN, University of Minnesota CHARLES J. ARNTZEN, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc. DALE E. BAUMAN, Cornell University OLLE BJÖRKMAN, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Stanford WALTER E. BOLLENBACHER, University of North Carolina ROBERT H. BURRIS, University of Wisconsin JOHN E. CASIDA, University of California, Berkeley J. M. DALY, University of Nebraska WILLIAM C. DAVIS, Washington State University ROBERT M. GOODMAN, Calgene, Inc. BERNARD O. PHINNEY, University of California, Los Angeles WILLIAM R. PRITCHARD, University of California, Davis GEORGE E. SEIDEL, JR., Colorado State University WILLIAM H. STONE, Trinity University CHAMP B. TANNER, University of Wisconsin ANNE M. K. VIDAVER, University of Nebraska MILTON ZAITLIN, Cornell University Subcommittee on Animal Science WILLIAM R. PRITCHARD (Subchairman) C. EUGENE ALLEN DALE E. BAUMAN WILLIAM C. DAVIS GEORGE E. SEIDEL, JR. WILLIAM H. STONE Subcommittee on Plant Science ROBERT H. BURRIS (Subchairman) CHARLES J. ARNTZEN OLLE BJÖRKMAN ROBERT M. GOODMAN BERNARD O. PHINNEY CHAMP B. TANNER iii About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. New Directions for Biosciences Research in Agriculture: High-Reward Opportunities http://www.nap.edu/catalog/13.html Subcommittee on Plant Diseases and Insect Pests MILTON ZAITLIN (Subchairman) WALTER E. BOLLENBACHER JOHN E. CASIDA J. M. DALY ANNE M. K. VIDAVER Consultants BRUCE HAMMOCK, University of California, Davis JAMES TRUMAN, University of Washington THOMAS WAGNER, Ohio University ROBERT K. WASHINO, University of California, Davis Staff JAMES E. TAVARES, Project Officer PHILIP ROSS, Senior Staff Officer SELMA P. BARON, Staff Officer CARLA CARLSON, Editor AIDA NEEL, Administrative Secretary iv About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. New Directions for Biosciences Research in Agriculture: High-Reward Opportunities http://www.nap.edu/catalog/13.html Board on Agriculture WILLIAM L. BROWN (Chairman), Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. J OHN A. PINO (Vice Chairman), Inter-American Development Bank L AWRENCE BOGORAD, Harvard University E RIC L. ELLWOOD, North Carolina State University J OSEPH P. FONTENOT, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University R OBERT G. GAST, Michigan State University E DWARD H. GLASS, Cornell University R ALPH W. F. HARDY BioTechnica International, Inc., and Cornell University R OGER L. MITCHELL, University of Missouri C HARLES C. MUSCOPLAT, Molecular Genetics, Inc. E LDOR A. PAUL, University of California, Berkeley V ERNON W. RUTTAN, University of Minnesota J AMES G. TEER, Welder Wildlife Foundation V IRGINIA WALBOT, Stanford University C HARLES M. BENBROOK, Executive Director v About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. New Directions for Biosciences Research in Agriculture: High-Reward Opportunities http://www.nap.edu/catalog/13.html vi About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. New Directions for Biosciences Research in Agriculture: High-Reward Opportunities http://www.nap.edu/catalog/13.html Preface In April 1982 the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture began a major ongoing review by sponsoring an internal symposium aimed at defining comprehensive, long-range planning goals in bioregulation. The agency also recently completed a program document that includes an accompanying six-year implementation plan focused on more immediate goals in research. 1 As a part of this ongoing review and planning process, Terry B. Kinney, Jr., administrator of the ARS, requested that the Board on Agriculture of the National Research Council undertake a study of the ARS research programs concerned with bioregulation. Administrator Kinney asked that the board identify and recommend ARS programs in bioregulation that should be initiated or strengthened to ensure the highest dividends to agriculture. In the organization and execution of this request, bioregulation was interpreted broadly as basic studies of key processes in the biosciences. The Board on Agriculture appointed a committee of 18 members with wide-ranging expertise to undertake this study. The Committee on Biosciences Research in Agriculture represents a breadth of knowledge across the disciplines of science and also represents a combination of experience in research, management, and administration in both academe and industry. The committee was divided into three subcommittees to explore current and proposed ARS research efforts on mechanisms that regulate the biology of animals, plants, and insects and plant 1 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. 1983. Agricultural Research Service Program Plan: 6-Year Implementation Plan, 1984-1990. Miscellaneous publication number 1429. Washington, D.C. PREFACE vii About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. New Directions for Biosciences Research in Agriculture: High-Reward Opportunities http://www.nap.edu/catalog/13.html pathogens, respectively. Committee members interviewed a large number of research scientists and laboratory chiefs during 23 separate visits to 19 of the 147 ARS research centers throughout the United States and abroad (see Appendix). Some of these included ARS units that are affiliated with universities. Although it was not possible for subcommittee members to meet with all ARS scientists in each laboratory group, open periods were arranged during many site visits so that any ARS scientist who wished to present ideas on priority research areas had an opportunity to do so. At university-associated laboratories, discussions included some of the university scientists who were conducting related research. The committee members sought, through discussions with ARS scientists about both current and future programs, to obtain a clear view of the present capabilities of the ARS and to specify how these capabilities might be augmented to take advantage of the newer biotechnologies. They also recognized the importance of making recommendations about the conditions that combine to create an optimal climate for research, based on visits to ARS laboratories and on general experiences with changing climates in some of the outstanding laboratories practicing the new biology. Committee members were pleased with the open and enthusiastic discussions that took place at all centers. The interest, cooperation, and contributions of ARS scientists were exemplary. It is significant to note that the final conclusions—on both research opportunities and the optimal climate for basic research—of the Committee on Biosciences Research in Agriculture were prepared in response to the request from ARS, but they apply broadly to the agricultural research community. The conclusions are based on the thoughts and suggestions of many of the ARS scientists themselves, coupled with the experience and ideas of the committee members. Although other reports have addressed new opportunities in agriculture, especially in the plant sciences, this report provides a uniquely holistic view of agriculture, generated by an integrated committee of plant and animal scientists. RALPH W. F. HARDY CHAIRMAN PREFACE viii About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. New Directions for Biosciences Research in Agriculture: High-Reward Opportunities http://www.nap.edu/catalog/13.html Acknowledgments The committee wishes to express its appreciation to the ARS area and center directors, laboratory leaders, and scientists at the 19 locations visited for preparing background materials and research summaries for subcommittee members prior to their visits, and for assistance in organizing the visits. The committee acknowledges the staff of the Board on Agriculture—Selma P. Baron, Staff Officer; Philip Ross, Senior Staff Officer; and James E. Tavares, Project Officer—and their support and guidance during committee meetings and subcommittee site visits. The committee wishes to thank Aida Neel, Project Secretary, for her technical support during meetings and in the preparation of this report. The committee members wish to express special gratitude to James E. Tavares and Carla Carlson, consultant and editor of this report, for drawing our ideas and conclusions into final form. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ix About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. New Directions for Biosciences Research in Agriculture: High-Reward Opportunities http://www.nap.edu/catalog/13.html ACKNOWLEDGMENTS x About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. New Directions for Biosciences Research in Agriculture: High-Reward Opportunities http://www.nap.edu/catalog/13.html [...]... MOLECULAR GENETICS AND GENETIC ENGINEERING 17 Research is under way to develop a number of vector systems for use in transferring recombinant DNA into plants Plasmids as Vectors Two naturally occurring systems in plants do involve insertion of DNA sequences into chromosomes The megaplasmids, Ti (tumor inducing) and Ri (root inducing), are carried into host plant cells in nature by the soil bacteria Agrobacterium... original paper book, not from the original typesetting files Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution New Directions for Biosciences Research. .. original paper book, not from the original typesetting files Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution New Directions for Biosciences Research. .. original paper book, not from the original typesetting files Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution New Directions for Biosciences Research. .. the original typesetting files Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution New Directions for Biosciences Research in Agriculture: High-Reward... typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution New Directions for Biosciences Research in Agriculture: High-Reward Opportunities http://www.nap.edu/catalog/13.html MOLECULAR GENETICS AND GENETIC ENGINEERING 15 biochemical pathways in. .. typesetting files Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution New Directions for Biosciences Research in Agriculture: High-Reward Opportunities http://www.nap.edu/catalog/13.html... typesetting files Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution New Directions for Biosciences Research in Agriculture: High-Reward Opportunities http://www.nap.edu/catalog/13.html... heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution New Directions for Biosciences Research in Agriculture: High-Reward Opportunities http://www.nap.edu/catalog/13.html MOLECULAR GENETICS AND GENETIC ENGINEERING... typesetting files Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution New Directions for Biosciences Research in Agriculture: High-Reward Opportunities http://www.nap.edu/catalog/13.html . New Directions for Biosciences Research in Agriculture High-Reward Opportunities Committee on Biosciences Research in Agriculture Board on Agriculture National. reserved. New Directions for Biosciences Research in Agriculture: High-Reward Opportunities http://www.nap.edu/catalog/13.html 6. The Optimal Climate for Basic Research