Tài liệu hạn chế xem trước, để xem đầy đủ mời bạn chọn Tải xuống
1
/ 582 trang
THÔNG TIN TÀI LIỆU
Thông tin cơ bản
Định dạng
Số trang
582
Dung lượng
1,57 MB
Nội dung
GAMES
FOR
THE PLAYGROUND,HOME,SCHOOL
AND GYMNASIUM
BY
JESSIE H. BANCROFT
ASSISTANT DIRECTOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, PUBLIC SCHOOLS, NEW
YORK CITY;
EX-SECRETARY AMERICAN PHYSICAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION;
MEMBER AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FORTHE ADVANCEMENT
OF SCIENCE; AUTHOR OF "SCHOOL
GYMNASTICS," ETC., ETC.
New York
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
1922
All rights reserved
COPYRIGHT, 1909,
BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.
Set up and electrotyped. Published, December, 1909.
Norwood Press
J. S. Cushing Co.—Berwick & Smith Co.
Norwood, Mass., U.S.A.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
INTRODUCTION 1
TO THE TEACHER OF GAMES 26
COUNTING-OUT; CHOOSING SIDES; WHO'S "IT"? 35
MISCELLANEOUS ACTIVE GAMES 43
QUIET GAMES 211
FEATS AND FORFEITS 243
SINGING GAMES 259
BALLS AND BEAN BAGS 295
a.
Specifications for Balls, Bean Bags, and Marking Grounds,
etc.
297
b. Bean Bag and Oat Sack Games 303
c. Ball Games 319
INDEXES
GAMES FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS, FIRST TO EIGHTH YEARS 427
GAMES FOR HIGH SCHOOLS 433
GAMES FOR PLAYGROUNDS, GYMNASIUMS, AND LARGE
NUMBERS
435
GAMES FOR BOYS' AND GIRLS' SUMMER CAMPS 440
a. Active Games 440
b. Quiet Games 442
HOUSE-PARTY AND COUNTRY-CLUB GAMES 444
a. Active Games 444
b. Quiet Games 445
GAMES FOR CHILDREN'S PARTIES 446
a. Active Games 446
b. Quiet Games 447
SEASHORE GAMES 449
ALPHABETICAL INDEX 451
[vii]
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
RING A' ROSES Frontispiece
FACING PAGE
ALL-UP RELAY RACE 45
BUYING A LOCK 58
CATCH-AND-PULL TUG OF WAR; A HIGH SCHOOL
FRESHMAN CLASS
60
FORCING THE CITY GATES 89
HOW MANY MILES TO BABYLON? 108
JUMPING ROPE ON THE ROOF PLAYGROUND OF A
PUBLIC SCHOOL
118
OYSTER SHELL 143
PITCH PEBBLE 147
PRISONER'S BASE 158
ROLLING TARGET AS PLAYED BY THE HIDATSA
INDIANS,
FORT CLARK, NORTH DAKOTA 169
SNOW SNAKE 182
A CITY PLAYGROUND 200
FLOWER MATCH 220
SKIN THE SNAKE 252
DRAW A BUCKET OF WATER 263
THE DUCK DANCE 276
BALLS 297
CAPTAIN BALL IN A HIGH SCHOOL 342
CIRCLE STRIDE BALL 358
DRIVE BALL 375
BALL GAME ON THE ROOF PLAYGROUND OF A PUBLIC
SCHOOL
400
TETHER BALL 409
[1]
INTRODUCTION
[3]
INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE AND PLAN.—This book aims to be a practical guide forthe player of
games, whether child or adult, andforthe teacher or leader of games. A wide variety
of conditions have been considered, including schools, playgrounds, gymnasiums,
boys' and girls' summer camps, adult house parties and country clubs, settlement
work, children's parties, andthe environment of indoors or out of doors, city or
country, summer or winter, the seashore, the woodland, or the snow. Thegames have
been collected from many countries and sources, with a view to securing novel and
interesting as well as thoroughly tried and popular material, ranging from traditional
to modern gymnasiumand athletic games. An especial effort has been made to secure
games for particular conditions. Among these may be mentioned very strenuous
games for older boys or men; gamesforthe schoolroom; gamesfor large numbers;
new gymnasiumgames such as Nine Court Basket Ball and Double Corner Ball;
games which make use of natural material such as stones, pebbles, shells, trees,
flowers, leaves, grasses, holes in the sand or earth, and diagrams drawn on the ground.
The description, classification, and arrangement of thegames have been made with
the steadfast purpose of putting them into the most workable form, easily understood,
with suggestions for getting the most sport and playing value out of them, and with
means of ready reference to any class of gamesfor use under any of the conditions
mentioned. The series of indexes which accomplish this last-mentioned purpose make
it possible to classify thegames in many different ways, sparing the reader the
necessity for hunting through much unrelated material to find that[4] suited to his
conditions. The index for schools is essentially a graded course of study in games.
The ball games requiring team play have been described according to an analytic
scheme not before used forthe class of games given in the present volume, which
makes it possible to locate at a glance information about the laying out of the ground,
the number, assignment, and duties of players, the object of the game, rules and points
of play, fouls, and score. The various kinds of balls are described with official
specifications. Diagrams for all kinds of games have been supplied unsparingly,
wherever it seemed possible to make clearer the understanding of a game by such
means, and pictorial illustration has been used where diagrams were inadequate. The
music for all singing games is given with full accompaniment. Suggestions forthe
teaching and conduct of games are given, with directions for floor formations. Means
of counting out and choosing sides and players are described, and one section is
devoted to forfeits.
Under each of the main divisions chosen—miscellaneous active games, quiet games,
singing games, bean-bag games, and ball games—the material has been arranged in
alphabetic order to facilitate ready reference, although a general alphabetic index is
appended. In short, the book aims to bring together all related material and every
available device for making it readily accessible and easily understood.
Original researchSOURCES AND NATURE OF MATERIAL.—The material in
this volume, aside from that accumulated through a long experience in the teaching
and supervision of games, has been collected through (1) special original research, and
(2) bibliographical research. The original research has been made among the foreign
population of New York City, where practically the entire world is accessible, and in
other sections of the United States. This has resulted in some entirely new games that
the writer has not found elsewhere in print. From among these may be mentioned the
Greek Pebble Chase, the Russian Hole Ball, the Scotch Keep Moving, the Danish
Slipper Slap, and, from our own country, among others,[5] Chickadee-dee from Long
Island, and Hip from New Jersey. Entirely new ways of playing games previously
recorded have been found, amounting not merely to a variation but to a wholly new
form. Such is the method here given for playing Babylon, a form gathered from two
different Scotch sources. Another example is the game of Wolf, for which additional
features have been found that add greatly to its playing value, especially the rule
whereby the wolf, when discovered by the sheep who are hunting for him, shall take a
jump toward the sheep before his chase after them begins; or, should he discover them
first, the requirement that they take three steps toward him before the chase begins.
Such points add greatly to the sport of a game, and with the spoken formulas that
accompany them form a rich find for both student and player.
One may not well refer to the original research without mention of the charm of the
task itself. It has been one of the sunniest, happiest lines possible to follow, attended
invariably with smiling faces and laughter on the part of old or young, native or
foreign, the peasant people or those more sophisticated.
Bibliographical research and results
The bibliographical research has covered a wide field. Heretofore the principal
sources in English forthe collector of games have been the invaluable and scholarly
folklore compilations of Mr. William Wells Newell (Songs andGames of American
Children) and Mrs. Alice B. Gomme (Traditional Games in the Dictionary of British
Folk Lore). The earlier British collection by Strutt (Sports and Pastimes of the English
People) has also been a source of great value. In the United States considerable
collecting and translating of games have from time to time been done by the physical
training magazine, Mind and Body. For all modern athletic games an invaluable
service has been rendered by Messrs. A. G. Spalding and Brothers in the publication,
since 1892, of the Spalding Athletic Library, under the direction of Mr. A. G. Spalding
and Mr. James E. Sullivan. The author is greatly indebted to all of these sources. In
addition, hundreds of volumes have been consulted in many fields including works of
travel, reports of missionaries, etc. This has resulted in games from widely scattered
sources, including European countries, the Orient, the Arctic regions, andthe
North[6] American Indians. While in such a mass of material there are some games
that are found in almost all countries, so that one is continually meeting old friends
among them, a very considerable harvest of distinctive material has been gathered,
eloquent of environment, temperamental, or racial traits. Such, among many others,
are the Japanese Crab Race; the Chinese games of Forcing the City Gates, and Letting
Out the Doves; the Korean games with flowers and grasses; the North American
Indian games of Snow Snake and Rolling Target; andthe poetic game of the little
Spanish children about the Moon and Stars, played in the boundaries marked by
sunshine and shadow.
Standard Material
But the object of the book has been by no means to present only novel material. There
is an aristocracy of games, classic by all the rights of tradition and popular approval,
without which a collection would be as incomplete as would an anthology of English
ballads without Robin Hood, Sally in our Alley, or Drink to me only with thine Eyes.
These standard games are amply represented, mingled in the true spirit of American
democracy with strangers from foreign lands andthe new creations of modern athletic
practice.
Local color and humor in games
The games, old and new, are full of that intimation of environment which the novelist
calls local color, often containing in the name alone a comprehensive suggestiveness
as great as that of an Homeric epithet. Thus our familiar Cat and Mouse appears in
modern Greece as Lamb and Wolf; andthe French version of Spin the Platter is My
Lady's Toilet, concerned with laces, jewels, and other ballroom accessories instead of
our prosaic numbering of players. These changes that a game takes on in different
environments are of the very essence of folklore, and some amusing examples are to
be found in our own country. For instance, it is not altogether surprising to find a
game that is known under another name in the North called, in Southern States, "Ham-
Ham-Chicken-Ham-Bacon!" The author found a good example of folklore-in-the-
making in the game usually known as "Run, Sheep, Run!" in which a band of hidden
players seek their goal under the guidance of signals shouted by a leader. As gathered
in a Minnesota town, these signals consisted of colors,—red, blue, green, etc.
This[7] same game was found in the city environment of New York under the name of
Oyster Sale, andthe signals had become pickles, tomatoes, and other articles strongly
suggestive of a delicatessen store. The butterfly verse for Jumping Rope is obviously
another late production of the folklore spirit.
The lover of childish humor will find many delightful examples of it among the
games, as where little Jacky Lingo feeds bread and butter to the sheep (Who Goes
Round My Stone Wall?); or the Mother, trying the Old Witch's apple pie, discovers
that "It tastes exactly like my child Monday!" The tantalizing "nominies" or "dares,"
as in Fox and Geese, and Wolf, andthe ways in which players are trapped into false
starts, as in Black Tom, are also highly amusing.
PRINCIPLES OF SELECTION.—In the selection of material for this work, a
marked distinction has been made between games, on the one hand, and, on the other,
the unorganized play and constructive activities included in many books of children's
games. While the term "play" includes games, so that we "play games," it applies also
to informal play activities, such as a child's "playing horse," "playing house," or
playing in the sand. In such unorganized play there are no fixed rules, no formal mode
of procedure, and generally, no climax to be achieved. The various steps are usually
spontaneous, not predetermined, and are subject to individual caprice. In games, on
the contrary, as in Blind Man's Buff, Prisoners' Base, or Football, there are prescribed
acts subject to rules, generally penalties for defeat or the infringement of rules, andthe
action proceeds in a regular evolution until it culminates in a given climax, which
usually consists in a victory of skill, speed or strength. In a strictly scientific sense,
games do not always involve the element of sport or play, being used in many forms
among primitive peoples for serious divinatory purposes. It is perhaps needless to say
that all of thegames in the present collection are forthe purpose of sport and
recreation.
Playing values
The four hundred games here published are selected from a[8] far larger number. No
game has been included that has not been considered to have strong playing values, by
which term is meant, in addition to other qualities, and above all others, the amount of
sport and interest attending it. The points of play that contribute to the success of a
game have been secured from experience, and unfamiliar games have been thoroughly
tested andthe points of play noted for older or younger players, large or small
numbers, or other circumstances.
Elements of games
Games may be analyzed into certain elements susceptible of classification, such as the
elements of formation, shown in the circle form, line form, or opposing groups; other
elements are found in modes of contest, as between individuals or groups; tests of
strength or skill; methods of capture, as with individual touching or wrestling, or with
a missile, as in ball-tag games; or the elements of concealment, or chance, or guessing,
or many others. These various elements are like the notes of the scale in music,
susceptible of combinations that seem illimitable in variety. Thus in the Greek Pebble
Chase, the two elements that enter into the game—that of (1) detecting or guessing
who holds a concealed article, and (2) a chase—are neither of them uncommon
elements, but in this combination make a game that differs in playing value from any
familiar game, and one affording new and genuine interest, as evidenced by the
pleasure of children in playing it. Indeed, the interest and sport were fully as great
with a group of adult Greek men who first demonstrated this game forthe author. This
element of guessing which player holds a concealed article is found again in a
different combination in the Scotch game of Smuggling the Geg, where it is used with
opposing groups and followed by hiding and seeking. This combination makes a
wholly different game of it, and one of equal or even superior playing value to the
Pebble Chase, though suited to different conditions.
Because of this wonderful variety in combinations, leading to entirely different
playing values, the author has found it impossible to agree with some other students of
games, that it is practicable to select a few games that contain all of the typical
elements of interest. Such limitation seems no more possible than in painting, poetry,
music, or any other field of spontaneous imitative or[9] creative expression. There will
doubtless always be some games that will have large popular following, playing on
the "psychology of the crowd," as well as on that of the players. Thus we have the
spectacle of so-called national games, Baseball and Football in America, Handball in
Ireland, Pelota in Spain, and so on; but natural expression through games has always
been and probably always will be infinitely varied, and should be if the psychology of
the subject is to be taken as a guide.
In the arrangement of material there has many times been a strong temptation to
classify thegames by their historic, geographic, psychologic, or educational interests;
by the playing elements contained in them; or by several other possible methods
which are of interest chiefly to the academic student; but these have each in turn been
[...]... little children the teacher should simply stretch his or her own hands sideways, taking a child by either hand to show what is wanted, and telling the others to form a circle All will naturally clasp hands in the same way Children should be urged to move quickly for such formations For some gamesthe hands remain clasped For others the hands are dropped (unclasped) after the ring is formed The distance... by the stretch of the arms when the hands are clasped, making the ring larger or smaller With older players the teacher's participation in the formation of the circle is not necessary, the mere command to "Form circle!" being adequate For large numbers the ring formation is best achieved from a line standing in single file The players should march or run, the leader of the file describing a circle and. .. lines, the following methods are among the most orderly:— I The players "fall in" for a march in single file They march up the center of the room or ground; the first player turns to the right andthe next to the left, and so on alternately, taking stations at the sides of the ground; they are thus separated into two opposing groups, those which turn to the right forming one group or team, and those to the. .. limitations they put upon normal life in many ways andthe need for special effort to counterbalance these limitations The lack of opportunity for natural play for children and young people is one of the saddest and most harmful in its effects upon growth of body and character The number of children who have only the crowded city streets to play in is enormous, and any one visiting the public schools in the. .. rounded forward, andthe lungs, heart, and digestive organs crowded upon one another in a way that impedes their proper functioning and induces passive congestion In short, the nervous strain for both pupil and teacher, the need for vigorous stimulation of respiration and circulation, for an outlet for the repressed social and emotional nature, for the correction of posture, andfor a change from abstract... mainly those of active and dramatic character as distinguished from the board and implement games Mrs Gomme sees in their form, method of playing, the dialogue often included, andthe fact of their continuance from generation to generation, an expression of the dramatic instinct, and considers them a valuable adjunct in the study of the beginnings of the drama The student of games must find of great... resourceful player The result of this andthe test of it will be the amount of interest and sport in thegames Do not make thegames too serious Get laughter and frolic out of them Encourage timid pupils to give dares and to take risks No class of players needs more sympathetic or tactful understanding and help from a teacher than the timid Such children often suffer greatly through their shyness They should... interest As a rule the competitive spirit is strong in games in the line and group formations, and, indeed, is usually the basis of such formations For all formations pupils should be trained to move quickly Formations made from marching order may often be done on the double-quick RING FORMATION. For small numbers of players no formal procedure is needed to get the players into a ring formation For very little... appropriate Gamesfor boys and girls No distinction has been made in general between gamesfor boys and girls The modern tendency of gymnasiumand athletic practice is away from such distinctions, and is concerned more with the time limits or other conditions for playing a game than with the game itself This is a question that varies so much with the previous training and condition of players on the one hand,... appreciates and enters into the clear-eyed sport and frolic of the child, is to have a means of renewal for the physical, mental, and moral nature In a large city in the Middle West there is a club formed for the express purpose of giving the parents who are members an opportunity to enjoy their children in this way The club meets one evening a week It is composed of a few professional and business men and their . Ball Games 319
INDEXES
GAMES FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS, FIRST TO EIGHTH YEARS 427
GAMES FOR HIGH SCHOOLS 433
GAMES FOR PLAYGROUNDS, GYMNASIUMS, AND LARGE. boys or men; games for the schoolroom; games for large numbers;
new gymnasium games such as Nine Court Basket Ball and Double Corner Ball;
games which