HOW TO VALUE YOUR BUSINESS AND INCREASE ITS POTENTIAL JAY B. ABRAMS, ASA, CPA, MBA McGraw-Hill New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 0-07-143564-6 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-139520-2. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. 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DOI: 10.1036/0071435646 Contents Acknowledgments vii Introduction viii My Assumptions About the Reader viii Who Should Read This Book, and Why ix Organization xi How to Read This Book xii Knowing the Value of Your Business xv My Goals xv PART ONE BUSINESS VALUATION 1 Chapter 1 What Is Value? 5 Standards of Value 6 Conclusion 10 Chapter 2 Valuation Approaches: How We Value a Business 11 Three Valuation Approaches 11 Origins of Business Valuation 12 Asset Approach 13 Income Approach 16 More on Discounted Cash Flow 20 Market Approach 24 Dangers of the Market Approach 28 Conclusion 30 Appendix to Chapter 2 31 Guideline Public Company Method 31 Liquidating Balance Sheet Method 36 Chapter 3 Forecasting Sales and Economic Net Income 39 Historical Sales Growth 40 Adjustments to Historical Net Income 41 iii For more information about this title, click here. Historical and Adjusted Income Statements 45 Forecast of Net Income 52 Conclusion 53 Chapter 4 Defining and Measuring Economic Cash Flow 54 Cash Flow: The Shortcut Equation 54 Net Working Capital 56 Cash Flow: The Complete Equation 60 Defining Economic Cash Flow 61 Payout and Retention Ratios 66 Conclusion 70 Chapter 5 Discounting to Present Value 71 Return on Investment 71 Calculating Future Values 72 Discounting to Present Value 77 Calculating Discount Rates 86 Conclusion 96 Chapter 6 Valuation Using the Gordon Model 98 How the Model Works 98 Gordon Model Multiples 104 Valuation When a Firm Is Not Mature 106 Conclusion 109 Chapter 7 Sample Discounted Cash Flow Valuation 110 The Sample DCF 110 Conclusion 118 Appendix to Chapter 7 119 Calculating Historical Sales Growth 119 Historical Economic Profit Margin 120 Forecasting Economic Net Income 125 Chapter 8 Adjusting for Control and Marketability 127 Overview of the Procedure 128 Defining the Assignment 129 Levels of Value 132 Conclusion 140 iv CONTENTS Chapter 9 Increasing the Value of Your Business 141 Annual Growth Rate 141 Future Valuation of Startups 142 Valuation in the Future 144 Maximizing Business Value 147 Risk: What Is It and How Do We Reduce It? 153 Reducing Risks to the Buyer 163 Conclusion 169 PART TWO THE SALE AND FINANCING OF A BUSINESS 171 Valuation for a Sale 172 Venture Capital Financing 172 Tax Considerations and Strategies 172 Chapter 10 An Appraiser’s Perspective on Valuation for Sale 175 Adjusting the Nominal Price to the Real Price 175 How Appraisers, Brokers, and Bankers Differ 179 The Danger of Ignorance, Self-Deception, and Greed 184 Investment Value vs. Fair Market Value 188 Conclusion 192 Chapter 11 A Business Intermediary’s Perspective 193 Jim Levy Valuation 194 Integrity of Financial Statements 198 The Proactive Sale Process 202 Why Employ an Intermediary? 205 Conclusion 207 Chapter 12 An Investment Banker’s Perspective 209 Michael Keane Doing Business with Investment Bankers 209 Valuation 214 Conclusion 222 Chapter 13 Venture Capital 101 223 Bruce Taragin Bowling for Dollars 223 Contents v Overview of Venture Capital 227 Targeting the Right Venture Capital Firm 228 The Venture Process 234 Conclusion 241 Chapter 14 Selling Your Business: Tax Considerations and Strategies 243 David C. Boatwright Structuring a Sale 243 Choosing a Sale Structure 249 Conclusion 263 Chapter 15 Valuation Controversy: An IRS Perspective 264 Howard A. Lewis Setting the Stage: The Cast of Characters 265 The Audit Process 266 The Nature of Experts in Tax Valuation 269 The Business Owner’s Role in the Audit 271 Mistakes and How to Correct Them 274 Conclusion 280 List of Abbreviations 281 Glossary 283 Resources 288 The Supplemental Chapters 288 About the Contributors 292 About the Author 297 Index 299 vi CONTENTS Acknowledgments I want to express my most profound appreciation to my parents, as their unceasing support above and beyond the parental call of duty brings me to tears. I am grateful to my father, Leonard Abrams, who taught me how to write, and to my mother, Marilyn Abrams, who taught me mathematics. I express my deep gratitude to my wife, Cindy, who believes in me, and to my children, Yonatan, Binyamin, Miriam, Nechamah, and Rivkah, who gave up countless Sundays with me for this book. I am very grateful to Chaim Borevitz and Linda Feinholz, who edited every one of my chapters and who coached me to transform my writing to a much more user-friendly style, caught my mis- takes, and made significant contributions to the thought that per- meates this book. I thank Daniel Jordan for his help in editing several chapters. I am grateful to my contributors, every one of whom worked very hard to communicate their expertise to you. They all have pro- duced excellence. In particular, I thank my contributors whose work would have appeared in this book had space permitted. In- stead, their work is available to you as supplementary material on my website, www.abramsvaluation.com, under “Books: How to Value Your Business and Increase Its Potential” Thus I thank Linda Feinholz, Dan O’Connell, Jim Stump, Ed Schuck, Penelope Roeder, and Jim Ward. I am grateful to my lovely, sweet editors, Kelli Christiansen, Ann Wildman, and Ela Aktay, who have all been patient and a de- light to work with. Ela was my editor on my first book, as well as the beginning of this one. I express my gratitude to Jeffrey Krames and the McGraw-Hill team for believing in me a second time. I thank Dr. Shannon P. Pratt for his very helpful comments on my book. Dr. Pratt is a legend in the valuation profession, and it was an unexpected great honor that he provided me with edits. I am always grateful to my great teachers, Mr. Tsutomu Ohshima and Christopher Hunt. They modeled power and integrity and helped me draw forth my best. vii Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. Introduction MY ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT THE READER How to Value Your Business and Increase Its Potential will teach you just that: How to value your business “quick and dirty,” and how to manage it to increase its worth. I have written it primar- ily for business owners, but others can also benefit. Here are some of my assumptions about the reader: 1. If you’re not currently thinking of selling your business, you are nonetheless curious about how much it is worth now, and very curious about what its worth will be when you reach retirement age. 2. If you’re thinking about selling your business now, you are burning with curiosity about its value. This is true as well if you are considering buying a business. This book will help you calculate the “right price” in both cases. 3. Most of you are uninterested in business valuation as a science and as an art form and would prefer to get the “easy version” of the math rather than the complete ver- sion. A few of you want the hard stuff. Therefore, I have attempted to keep mathematics out of at least the text as much as possible. Thus, the math you’ll find in the chap- ters is there because it’s necessary. Optional mathemat- ics for quantitative connoisseurs appears in the appen- dixes and occasionally in documents you can retrieve on my Web site. 4. You may appreciate some humor to break up the mathe- matical monotony. If you don’t find my humor funny, I suggest therapy, but if that doesn’t work, ignore it and fo- cus on the useful information instead. Some of the humor viii Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. is in the footnotes or in parentheses, to keep it from dis- tracting those who prefer to stay focused on the material. 5. Some of you are comfortable with the computer. In Chap- ter 7 there are valuation tables created in spreadsheets in Excel format, which virtually all other spreadsheets can read. You can download these spreadsheets from my Web site, www.abramsvaluation.com, under “Books.” If you have even rudimentary knowledge of electronic spreadsheets, you can follow the directions and make ex- cellent use of the software. If not, don’t worry: You can also value your company using chicken scratchings on the back of an envelope. WHO SHOULD READ THIS BOOK, AND WHY This book should be of benefit to the following people, or categories of people, and for the following reasons: Business Owners You are the primary reader. After all, it’s your business, and no one cares more about its value than you. Attorneys Your clients need to know business values, and you have special- ized knowledge that should affect our calculation of the value—if you only knew what could be relevant to a professional business appraiser,. Legal rights and restrictions often impact value, and appraisers are often knowledgeable enough about law to be dan- gerous. Appraisers are not attorneys, and they need your help to get it right. The better you understand valuation, the more likely it is that you can help your client receive the most accurate valu- ation possible. For example, there are often restrictions on selling stock in a corporation of which the corporate attorney may be aware that the sale can depress the value of the stock were it not restricted. A partner’s right of first refusal that lasts six months and provides for payment over 10 years at 5 percent interest would certainly re- duce the value of the selling partner’s shares. Attorneys are often INTRODUCTION ix x INTRODUCTION more aware than a business appraiser of tax law or case law that can impact value. An attorney who does not understand the valu- ation process is at a disadvantage in recognizing what is relevant, and his or her client may suffer because of that. Also, it is likely that you either occasionally or frequently are in a position of having to recommend a professional appraiser to a client and work with that appraiser. The more that you know about valuation, the better you can do both of those jobs. Certified Public Accountants CPAs are often a business owner’s trusted adviser on financial mat- ters—like a personal CFO. Because all businesses eventually need to transfer ownership (except in the case of liquidation), whether through sale, gift, or inheritance, you may be asked to provide val- uation-related advice. This book will go into some of the mechan- ics of business valuation as well as examining the valuation con- text and environment. Understanding these, and other topics to be discussed, should make you a more competent adviser to your clients and provide more tools to help your client find the right pro- fessional when specialists are needed. Accountants who would like to develop a valuation practice certainly can benefit from this book, which can provide and/or sharpen and increase your valuation skills. It’s important to note, however, that to be a valuation professional, you’ll need more quan- titative tools than you will find in this book. Insurance Agents Learning to do “quick and dirty” valuations for your existing and potential clients can enable you to spot an underinsured actual or potential client. This could not only generate additional premiums for your existing clients, but also distinguish you from a potential client’s existing agent who might have ignored his or her needs through ignorance of value. Business Brokers This book can sharpen and increase your valuation skills. This should enable you to do a better job of measuring and explaining [...]... who understands valuation can add to the accuracy of the process ORGANIZATION How to Value Your Business and Increase Its Potential consists of two parts Part One, the core of the book, contains the following general topics: • • • Chapters 1 through 8: How to value your business as of today Chapter 9: How to value your business as of a future date How to manage your business to increase its value over... Business and Increase Its Potential is valuable, however, because it is so short and simple It provides an overview of professional appraisal before diving into myriad details and variations 3 To give you insights on how to increase the value of your business 4 To help you “groom” your business for sale 5 To help you understand when you must increase your profitability or consider closing your business 6 To. .. to make a decision based on valuation that has significant monetary consequences, get a professional appraiser to help you This book is an invaluable tool to learn how valuation works, to perform your own “quick -and- dirty” valuation on your firm for planning purposes, and to learn how to manage your business to increase its value over time, but never rely exclusively on your own amateur skills to value. .. While the theory and mechanics of measuring value will take several chapters, in this introductory chapter we present different definitions of value, and note how value itself can change with the definition and the context.1 There are many reasons why you will want or need to know the value of the stock in your company.2 First and foremost, readers need to understand how to do a “quick -and- dirty” valuation,... professional business appraisers, including my own.3 They are beyond the patience of the layman to read and use It is not worth your time to read a 500page book to value your business; it would be cheaper to pay $5000 to $20,000 for a professional appraisal CPAs who want to become professional appraisers should read this book, but will still need to read the encyclopedic books on appraisal How to Value Your Business. .. estate and gift taxation, as well as over income tax While there are entire books devoted to the topics in each of these “guest” chapters, it’s unique to find them in a book about valuing businesses Reading about these various topics in this context will mean seeing them through valuation-colored lenses HOW TO READ THIS BOOK You’ll get more out of How to Value Your Business and Increase Its Potential. .. valuation equation, and go into the elements you can manage and the tradeoffs you face in increasing the value of your business Creating and realizing value is the long-term bottom line of owning a business. 1 By changing the questions you ask and the way you think, you can maximize your chances of increasing the value of your business Part Two is about the sale, financing, and taxation of a business The first... because your business is making a profit does not guarantee that it has a positive value The majority of business owners overvalue their businesses due to a combination of emotional attachments to their “baby” and ignorance of how to value a business On the other hand, a few make mistakes in the other direction—undervaluing their businesses and I have seen some big ones The biggest was a firm that sold to. .. “quick -and- dirty” valuation, in order to manage your business over time to maximize its value and to plan your retirement and exit strategies However, there are other business and personal life cycle events that can require you to obtain a professional valuation For example: the imminent sale of your business, either whole or in part;3 1Unless otherwise noted, all definitions of value in this chapter come from... September 17, 2003 Part One BUSINESS VALUATION Part One encompasses the first nine chapters of this book It is the core of How to Value Your Business and Increase Its Potential, being strictly about business valuation The first two chapters are nonquantitative and lay the foundation for understanding what value is, the various approaches that one can use in valuing a business, and which approaches are . READER How to Value Your Business and Increase Its Potential will teach you just that: How to value your business “quick and dirty,” and how to manage it to increase. following general topics: • Chapters 1 through 8: How to value your business as of to- day. • Chapter 9: How to value your business as of a future date. • How to manage