Drug Testing in Alternate Biological Specimens pot

[...]... postmortem arena routinely analyze a variety of biological matrices, the specimen of choice in the drug testing industry in the USA is urine and in clinical medicine, serum In recent years, interest has grown in the use of other matrices as drug testing media Although many peer-reviewed articles have appeared in the scientific literature describing drug appearance in these alternate biological specimens, the...Preface Drug abuse in the developed world is an international problem In the USA, in an effort to deter drug use and identify abusers so they may receive treatment, testing an individual’s urine has become a large commercial enterprise Drug testing has also been a traditional part of clinical care in medicine and in the medicolegal investigation of death While scientists conducting drug testing in the... for morphine, 6acetylmorphine (6-AM), and codeine were 4.86, 38, and 3.5, respectively (18) Concentrations of morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide, and 6-AM in amniotic Table 6 Drug and Drug Metabolites Detected in Specimens of Maternal Origin Biofliud Amniotic fluid Breast milk Drug/ drug metabolite Benzoylecgonine, caffeine, cocaine, cocaethylene, diazepam, digoxin, ecgonine methyl ester, 2-ethylidine-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine... effective barrier against ionized, highly polar compounds Following penetration of the membrane and transfer into the biofluid, the pH differential may result in ionization of the drug, restricting further mobility Accumulation of the drug in this way is commonly referred to as “ion trapping.” From: Forensic Science and Medicine: Drug Testing in Alternate Biological Specimens Edited by: A J Jenkins © Humana... Basic Drugs M M+ Neutral Drugs M M Acidic Drugs M– M Fig 1 Dissociation of Drugs and Ion Trapping blood, or hair can be used for this purpose during pregnancy More importantly, the detection of drugs or drug metabolites in amniotic fluid and breast milk are essential to our understanding of the pharmacokinetic principles governing intrauterine and prenatal mechanisms of drug transfer Factors that influence... 2 Kerrigan and Goldberger Table 1 Properties of Selected Drugs Drug Acetaminophen Alprazolam Amitriptyline Caffeine Cocaine Diazepam Diphenhydramine Fentanyl Fluoxetine Ketamine Meperidine Methadone Methamphetamine Morphine Oxycodone Phencyclidine (PCP) Phenobarbital Phenytoin Propoxyphene Salicylic Acid Sertraline Temazepam -9-tetrahydrocannabinol Valproic Acid pKa 9.5 2.4 9.4 14.0, 10.4 8.6 3.3 9.0... didesmethylcitalopram, dothiepin, doxepin, fentanyl, flunitrazepam, fluoxetine, hydromorphone, 11-hydroxy THC, imipramine, lorazepam, meperidine, morphine, methadone, nitrazepam, norcocaine, nordiazepam, nordoxepin, norfluoxetine, normeperidine, norsertraline, nortriptyline, oxazepam, oxycodone, paroxetine, salicylate, sertraline, temazepam, 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-nor-9-carboxy- 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THCA),... also during a single feed; the latter portion of expressed milk may contain a several-fold increase in fat Changes in pH, lipid or protein content throughout the stages of lactation and throughout the feeding interval are expected to influence the rates of drug transfer 3.4 Toxicological Findings Small, relatively lipophilic drugs may readily diffuse into the breast milk and become concentrated in the... and other drugs in maternal and neonatal body fluids: use in evaluation of symptoms in a neonate of mother maintained on methadone Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1974;1(3):409–19 21 Anderson PO Drug use during breast-feeding Clin Pharm 1991;10(8):594–624 22 Robieux I, Koren G, Vandenbergh H, Schneiderman J Morphine excretion in breast milk and resultant exposure of a nursing infant J Toxicol Clin Toxicol... of positive findings As many compounds could potentially be discussed, the focus of this work is drugs of abuse to include amphetamines, cannabinoids, cocaine, opioids, and phencyclidine Each chapter is written by an authors(s) with familiarity in the subject, typically, by conducting research and casework using the specimen discussed and publishing in peer-reviewed journals Amanda J Jenkins, Ph.D., . Drug Testing in Alternate Biological Specimens FORENSIC SCIENCE AND MEDICINE Drug Testing in Alternate Biological Specimens, edited by A MANDA J. JENKINS,. methamphetamine), cocaine, marijuana, narcotics (including morphine, codeine, and others), and phencyclidine. Testing methodology has continually evolved now including