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CAMBRIDGE Academic Vocabulary in Use 50 units of academic vocabulary reference and practice Self study and classroom use Michael McCarthy Felicity ODell Academic Vocabulary in Use 50 units of academi.
CAMBRIDGE Academic Vocabulary in Use 50 units of academic vocabulary reference and practice Self-study and classroom use Michael McCarthy Felicity O'Dell Academic Vocabulary in Use 50 units of academic vocabulary refe n and practice Self-study and classroom use Michael McCarthy Felicity O'Dell CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Säo Paulo, Delhi Cambridge University Press Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, The Edinburgh UK www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521689397 O Cambridge University Press 2008 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published 2008 Produced by Kamae Design, Oxford Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library ISBN-13 978-0-521-68939-7 paperback Cambridge University Press has no accuracy of URLs this publication, is, responsibility for the persistence or for external or third-party internet websites referred to in and does not guarantee that any content on such websites or will remain, accurate or appropriate Contents Acknowledgements To the student and the teacher Working with academic vocabulary What is special about academic English? discipline, virtually, quantify Key nouns theory, model, pattern Key verbs Key adjectives Key adverbs attempt, establish, explain relevant, abstract, significant Phrasal verbs in academic English Key quantifying expressions Words with several meanings Metaphors and idioms comparatively, eventually, simply put forward, go through, write up a substantial amount, in excess of, no fewer than set, accommodate, issue shed light on, remain in the dark, the battle against Word combinations 10 Nouns and the words they combine with 11 Adjective and noun combinations 12 Verbs and the words they combine with 13 Prepositional phrases heated debate, pivotal role, to collate results important contribution, major concern, widespread support loosely based on, examine the evidence, suggest an alternative solution in conjunction with, on behalf of, for the most part 14 Verbs and prepositions IS Nouns and prepositions focus on, consent 16 Fixed expressions in account for towards a variety of ways, with the exception be that as At academic to, dissertation on, rationale for, progress it of, may institutions 17 Applications and application forms 18 College and university: the UK system 19 Systems compared: the US and the UK 20 Academic courses 21 Study habits and skills 22 Online learning entry requirements, referee, deadline student union, tutorial, research student dormitory, freshman, fraternity diploma, credits, defer reading speed, mind map, rote learning online community, username, subject header Ways of talking about 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Sources Facts, evidence and data primary source, draw on, body of literature distort the facts, hard evidence, empirical data Numbers random, Statistics standard deviation, correlate, proportion tally, estimate Graphs and diagrams pie chart, intersect, decline Money and student loan, cost of living, receipt century, simultaneous, in the near future education Time Cause and effect trigger, give rise to, chain reaction Academic Vocabulary in Use Opinions and ideas 31 Talking about ideas 32 33 34 35 36 37 movement, hypothesis, stance Reporting what others say Analysis of results pinpoint, cast doubt on, implication Talking about meaning Research and study aims transparent, comprehend, misinterpret Talking about points of view impartial, ideology, hold views Degrees of certainty tendency, likelihood, allegedly deduce, outweigh, critical objective, to further, instigate Functions 38 Presenting an argument beyond the scope which 39 Organising your writing 40 Making a presentation 41 Describing research methods 42 Classifying 43 Making connections 44 Comparing and contrasting 45 Describing problems with a focus on, at of, furthermore, the extent to this point, respectively address a topic, handout, take questions carry out a procedure, case study, replicate component, consist of, marital status correlate with, mutual, interaction distinction, similarly, experience whereas difficulties, deal with, resolve a problem 46 47 48 49 50 Describing situations Processes and procedures context, integral, stable simulation, to supplement, output Describing change Evaluation and emphasis expansion, diminish, perceptible change Summary and bring to a close, in the final analysis, finally inadequate, contradictory, acknowledge conclusion Reading and vocabulary Good friends Australia 110 111 The World Wide Web 112 113 Nanotechnology 114 International law: an overview The human brain 115 Reference 116 Formal and informal academic words and expressions 120 Numbers, units of measurement and common symbols British and North American academic vocabulary 122 Spelling variations 126 Word formation 128 Abbreviations 132 Key 136 List of phonemic symbols Index Academic Vocobulory 167 in Use 166 Acknowledgements The authors and Authors' acknowledgements publishers would like to thank the following for permission to reproduce copyright material in The authors wish to thank their colleagues at Cambridge Academic Vocabulary University Press, especially Martine Walsh, Caroline Thiriau and N6irin Burke, whose wise expertise and support have been invaluable throughout this project We are also very thorough and useful input provided by Bernard Seal from Cambridge University Press New York made, it in Use While every has been effort has not been possible to identify the sources of the material used and in such cases the publishers welcome information from copyright all would holders grateful for the We thank Alison out so Silver for the professional job she carried preparing the efficiently in final manuscript for production and printing Linda Matthews too deserves our thanks for organising the production schedules for the book We must also thank the lexicography and computational team at Cambridge University Press whose work with the Cambridge International Corpus, the Cambridge Learner Corpus and the CANCODE corpus of spoken English (developed at the University of Nottingham in association with Cambridge University Pres}), enabled us to make a fully corpus-informed selection of the academic vocabulary we focus on in these materials We acknowledge with academic word this lists gratitude the pioneering work on done by Averil Coxhead In planning book we made considerable use of her lists at we thank our domestic partners for their & Felicity O'Dell who Cambridge on p 25 (8.4) from NewScientist, 30 March 2006; p 113 'The Human Brain' by Helen Philips, from NewScientist, September 2006; p 114 'Nanotechnology' by John Pickrell, from NewScientist, September 2006, reproduced by permission of NewScientist Magazine; Scientific American for the Dictionary, reproduced by permission of University Press; NewScientist for the extracts extracts on Michael S p 27 p (9.3) 'Shutting down Alzheimer's' by Wolfe, from Scientific American, 110 'Good Friends' by Klaus May Manhart, from 2006; Scientific American, April/May 2006, reproduced by permission of Scientific American Inc All rights reserved; Nature for the on p 39 (15.4) from Nature Vol 441, May 2006, for the extract on p 55 (23.4), copyright 2004, the rescen/main_pages/profile.html, reproduced hy permission of the Centre for Research into Creation in the Performing Arts would like to thank all the ELT reviewed the material: Sue Argent, Long Dalmahoy, Scotland; Jennifer Bixby, USA; Jane Bottomley, Manchester, UK; Cherry Campbell, California, USA; Anthony Cosgrove, London, UK; Rosie Ganne, London, UK; Ludmila Gorodetskaya, Moscow, Russia; Mark Krzanowski, London, UK; Joseph McVeigh, Vermont, USA; Julie Moore, Bristol, UK; Brendan Ö Sé, Cork, Ireland; Barbara Roosken, Tilburg, The Netherlands California, 112 'The World Wide Web' p p 70 (3 IA) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page; ResCen, Middlesex University for the text on p 78 (35B) from the Rescen Research website http://www.mdx.ac.uW Cambridge International Corpus (CIC) The CIC is a computerised database of contemporary spoken and written English which currently stands at over one billion words It includes British English, American English and other varieties of English It also includes the Cambridge Learner Corpus, developed in collaboration with the University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations Cambridge University Press has built up the CIC to provide evidence about language use that helps to produce better language teaching materials professionals 14 (3A Douglas on acknowledgements publishers p of Indiana University; the Wikipedia website for the extract Development of this publication has made use of the The authors and on (International) by Trustees of Indiana University, reproduced by permission Cambridge, April 2007 Publisher's published by Nature Publishing Group; Indiana University patience and support during the writing of this book Michael McCarthy for the extracts from Telecommunications by Stuart Kennedy, copyright O 2001; p 141 sentences from Cambridge Advanced Learner's extract http://language.massey.ac.nz/staff/awl/index.shtml Also, as always, Cambridge University Press second text) from Mechanics Quadling, copyright 2002; Thomson Learning for the 111 'Australia' from World of Earth Science (ResCen) at Middlesex University; extract on p (Vol 1) by K Lee Lerner and Brenda copyright Wilmoth (Editor), 2003, reprinted with permission of Gale, a division of Thomson Learning: www.thomsonrights.com; Legal Information Institute for the adapted text on p 115 'International law: an overview' from the website www.law cornell.edu/wex/index.php/international_law, copyright Legal Information Institute 1996—2007, reproduced by permission of Legal Information Institute Photographs The publishers are grateful to the following for permission to reproduce copyright photographs p 20 Thomas Fricke/Corbis; p and material: 36 Robert E Daemmrich/Stone/Getty Images; p 66 John Henley/ CORBIS; p 74 age fotostock/SuperStock; p 76 Helen King/Corbis; p 77 Jerry Schatzberg/CORBIS; p 88 image 100/Corbis Illustrations Kamae Design pp 35, 40, 44, 60, 61, 62, 63 Academic Vocabulary in Use To the student and the teacher Who the book for? is is for anyone who wants or needs to learn the kind of English which is used academic contexts It deals with the kinds of language used in academic textbooks This book in and articles as well as in lectures and seminars being a student at a university or college in that It it also presents vocabulary relating to covers such topics as Applications and application forms, Money and education and Academic courses associated with university life It will be particularly useful for students preparing for IELTS or any other examination aimed at assessing whether candidates' English is at a high enough level to study in an academic institution where English is the medium of instruction It will be helpful for people who need to attend — or indeed give — lectures and presentations in English or to participate in international conferences It who have to much more natural will enable students prepare assignments or write up a dissertation in English to so in a and appropriate way What kind of vocabulary does the book deal with? The book presents and practises the kind of vocabulary that is used in academic speech and writing regardless of which discipline you are concerned with So it considers words and expressions like concept, cast doubt on, put forward a theory and come to a conclusion It does not deal with the specialist vocabulary of any particular subject such as medicine or physics Such specialist terms are often relatively easy to master will be explained and taught as you study the subject and these words may — they indeed sometimes be similar in English and your own language However, it is the more general words used for discussing ideas and research and for talking and writing about academic work that you need to be fully familiar with in order to feel comfortable in an academic environment Despite the fact that they are much more frequent than specialist words, these more general words are often felt to be more difficult to learn It is, therefore, extremely useful to approach them in the systematic way suggested by this book One positive aspect of this kind of academic vocabulary differences depending on whether you are studying in is that there are relatively few London or New York, Delhi or Sydney, Johannesburg, Dublin, Wellington, Singapore or Toronto or indeed any other where you may be using English for academic purposes Academic English tends and the units of the book focus on vocabulary that will be essential for you regardless of where you are studying now or may study in the future There are some differences between the words used to describe people and places and these are highlighted in Units 18 and 19 References and also focus on some vocabulary and spelling variations In the units of the book we use British English spelling conventions except when quoting texts which originally used American spelling place to be a truly international language Much book is neutral in the sense that it is equally appropriate and spoken contexts We indicate those instances where a word or too formal for use in speech or too informal for use in academic writing of the vocabulary in the for both written expression Academic Vocabulary in is Use How was the vocabulary for the book selected? The academic vocabulary focused on in this book was all selected from language identified as significant by the Cambridge International Corpus of written and spoken English and also the CANCODE corpus of spoken English developed at the University of Nottingham in association with Cambridge University Press These enormous corpora include large collections of written and spoken academic text and so it was possible to identify language that is distinctive for academic contexts We also made considerable use of the Cambridge Learner Corpus, a corpus of tens of thousands of learner scripts from students taking ESOL exams Cambridge all over the world From this corpus we were able to learn what kinds of errors students taking, for example IELTS, were typically making book we made considerable use of Averil Coxhead's work on developing academic word lists Her lists can be found at http://language.massey.ac.nz/staff/awl/ index.shtml and we would highly recommend that students of academic vocabulary In planning this investigate this site How is the book organised? The book has 50 two-page units The to be focused on in the unit You will left-hand page presents the academic vocabulary usually find examples of academic vocabulary presented in context with, where appropriate, any special notes about their meaning and usage The right-hand page checks hand page by giving you a The that you have understood the information on the series of exercises practising the units are organised into different sections The first left- language that was presented introductory section includes nine units which look at basic aspects of academic vocabulary such as what is special about academic vocabulary, key verbs and key quantifying expressions The second section devotes seven units to how words typically combine with one another in academic English The third section has six units focusing on aspects of life at academic The fourth ways of talking about such and cause and effect Then we have seven units exploring aspects of opinions and ideas and finally there are thirteen units with a functional focus such as institutions section provides eight units discussing things as numbers, time organising a text, comparing and contrasting and describing change Towards the end of disciplines the book you will find six reading texts relating to different with exercises based on the vocabulary in those academic We hope that you will examples of how to use texts to expand your knowledge of academic and would recommend that you read these texts and the exercises find these useful vocabulary texts in English on them even if they relate to an academic subject that is very different from your own There are six reference sections dealing with some key areas where we felt it would be useful for you to have lists of items that could not be presented as fully in the main body of the book, i.e Formal and informal academic words and expressions; Numbers, units of measurement and common symbols; British and North American academic vocabulary; Spelling variations; Word formation and Abbreviations Where appropriate, these reference sections provide space for you to add further examples of your own At the end of the book there is a Key with answers to all the exercises and an Index of the key words and expressions, indicating the units where they can be found The pronunciation is How should I all provided for standard British English use this book? We recommend that you work through the nine introductory units first so that you become familiar with key aspects of academic vocabulary and how best to study it After that you may work on the units in any order that suits you Academic Vocabulary in Use What else I need in my academic vocabulary? order to improve a notebook or file in which you can write down all the academic vocabulary you study in this book as well as any other words and expressions that you come across elsewhere In your vocabulary notebook it is important to record such things as: You need that • examples of the word or expression • typical in use word combinations — you might, for example, note down adjectives or verbs noun that you want to learn or nouns, adverbs or prepositions typically associated with a associated with a verb • any special features of the word pronunciation, or You may • also find it is it (e.g is there anything special about particularly characteristic of either written or its grammar or spoken English?) helpful to record such things as: any other information that might help you to learn the word (e.g is it similar to any word in your own language, or does it, perhaps, share a root with a word that you already know?) • any additional vocabulary that learning this word may help you to learn have a related noun, or what is the opposite of an adjective?) • any extended uses of the word being focused on (e.g can it be used metaphorically, or does the same word have other meanings in the way that so many English words do?) One very important aspect of learning vocabulary is to organise the expressions you meet; this will help you remember them better number of ways In recording words many learners find diagrams such as word bubbles, for example: a i AcoechA5ive it word forks, words and You can this in helpful to include little 51.yqe5± for example: oriqiN ideft±i$y does a verb prelimi re5LAl±5 or (e.g COMMON isolated the $4c.org LAAiver%l You also need to have access to a good dictionary We strongly recommend the Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary as this provides exactly the kind of information that you need in order to be able to understand and use English vocabulary Through its example sentences it provides you with the information you need about how the word is used in practice and which other words it typically combines with The dictionary also helps you with difficult items such as phrasal verbs, for example, indicating whether the object can come before the particle (set up the apparatus / set the apparatus up; go through a set of calculations, but not This dictionary is available as a book and on a CD-ROM and can also be accessed online at www.dictionary.cambridge.org You will need a specialist dictionary relating to your own subject area as well Your teacher may also be able to recommend other dictionaries for your specific needs Academic Vocabulary in Use working through the units in this book you should read as much English as you most relevant for you If you are new to studying in English, you could start by reading a textbook aimed at students at a slightly lower level than you are at as far as the subject area is concerned; or you might prefer to read the latest articles in your field from a journal or the internet If you have easy access to the web, then there is an enormous wealth of material available for you to study and learn from; many universities and other academic institutions have extensive websites, for example, as professional organisations and journals As can well as in the subject areas that are good luck with your work in academic English We hope that the materials in this book you to enjoy and to benefit fully from your studies We hope you will be able to share ideas in a creative, exciting way with scholars from all over the world and we wish you the very best for a successful and rewarding academic life in English So, will help Academic Vocabulary in Use Unit 48 48 I expansion sustainable elimination perceptible adjustments modifications increasingly acquisition 10 relaxation development 48.2 If prices fluctuate If a disease is they go up and down; they change a lot it remains, it disappears completely eliminated none of If interest in something If there is a is diminishing marked change it is becoming someone's behaviour in less it is probably a big change It is a noticeable change most people feel that mobile phones enhance their lives, they become better If controls on imports are relaxed they become less strict 48.3 If recovering refine 48.4 adjust status quo abandon converting in of) on have maintain restore from on away from to (or from or out feel that their lives to adjust to changes Unit 49 49.1 49.2 49.3 crucial credit, acknowledged, crucial borne, mistaken, evidence, flaws By no means He had is it unique important, significant misguided, inadequate ground-breaking certain that all challenged, validity, flawed, limited viewed, seminal/ground-breaking, ground-breaking the students will pass their final exams never before taught such an outstanding student Rarely has the country witnessed such a display of public feeling We will in no way / We will not in any way be able to halt the process of global warming / We will not be able to halt the process of global warming in any way Under no circumstances will students be allowed to defer the completion of their longer than one month Only when we gather a lot more data will we know the answer 49.4 compatible highlights solid comprehensive, key thesis worth recalling, limited underlines Unit 50 50.1 In conclusion, the tests suggest the drug has To summarise, losing the war was no dangerous side effects a humiliating defeat for the country on a number of different levels In summary, it is impossible to blame the disaster on one person alone From the survey we can draw the conclusion / come to the conclusion that advertising has a stronger effect on teenage girls than on other groups of the population To recapitulate, there were a number of different reasons why the experiment was less successful than 50.2 had been hoped balance put, eventually abstract 50.3 provide at last Lastly lastly at analysis words points close last at last Key 163 50.4 In the end means end is end of the place, e.g at the 50.5 'finally, after something has been thought about or discussed a lot' At the usually followed by 'of (something)', and refers to the final point of a thing or time or This paragraph is film, at the a précis of end of the month, at the end of the Academic Vocabulary in Use In sum / street To sum book up, the provides 50 units covering key aspects of academic vocabulary Stated briefly, each unit has attempted to present and practise the words that all students need The overall aim of the book is to help students not only to understand but also to use academic vocabulary In bringing the book we hope we have to a close, helped you and wish you success in your future academic studies Reading and vocabulary I cherished companions crucial persons concentrated Study participants initiated calamity behaviours underlies noun prolong verb adjective convention conventional help help helpful expectancy expect expectant pleasure please pleasurable Reading and vocabulary False: Australia is indeed 'arid', Antarctica is even more arid i.e it has little or no rainfall to support plants, but True False: the species developed because of Australia's isolation from other landmasses False: seismic (earthquake) activity persists (continues to occur) in the eastern and western highlands False: the general geological appearance 1 lush inhospitable Reading and vocabulary of Accessing web pages use the web uniform', i.e all of the same type the end result seemingly unchanged common misconception roughly equal massive upheavals is 'relatively is window theorize 3 from by a to of along with quite straightforward, and people with virtually to no expertise can The browser contacts the appropriate server to transmit the document WWW The is essentially a search system The information added to documents distinguishes web Years ago, the Internet was mainly used by experts servers from Internet servers Reading and vocabulary The skin is the largest organ in the-human-body Psychologists disagree as to how exactly memories are stored Humans share almost all in As children become young adults they have bursts of growth It is important that animals in captivity are given the right People have approached the problem 64 Academic Vocabulary in Use the brain of their genes with the other great apes such as gorillas in a variety of ways diet complex spread out outnumber final amplify specific numerous partially spread Possible answers Scientists disagree as to how much Observing safety procedures is matter there a matter of is in the universe (substance) some importance (situation) What's the matter with the baby? Why's she crying? (problem) Wax and ice pass from solid to liquid as you heat them (change) The main symptoms Pass me usually pass after a couple of days (go away) the test tube, please (give) The ice caps were formed millions of years ago (created) The survey formed the basis of the report (provided) The child formed the mud into the figure of a dog (shaped) The monks sleep in small, bare cells (little rooms) When creating a table in Word, it is possible to merge cells When cells split, the DNA goes through a process called (individual sections of a table) replication (smallest parts of an organism) Reading and vocabulary tiny devices in the final — notice also simple devices in the fifth paragraph and novel medical devices paragraph display properties make use experimental nanotechnology completely different — and notice also profoundly different greatest advances in the second paragraph Possible answers complex, intricate, strange, special, electronic (and many more) have, exhibit, show, lack, require a suggestion, an offer, an apology, progress, a mistake, money advanced, applied, theoretical, cutting-edge, medical profoundly, totally, absolutely, partly, slightly, somewhat significant, considerable, major, important without knowing in the near future from the beginning Reading and vocabulary consists of govern concerns itself (only) In contrast lines controversies increasingly arising out of implicate Possible answers fundamental traditional is based on with 4 has behaviour with regard to signatories, countries goes against give its origins in which signed Possible answers nation: national, nationality, nationalist, international, internationally, nationalise significant: signify, insignificant, significance, insignificance, significantly acceptance: accept, acceptable, unacceptable, acceptably, accepting extent: extend, extension, extensive, extensively, inextensive creator: create, creative, creation, creatively, creativity Key 165 Phonemic symbols Vowel sounds Symbol Examples sleep happy h/ Pin fQQt red arrive book recipe dinner could shoe head take said work bird thought /æ/ cat black sun got enough watch sock part heart laugh /01/ boy noise pair where hear beer gQ out pure Academic Vocabulary in idea Use home cow 1k/ car /g/ go colour father late dog pull through sort name Examples put turn my 66 Symbol mg /o:/ lei/ Consonant sounds catch /d3/ walk [v/ wonder aim guarantee church age lounge for cough love thick this Is/ since vehicle path mother rice /z/ zoo houses /J/ shop sugar time pleasure hear bear kick Im/ /n/ show usual hotel make name now bring look whiJc /r/ road /w/ young wear machine visron Index The numbers in the index are Unit numbers not page numbers The pronunciation provided is for standard British English a few almost /'o:lmoost/ a great deal of 16 a little alter /lo:lto/ as time 48 as 12 alternative a wide range of 16 as is (running) short 40 we have seen 50 we saw in 39 38 as well as abandon /olbændon/ 48 above /olbAV/ 39 absence /'æbsons/ 46 ambiguous /æm'blgjuos/ 34 amend /o'mend/ 48 amount /oJmaunt/ amount to 14 absolutely critical 33 analogy /oInælod3i/ 44 assertion /o'sg:lon/ 50 abundant /olbAndont/ 24 analyse /'ænolalz/ 3, analyse a sample 10 assign /olsam/ accident /læksudont/ analysis /olnælosls/ plural analyses assign to 14 assignment /o'sammont/ 15, 20, accompanied by 43 /olnælosi:z/ 15, 31 and so forth 38 and so on 38 animated /'æn1me1tJd/ 10 annual /tænjuol/ 29 answer /la:nso/ 45 according to 32, 42 anyway account for 3, 14, 30 account for the fact that 24 apart from 38 accountable expenses 28 apparent /olpæront/ 4, 45 accumulate /olkju:mjolelt/ 28 apparently /olpærontli/ 5, 37 accurate /'ækjurot/ 4, 24 achieve /o'tJi:v/ 35 appear /olP10/ 37 appendix /o'pendlks/ 23 achieve objectives 35 application /,æpll'kelfon/ 35, acknowledge /oklnD11d3/ 17, 23, 49 appreciate /olpri:fielt/ acquire /olkwaro/ 48 appropriate /olproopriot/ 4, 22 adapt /oldæpt/ 48 approximate /o'prokslmot/ 25 approximately /o'prnkslmotli/ archives /'a:kawz/ 23 abstract /'æbstrækt/ 4, accidental /,ækslldentol/ accidentally /,æksl'dentoli/ accommodate /olknmodelt/ accommodation /o,komo'delfon/ 28 add up 25 address /oldres/ 39, 40, 45 adjacent /oId3c1sont/ 27 adjust /oId3A.st/ 48 administration /od,nun1tstrc1Jon/ 18 adopt /oldopt/ 36 advance /od'va:ns/ 32 advantage /odlva:nt1d3/ 33 advent /lædvent/ 47 advisor /odlvauo/ 19 /lcniwel/ aspect /lỉspckt/ 2, 33 assemble /otsembol/ 41 assert /31t/ 24 associate (with) /olsoosicrt/ 12, 47 27 2, 12, 15, 32 42 22 apparatus /,æporleltos/ 41 argue 32 assessment /olsesmont/ 2, 20 40 approach /olprootf/ 32 14, 43 assume /o'sju:m/ assumption /olsr,mJon/ 15 at a stage 29 at first 39 at last 50 at random 26 at the end 50 at the moment 29 at the same time 16, 38 at this point 13, 39 at this stage 13 41 atmosphere /lætmosfio/ 34 attack /oltæk/ attain /oltcln/ 35 attempt /oltemt/ 1, 3, 15, 50 attend to /oltcnd/ 14 attention /o'tcnJon/ 15 argue against 14 argue for 14 attitude /'ætltju:d/ 15 argument /'a:gjumont/ 32 arise /oIr?117J 45 arrive at an answer 25 automate /'o:tomclt/ 47 article /la:tlkol/ artificial attribute to /oltrlbju:t/ 14, autonomy 41 /o:'tonomi/ 31 average /Iævor1d3/ 25, 26 award 15 23 /olwo:d/ 28 awareness /olweonos/ as a result of 13 background /lbækgraund/ 42 bank account 28 age /e1d3/ 15, 42 as a rule 16 bar chart 27 aggregate /lægrlgot/ 25 aim /elm/ 35, 39 as a base on 12, 38 base /bcls/ 12 allocate /tælokelt/ whole 7, 16 as can be seen in 39 as far as x is concerned 16 as noted 23 as opposed to 16 allow (time) as regards 16 battle /lbætol/ affect /otfckt/ 3, albeit /o:l'bi'.lt/ 30 38 37 42 /ollao/ 40 allegedly /olled31dIi/ artificially based /belst/ 33 basically /lbelslkli/ 1, basis /lbelsls/ 15, 33 Index 167 battle against cause ko:z/ 12, 30 be (commonly) associated with 12 cause-and-effect /ko:z ond l'fekt/ 41 be based on 12, 14 be bombarded with be borne out 49 century /'sentJori/ 29 chain reaction 30 be concerned (with) 39 challenge /ItJælond3/ 3, 12, 35, be made up of 6, 42 may 16 45, comparison /komlpænsan/ 44 compatible /kamtpæt Ibo'/ 49 complement 43 complex 'kompleks/ component /komtpoonont/ 42 comprehend /,komprllhcnd/ 34 49 comprehensive /lknmpnlhensrv/ be that as it be united change bear out 24 character /lkærlkto/ begin /bllgm/ 40 behaviour /blthelvjo/ 47 bell curve 26 characteristic charge /tJu:d3 conclude /konlklu:d/ 50 42 below billoo/ 39 benefit /lbemflt/ 33 benefit from 14 check tJck 24, 41 circumstances /lsg:komstænlsu/ conclusion /konlklu:30n/ 33 belong comps /knmps/ 19 channel /itfænol/ 4, 12, /bl concentrate on 14 rjst 1k/ 1, 42 23 concrete /lk-nokri:t/ claim /klcrm/ 32 concurrent /konIkArant/ 29 clarification /lklærlfl 'kel.ran/ classify (computer) /blt/ blended /tblendld/ 22 tklæslfal/ 3, clear kli0/ 17 conditions /konldlfonz/ 11, 41, conduct /konldAkt/ 34 clarify /'klærlfal/ bit conclusively /konlklu:slvli/ 12 conclusively establish 12 cite /satt/ 38 concept /lkonsept/ 31 concisely /konlsmsli/ 50 46 beyond the scope (of) 2, biased /lbmast/ 36 biased against 36 biased in favour of 36 confirm /kan'fg:m/ 45 12 clearly demonstrate 12 conflict /lknnfllkt of evidence 24 clearly identify 12 conflicting elements of literature 23 closely 'kloosli/ /bnnd/ 43 coherent /koolhloront/ 34 [bok/ 15 coincide with borrowing rights collate results break off contact 10 collect /kollekt 40 collect results 24 10 connotation /,knnoltelfon/ 34 12 consent (to)/konlsent/ 14 29 brainstorm /'bremsto:m/ 21 brief /bri:f/ conflicting /konlfllkt10/ consequence /lkonslkwons/ 30 collaborative /ka'læborottv/ 21 22 conservative /konlsg:votlv/ 36 10 conserve energy 10 24, 41 consider /konisldo/ 3, 24, 39 10 considerable /konlsldorobol/ 7, 11 12 bring to a close 50 college IkDlld3/ 19 considerable influence 30 column IkDlam/ 27 considerably /kon'sldorobli/ bring together 43 combination ,kDmbltne1Jon/ 43 combine elements 10 come back 40 come down on one side 33 come into contact with 10 come to a conclusion 33 considered to be 37 come to light 24 come up with 45 comment 'komcnt/ comment on 14 constrain /konlstrem/ briefly Ibri:fli/ 1, bulk /bAlk/ by by by by by chance 13 far 13 heart 21 means of which 16 no means 49 cafeteria /lkæfoltlorio/ 18 calculate /lkælkjolelt/ 3, call for 14, call 25 17 on 40 32, career /kolrro/ 17 carry out 3, 6, 41 case /kcns/ 2, 15 case study 41 doubt on 32 42 26 consist (of) /konl.slst/ 39, consistent /konislstont/ constant /'konstont/ 25 constituent /kon'st ltjuont/ 10 constitute /lknn.stlt.iu:t/ 33 46 constraint /kont.strelnt/ 46 construct /lkon'strAkt/ 22 construct knowledge 22 consult a source 23 consume energy 10 consume /konls.iu:m/ 47 consumption /kanl.sArn.ron/ 47 40 common /lkomon/ 4, 11 common ground 1 common knowledge 23 common practice 1 candidatc /lkændldot/ 20 46 confine /kon'fam 46 42 24 clearly 'klioli/ blue collar 42 body body bond book 24, 49 48 t.rernd3/ 12, 15, commonly /lknmonli/ 12 commons /lknmonz/ 19 contact /lkontækt/ 10 communicate /kofmju:mkelt/ 34 contain /konitem/ 8, 45 catalogue /lkætolng/ 23 comparatively /karn'pærotlvli/ contemporary /konltemporori/ 29 contend /kon'tend/ 32 category /'kætogri/ 42 compared contention /konjtenJon/ 32 cast 68 Academic Vocabulary in Use (with/to) /komipeod/ 44 context /lkontekst/ 46 discern elements 10 continuous /konltlnjuos/ 25 debate surrounding 10 debt /det/ 28 contract /kanitrækt/ decade /'dekeld/ 29 discourse /ldlsko:s/ 34 contradiction (in terms) declare dllkleo/ /lkontroldlkfrn/ 45 discipline /ldrsoplln/ 1, 31, 32 27 discover a decline /dllklmn/ decrease /'di'.kri:s/ contrary /'knntrori/ 37 decrease /dltkri:s/ (verb) 44 way 10 25 discrete /dllskri:t/ contradictory /tkontro'dlktori/ 49 (noun) 15 27 discuss /d1tskAs/ 3, 12, 31 discuss the issue thoroughly 12 contribute to a debate 10 deduce /dlldju:s/ 33 deduct /d11dAkt/ 25 contribute /konltrlbju:t/ 30, 35 deeply contribution /lknntrl'bju:frn/ 30 deep-rooted controlled /kon'trauld/ 41 defer disprove /dllspru:v/ 41 controversy /lkontrava:si/ defer /d1'f31/ disrupt /dls'rtxpt/ 41 contrast /lkontra:st/ (noun) discuss the problem at length 12 discussion 33 36 44 convert /konlva:t/ (verb) 48 convey /konlvel/ 34 define a role 10 convince of 14 degree conversely /konlvxsli/ dissertation /ldlsoltelfon/ 15 distant future definition /,defllnllon/ 34, /dllgri:/ 2, 35 38 44 24, 32 40 32 43 26 correlation /lkorallelfon/ 26 correspond /IkDr1 Ispnnd/ 41 43 divide /dllvald/ 39 depart from 14 divide into 14 30 draft /dra:ft/ 21 describe /dllskralb/ 3, 32, couple with 14 description /dl'skrlpfon/ couple /lkApol/ course of action 33 cram /kræm/ 21 design /dl'zarn/ credit /'kredlt/ criteria /kralltlorio/ critical develop /dllvelop/ 3, 47 develop a way 10 41 41 29, 33 mass 35 49 devise a 27 devote cross-section /lkroslsekfon/ crucial /tkru:frl/ crucial element development /dllvelapmont/ 48 deviate from the norm 26 device /dllvals/ 41 devise /dllvalz/ criticism /tkrltlsrzorn/ cross /kros/ 47 determine /dllta:nun/ 30, 41 criterion /kralltlorion/ 31 , 35, critical /lkrltlkol/ 42 32 despite the fact that 38 20 49 10 27 draw a conclusion 33 draw attention to the fact draw conclusions 50 draw data from 23 draw mind maps 21 draw on 14, 23 drawback /ldro:bæk/ 33 drop /drop/ 27 due to the fact that 16 duration /djuolrelfon/ 20 way 10 earlier /ia:lio/ 12, 39 early diagram /'dangræm/ 26 difference /ldlforons/ 12, 15, 42, 44 /13:li/ 39 29 economic /li:kotnomlk/ 28 economical /li:kolnomlkol/ 28 effect /llfekt/ 3, 15, 30 effect a change 30 effects /l'fekts/ 12 elective /ll[ektlv/ 20 29 current account 28 cv 28 daily /ldelli/ 29 different (from/to) /ldlforont/ dig into 33 electronically /,elek'tronlkli/ data /ldelto/ 24, 41 dimension /ldallmenlon/ 42 diminish /d1'nnn1J/ 48 element /lehmont/ 10 current /lkAront/ deadline /ldedlaln/ 17, 21 deal /di:l/ 45 debate /dllbelt/ 10 deal with 23, differentiate /,dlfalrenfielt/ difficulty /ldlflkolti/ 15, 24 that EAP 20 42 /dl Woot/ 42 document /ldokjumont/ 23 double /ldAbel/ 27 27 30 derivation /lderlivelfon/ derive /dllralv/ 35 26 distribution denote /dllnout/ 34, 42 cost of living 28 creative /kri'eltlv/ 34 24 diversity /dal Iv3:soti/ depreciate /dl'pri:fielt/ correlational /lkorollelfonol/ distinguish between distort /dllsto:t/ demonstration /ldemonlstrofan/ core /ko:/ 20 correlate with distinct distinction /d11st11JJon/ 15, 20, 34, demonstrate /tdemonstre[t/ 3, 12, convincingly demonstrate 12 correlate /IkDr0101t/ 22 29 from 42 distance course definitely /ldefinotli/ convincingly /kon'vrnslljli/ 12 'kopi/ 47 dispose of 14 convincing /kontvlnsll)/ 24 copy forum 22 display /dllsplel/ payment 28 20 define /dllfam,/ 34 45 /kontltrovosi/ critical 35 44 10 45 elements /tellmants/ 10 diploma /dllplouma/ 20 directly /dllrektli/ /dal'rekli/ 22 eligible /'e11dFbol/ 20, 28 disadvantage /Id1sodlva:nt1d3/ 33 elsewhere /,elslweo/ 23 Index 69 elucidate /lllu:sldelt/ emerge 14, 24, 47 emerge (of phenomena) 10 emergence /1tma:d3ens/ 29, 47 emphasis /lemfosls/ 3, 15, 32 emphasise / lemfosatz/ 3, 14, 31, evolve /l'vnlv/ 29 final /tfmnol/ exact hglzækt/ 25 finally /lfalnoli/ 39, examination /:gtzæmllnellon/ 15 finals /lfamolz/ examine hglzænun/ exceed /lklsi:d/ 3, 12, 24 27 29, 50 financial guarantee empirical hmlpfflkol/ 24, 41 excessive /lk'sesw/ employ hm'p101/ 41 employment /rmlp101mont/ 42 encounter /ln'kaonto/ 36 exclude from 14 firmly establish 12 exceeding /lklsi:dllj/ find /famd/ 3, excess /lklses/ exist hglnst/ end-of-semester /end ov slimesto/ 21 energy Penad3i/ 10 engage in debate 10 English-medium 17 /llljgllf finite /lfalnalt/ 23 first /lfa:st/ 'mi:diom/ first expenditure /lk'spendltfr/ 28 flame /flelm/ 22 experience /lktspnrions/ 45 flaw 7, enter your username 22 11 49 flimsy /'fhmzi/ explain /lklsplem/ 3, 32 fluctuate /lflAktIue1t/ phenomenon 10 by the fact that 27 explain a 11 focus /lfookos/ 24 1, 48 40 focus on 14 following /IfD10010/ 39, 50 example 24, 38, 39 38 for the most part 13, 16 for the purposes of 16, 38 for this reason 16 former /tfo:mo/ 39 for explicitly /lklsplßltli/ for instance 24, exploration /,eksplolrelfon/ 15 explore /lklsplo:/ export /lkslpo:t/ (verb) 47 expose to 14 entry requirement 17 /flo:/ 39 flowchart /lflootJa:t/ 27 explicit /lklsplrslt/ entitlement /mltaltolmont/ 28 firstly /lfa:stli/ experimental /lk,sperl'mentol/ 41 explanation /,eksploIne1Jon/ 32 enormous hino:mos/ enrol /ln'roul/ 20 enrol on 22 draft 21 experiment /lklspermont/ 41 explain enhance hnlha:ns/ 48 39 46 expansion /lklspænfrn/ 48 existence hg'nstons/ 42, encouraging /1nIkAr1d310/ 10 end lend/ 30 28 17 financial /fmInænJol/ 45 46 firmly /lf3:mli/ 12 32 50 19 environment hnlvalronmont/ 46 express ideas 34 forthcoming /Ifo:01kAm10/ 29 equal opportunities policy 17 equip with 14 extension /1klstenJon/ 21 fraction /'fræklon/ equivalent /llkwlvolant/ 43 era /fioro/ 29 extensive /lklstenslv/ 23 25 framework /tfrelmwg:k/ 31 extent /1kJstent/ 38 fraternity /froltg:noti/ extra-curricular activities 21 frequently /'fri:kwontli/ 5, 12 erase information extreme erasure /1're130/ face-to-face /,felstolfels/ error Vero/ 45 /lklstri:m/ 26 facilitate /folsllltelt/ h 'speloli/ essay /tesel/ 15, 20 fact /fækt/ essence /lesons/ 31 factor /lfækto/ 12 30 especially essentially /11sentJoli/ 22 19 freshman /lfrelmon/ 19 from the point of view of 16 from then on 13 fundamental /ifAndotmento]/ 48, 24 49 further /If3:ưa/ 35, 19 faculty /lfỉkolti/ 18, establish /l'stæblll/ 3, 12, 24, establish contact 10 35 fair /feo/ 38 38 furthermore gender /ld3endo/ 42 way 10 general /Id3enorol/ 42 27 below 27 fair estimate Pestlmot/ (noun) 25 fall /fo:l/ generalise /Id3enorola1z/ 31 estimate /lestlmelt/ (verb) 25 fall generally I'd3enaroli/ 5, 12 36 42 ethical /'e01kol/ ethnic /le0n1k/ falsify results 35 evaluation even number 25 eventual /llventfuol/ 29 eventually /llventfuoli/ 5, 50 evidence Ilevldons/ 12, 24, 37, 43, 49 37 70 generate /ld3enore1t/ feedback /lfi:dbæk/ generate energy 10 40 fees /fi:z/ 17 few /fju:/ fewer and fewer Academic Vocabulary field fill in Use / tflgo/ (computer) in 17 42 17 getting back to 40 give /g1V/ 27 /fall/ 30 generation /,d3enolre1Jon/ give a (brief) 25, 1, get in study 41 figure file evoke /llvook/ 34 generally associated with 12 42 22 feel free even so 38 evident /levldont/ 10 feature /Ifi:tJo/ 2, 12, summary of 50 give a description give an example 24 49 give credit 23, 30 househusband /'haoshnzbond/ 42 in spite of glaring /lgleerllj/ housewife Phaoswalf/ 42 in glossary /lglosori/ 34 humanities /hju:lmæmtiz/ 31 in sum summary 50 go go go go go go go go go go against hybrid /lharbrld/ 22 in terms of 13, 16 back 40 back over hypothesis /ha11pD00srs/ plural in that give rise to blank 21 into on in the hypotheses /ha11pD00si:z/ 12, 24, 31 belst/ 43 absence of evidence to the contrary 37 in the case of hypothesis-based /ha11p000srs to 13 35 in the 16 end 50 over (time) 40 idea /ar'dro/ 15 round 40 identification /aqdent1f11ke1Jon/ through a period 29 identify /alldentlfar/ 1, 3, through ideology LardilDlod3i/ 36 in the right area goal /gool/ 35 illuminate /lllu:rmnelt/ in the sense that 16, gradual /Igræd3uol/ 48 graduate student 19 illuminating /lllu:mmeltllj/ 9, grant /gra:nt/ 17, 28 graph /gra:f/ 27 27 graphics /lgræflks/ 27 graphic /'græflk/ in the final/last analysis 12 grow /groo/ 27 hall of residence halve /ha:v/ in (more) detail 40 in in a 18 27 in turn 13 incidence Prnsrdons/ 25 include /ln'klu:d/ incoherent /llnko'hloront/ 34 income /111JkAm/ 28 inconsistency /,mkenlsrstonsi/ increase /lnlkri:s/ (verb) terms 10 few words 50 ways 16 accordance with 13 in-depth /,mIdep0/ 41 in indicate /'lndlkelt/ 24, 38 comparison with 13, 44 indicate a tendency 27 26 indirectly /,rndllrekli/ /llndallrekli/ 50 happen /thæpon/ 41 hard /ha:d/ 24, 49 in conclusion hardly ever in contrast to hardware /'ha:dweo/ in contrast inevitable /llnevrtobol/ 11 have (sth) as a goal 35 have a shot at in inevitably /llnevltobli/ 12 have an influence on 30 in having said that 38, 40 in line heading /Ihed11J/ 42 heated /lhi:tld/ 10 in more/greater detail in heated debate 10 hierarchy /lhalora:ki/ 42 in 48 incur /mIk3.r/ 21 in a variety of in conjunction with 13 13 induce /mldju:s/ 30 induction /1nldAkJon/ 30 44 economic terms 10 excess of 7, 16 general 16 infer /1nlf3.'/ 34 inference /llnforons/ 41 with 13 infinite /hnflnot/ 16 46 influence /hnfluons/ 15, 30 in most respects 13 inform /lnlfo:m/ 35 in my infrastructure /Irnfro,strAktfo/ 35, in opinion 31, 32, 36 no circumstances 49 no way 49 other words 13 46 30 29 49 histogram /'hrstogræm/ 27 hit send 22 hit the send button 22 hold /hoold/ 36 in holiday /lhD11de1/ 18 in respect of homemaker /lhoum,melko/ 42 in short 1, insight /lmsalt/ IS, in insignificant /,mslglmflkont/ highlight /'hallalt/ 9, 32, horizontal axis 27 45 27 increasingly /lnlkri:sroli/ 5, in addition to 13, 16, handout /lhændaut/ 40 in total increase /lmkri:s/ (noun) 15 in (the) light of growing /lgrounj/ 24 growth /greu0/ 27 halfway point 26 38 shadow of inadequate hlnædlkwot/ 49 imply /rmlplal/ 32 importance hmlpo:tons/ 12 important hm'po:tont/ 11, 49 impose /lmlpooz/ 46 grounding /lgraund10/ 31 25 implication /,lmplllkerfon/ 32 Great Hall 18 33, 49 in the process 13 inaccuracy hn'ækjorosi/ 41 inaccurate hnlækjurot/ implicitly hmlplrsltli/ ground-breaking /'graondlbrelkllj/ in the 24 50 29 in the near/distant future 24 immature /llmoltjoo/ 36 impact /hmpækt/ 30, 48 impartial /rmlpa:Jol/ 36 illustrate /'llostrelt/ 3, great /grelt/ ground /graond/ 11 in in particular in passing 13 12 inhibit /mlhlblt/ initial /11mJol/ input /hnput/ 47 inquiry /ln'kwalori/ 15 in recent times 29 16 50 some ways 13 47 hn IseJonol/ 20 insert /1nls3a't/ in-sessional 33 Index 17 instability /ansto'blloti/ instalment instance /llnstons/ 46 28 24 instigate /hnstlgelt/ 35 instrument /lrnstromont/ 41 35 intention /mltenJan/ mailing knowledge /lnD11d3/ 22 knowledge base 35 mainly /tmelnli/ list 22 main body 23 maintain /memltem/ 8, 32, 48 maintain a united front lack /læk/ 15 maintain contact 10 large /la:d3/ maintenance grant 28 largely determine interconnecting /,1ntöko'nekt10/ late lien/ 43 largely /'la:d31i/ 43 interesting /'1ntrost10/ 24 latter /llæto/ layer /le10/ 39 39 leave out 23 manipulate /molnrpjulelt/ 41 marital status 42 27 leave (time) 35 interfere /11nto'f10/ 41 interim /llntorlm/ 10 inter-library loan 21 interface /llntofels/ make a calculation 25 make a to-do list 21 make ends meet 28 make reference to 23 make up 29 lay foundations 28 interest-free /lrntrost fri:/ major /ime1d30/ 11 30 50 lastly later /llelte/ interdependence /llntodlipendons/ marked /ma:kt/ 48 40 /li:v/ 40 mathematical /,mæ00m'æt1kol/ 41 lecture /IlektJo/ 15, 18, lecture theatre intermediate /llntolmi:diot/ 29 18 maximum legend /'led30nd/ and 27 less interplay /'lntoplel/ 43 liable /llalöbol/ interpret hnlt3:pr1t/ 24, 31 librarian /lallbreorion/ 18, interpretation /lnltg:prlltelfon/ 12 library /llalbrori/ 18 intersect /llnto'sekt/ 43 27 43 lie /)al/ less measures /lrne30z/ 37 likely /tlalkli/ limited /'llrmtld/ link 1110k/ 22, 47 list the 49 43 main causes/ characteristics/features/ hypotheses 12 phenomenon 10 literature suggests 23 23 little /llltl/ investigation An,vest11ge1Jon/ 15 little-known involve /lnlvolv/ loan noun/ 28 36 40, 45 noun/ 24 /llltl /lmi:dian/ mediate 26 45 /lmi:dielt/ meet /mi:t/ 21 meet deadlines 21 meet objectives 35 memorise /'memoralz/ 21 mention /'menJon/ 32 merely 12 literature /'11trotJo/ investigate /rnlvestlgelt/ investigate a list /11St/ 37 37 43 intrinsic /lnltnnslk/ 46 introduce /llntroldju:s/ 40 invalid /ln'vælld/ 49 invalidate results 10 /ln'to 21 45 inter-university invent hnlvent/ median likelihood /llalklihud/ interstate /,lntolstert/ /lmækslmarn/ 25, 46 means of communication 22 means /mi:nz/ 15 lecturer /')ektJoro/ 18 intermittent /llntolnutont/ 10 interrelated /,rntorllleytld/ mature /moltjuo/ 36 mature student 17 20 21 lecture notes intermarriage /,1ntoImær1d3/ 43 12 laboratory /lolbnrotri] 41 35 interaction /pntolrækJon/ 43 interchange /'1ntotJe1nd3/ 43 intentional hn'tenJonol/ 1, mainly based 12 27 label /llelbol/ 46 hnltens/ 49 integral /ilntlgrol/ intense key /ki:/ 27, 49 KISS /kJs/ 22 /lmroli/ message /lmes1d3/ 22, 34 method /lme00d/ 41 methodology /,me00idDlod3i/ 41 2, mind map 21 mind starts to wander 21 minimal /lrmnlrnol/ 46 minimum /lmlnumom/ 25, 46 minor /lmamo/ 11 irrational /11ræJonol/ lodging issue /11Ju:/ 2, 8, 15 long-term loan 21 look /lÖk/ 15 misguided /mls'galdld/ 49 look back over / mls1nlt3:pr11te1Jon/ 34 mispronounce /,rmspro'nauns/ 34 /llDd311j/ 28 logic /llDd31k/ can be argued that 31, 37 it is not surprising that 49 it is noteworthy that 49 it is worth recalling that 49 it may not be the case that 37 it would appear that 37 it would seem that 37 item of data 24 it look for 24 12 loosely lose a battle lose contact 10 junior /ld3u:nio/ 19 keep to (time) 40 magnitude /imægnltju:d/ 25 72 Academic Vocabulary in Use 34 misinterpret misinterpretation mispronunciation 34 loosely based 12 lurk 1131k/ 22 miscalculate /mlslkælkju)elt/ 34 mission statement 35 mistaken /mll,stelkon/ 49 mistranslate /,rmstrænislelt/ 34 mistranslation /lnustrỉn'slelfon/ 34 observation /tDbzoive1Jon/ 32, 41 observe /ưblz3',v/ 12, 32, 41 partly based 12 pattern /lpæton/ misunderstand /irmsAndolstænd/ 34 mnemonics /n1'mDn1ks/ 21 observe a phenomenon 10 observer /ob'zg:vo/ 41 per cent /polsent/ 26 mode /moud/ 26 obtain /ob'teln/ 24 perceptible /polseptobol/ model /'modol/ 2, 31 moderate /lmodarelt/ (verb) 22 moderate discussions 22 modify /'modlfar/ 48 module /'modju:l/ 20 monitor /'monlto/ occupation /IDkjulpe1fon/ 42 perception /pa'sepfon/ 31, 37 occupational /,nkjulperfonol/ 42 occur /oik3X/ 8, 10 perhaps /po'hæps/ period of time 29 odd number 25 of course 37 offer /lDfo/ 24 moral / Imoröl/ 31 offer a place more and more more or less 1, office permanent /lpg:monont/ 29 personal statement 17 perspective /po'spektlv/ 2, 34 phase /ferz/ 29 PhD committee 19 17 hours 18 percentage /polsent1d3/ 26 48 omit /olmlt/ /oulnut/ 40 on balance 50 on behalf of 13 on loan 21 on no account 49 phenomena /folnomlno/ 41 phenomenon /fo'nonunon/ 10, 31, motivate /imauüvelt/ 30, 35 on the piece of data motivation /,moutNve1Jon/ 15, 30, on 35 motive /imoutrv/ 35 on the on the move /mu:v/ 15, 48 movement /lmu:vmont/ 31 on moreover /mo:trouvo/ 38 most (people) would agree that 31 mostly /'moustli/ 1, 33 hand 13, 44 other hand 13, 44 subject of 38, 40 whole 5, 13, 16 of which 38 basis of 13, the one the moving on 40 on top one of multiply /JmAlt1pla1/ 27 ongoing mutual /tmju:tfuol/ 43 online 35 national debate natural /lnætjorol/ 41 naturalistic /lnætforolfistlk/ 41 naturally /lnætforoli/ nature /ine1tJo/ near future 29 need /ni'.d/ 1, 2, 42 22 /inevo/ 49 netiquette /lnetlket/ never (before) point out 6, 32 point to 24, 33 outweigh normal distribution 26 notable /tnoutobol/ 49 note /nout/ 32 overall Louvorio:l/ /,aot lwei/ 28 33 over the next few years 29 50 notion /lnoufon/ 31 overcome /,ouvoikAm/ 45 overdraft /'ouvodra:ft/ 28 overdue 21 overview /'ouvovju:/ 40 nowadays /inauoderz/ 29 parallel /lpærolel/ nuance (of meaning) /inju:ons/ 34 paraphrase /lpærofreiz/ 23 number /trmmbo/ part /pa:t/ 15 obligatory /olblrgotri/ 20 36 pivotal /lprvotol/ 10 pivotal role 10 20 order of magnitude 25 organise /'o:gonarz/ 24 origin /lDrld3in/ 30 non-repayable /,non rlipelobol/ 28 norm /no:m/ 26 objective /abld3eküv/ 35, pinpoint /lpmpolnt/ 32 opt for 20 output Pautput/ 47 outside /,autlsald/ 41 36 43 41 pilot study point /polnt/ 8, 15, 33 point of view 36 outcome /lautkAm/ 26, 30 objection /obld3ekJon/ piece together 24 opinion /olmnjon/ 36 opposed to no fewer than 25 24 piece of evidence plummet next /nekst/ 39 7, 36 onslaught /tnnslo:t/ original /otr1d30nöl/ note-taking /'nout telk11J/ 21 /fl'lnsofi/ 27 plagiarism /tple1d30Tizom/ 23 play a role 10 nevertheless /tnevoöolles/ 38 nonetheless /,nnnöo'les/ 38 pie chart /lon,gourrj/ 29 community 22 only /'ounli/ 1, 49 optional /'DpJonol/ 12, 15 41 philosophy 27 plot /pIDt/ 27 /lplAm1t/ 27 point up population /,popjuJle1Jon/ 41 20 portfolio pose /pooz/ 1, 12, 45 pose a challenge/question/threat 12 position /pö)zlfon/ 36 possibly /lposobli/ post /poust/ 22 post a message 22 postgrad(uate) rep(resentative) 18 potential /poItenJol/ powerful /'pauofol/ 24 practice /lpræktls/ 11 practice-as-research /lpræktrs oz rllsg:tj/ 35 practice-led /'præktls led/ 35 particular /poltlkjulo/ 11 precedent /lpresrdont/ 30 particularly /poltlkjololi/ preceding /pr11si:d10/ 29, 39 particular significance 11 précis /'prelsi:/ 50 Index 173 precise /presa[s/ 4, 25 precisely /prllsausli/ S predict /pnldlkt/ 33 preference /lpreforans/ 15 prejudice /'pred30d1s/ 36 prejudiced against 36 prejudiced in favour of 36 recover /r1tkAvo/ purpose /'p3:pos/ 35, 39 put /pot/ refer frequently/specifically put emphasis put forward 6, 32, 38 refer to 14, put it briefly refer 50 in 17 reference Prefrons/ 8, 17 qualification /,kwollfllkelfrn/ qualitative /'kwolltotlv/ 27 present study 23 present /prc'zant/ (verb) 3, 24, quantification /,kwontrfllkelfon/ 40 / 38 referee preliminary results 10 27, 12, /r11f3'./ passing 12 preliminary /prl'llmmori/ 10 present data 48 43 provoke /proJvook/ 30 publish results 10 48 refine /rllfam/ 17 reflect /rt'flekt/ 24, 41, 43 quantifiable /lkwnntlfaloböl/ registration fee 28 quantifiably /'kwontlfalobli/ reimburse quantify /'kwonttfar/ 28 relate /rr'lett/ 41 43 related /rl'leltld/ 40 pre-sessional /pri: Iselonel/ 20 presumably /prllzju:mobli/ 37 primarily /pral'meroli/ 1, 5, 23 quantitative /lkwontltotlv/ 1, relation /r111e1Ton/ 15 quantitatively /lkwontltotlvli/ relationship /rlllelfonfip/ 12, 15, quarterly /lkwo:toli/ 29 relative (to) /lrelatnv/ 4, primary /'pralmori/ primary source 23 prime number 25 question /IkwestJon/ 12, 32 relatively /lrelotrvli/ question results 10 relax /rlllæks/ quiz /kwu/ 19, 22 relevant /lrelovont/ 4, 11, 24, 33, presentation /,prezonltelfrn/ prime /pralm/ 41, 43 radical /'rædlkol/ principle /lpnnslpol/ 2, 15, 36 29 priority /pralloroti/ 21 35 26 probability distribution 26 probably /lprobobli/ 37 problem /tproblom/ 12, 15, 45 probability /,probo'brloti/ 36 48 45 point 33 reload rely on 14 random /lrændam/ 26 random number 25 random sample 27 remain range /remd3/ 26 represent /,reprllzent/ in the dark replicate /'repllkelt/ 41 37 reportedly /rljpo:tldli/ 49 than 44 rarely /'reoli/ rather 26 reliable /rdlarobol/ 24, raise /re1Z/ 40, raise a prioritise /pral'orltalz.] 43 38 quotation /kwau'telJon/ 23 principal /tprlnslpol/ prior to quantity /'kwontlti/ 27 representative /,reprl'zcntotlv/ 41 procedure /pro'si:d30/ 41, 47 ratification /,ræt1f11ke1Jon/ 47 47 26 representative sample 10 request an extension 21 proceed /protsi:d/ 20 ratify /'rætlfal/ process /lprouses/ 17 ratio /lrelfiau/ process information rational /lræfonol/ professor /pro'feso/ 18 rationale 17 profound /prolfaond/ 31 progress /lpreogres/ 15 project /'prDd3ekt/ 15, 20 proof /pru:f/ 32 proportion /prö'po:Jon/ 26 propose /protpooz/ 32 pros and cons 38 reach a conclusion 33 research methodology 35 35 reach a peak 27 react /ritækt/ 45 research student 18 prove /pru:v/ 32, 41 reading speed 21 reason /'ri:zon/ 15, 30 rest reasonable /'ri:zanobol/ restrain /rljstreln/ provide a sample 10 reboot restraint /rllstrernt/ provide an example 24 recapitulate /tri:kolpltjoleut/ provide an explanation receipt provide feedback 22 recently /lri:sentli/ provide with 14 recent provided that 38 rccognise Prekognarz/ retreat /nltri:t/ provocation /,provolkeljon/ 30 record /rl'ko:d/ (verb) 24, 41 return to profile /'preufall/ provide /pro'vald/ 3, 24 provide a 74 (brief) summary of 50 Academic Vocabulary in Use reach require /rtIkwa10/ 17 research /r1's3:tT/ 2, 15, 41 research assistant 18 36 15 research /ri:tf/ is based on 12 45 resolution reaction /ri'ækfrn/ 31 45 resource /rl Izo:s/ 22 reactionary /rilækfanri/ 36 respectively /rllspektlvli/ 38, react to 14 respond to 14 reading /Iri:d10/ resolve /rl'zolv/ 22 response /rllspons/ 15, 45 /rllsi:t/ 28 phenomenon 10 49 on 14 restore 50 /rl'stov./ 48 restrict /rl'strlkt/ 46 46 46 restriction /rllstrlkfen/ 40 résumé /lrezomel/ 28 results /r11zAlts/ 10, 40 46 39 reveal 43, 45 /rllvi:l/ 43, reverse setting /tset10/ 44 review /rJ'vju:/ 21 review of the literature 23 21 revise /rllvmz/ revision /r1'v130n/ 21 revolution rigorous /lngoros/ /rau/ 27 rise role /rool/ 41 state briefly 10 shed (new) light on 50 statement /'steltmant/ 32 severely /sllvroli/ 33 9, status /'steltos/ 42, shift /J1ft/ 36, status shine a light 48 on shortcoming /lfo:tlkAm11J/ stem from 30 stem from the 45 quo 46 fact that short-term loan 21 step /step/ show /JOU/ 3, 24, 27, 32 show a tendency 26 show your workings 25 stimulate /lstlmjolelt/ stimulus /lstlmjolos/ 30 side (of 33 store information significance /slglnlflkons/ 2, 11 strategy /tstrætod3i/ significant /slglmflkont/ 4, 7, 11, strengthen a role 10 sign down 25 round up 25 row /roo/ 27 up for 20 story /lsto:ri/ 12 stress /stres/ 14, significantly /slglmflkontli/ 26, 27 say /sel/ 24, 38 simulation /,sumjollelfon/ strongly suggest 12 student loan 17, 28 simply /lslmpli/ 5, 12 47 student union 18 study study plan 21 school /sku:l/ 18, 19 skip /sk1P/ 40 small /smo:l/ scope /skoop/ soar scrutinise /lskru:tlnmz/ 38 search for 14 secure /sl'kjuo/ 47 39 seek /si:k/ 17 seem /si'am/ 37 segment /'segmont/ 27 seldom /lseldam/ 49 47 subject to 49 subsume /soblsju:m/ 42 subtle /'sAtol/ 34 subtract /sob'trækt/ 25 successive /soklsesw/ 29 sudden /lsAdon/ 48 senior citizen 42 spare /speo/ 40 34 sequence of numbers 25 series of events 29 series of numbers 25 set /set/ 8, 22 set of data 26 set of numbers 25 set out to set out 6, 23 set up sports grounds 18 spring from 12 suggest Isold3est/ 12, 23, 24, 32, suggest a new approach 12 suggestion /so'd3estfrn/ 32 sum /smn/ 26 30 sum up squared /skweod/ 25 stable /'stelbol/ 10 43 specifically /spo'slflkli/ 5, sports centre 18 sense /sens/ sufficient /solflfont/ 42 specific conditions 11 senior lecturer 18 22 substantial /sob'stænfol/ source /so:s/ 23, 30 specific /spalslflk/ 4, 11, list subsequent /'sAbs1kwont/ 29 soundly /lsaundli/ 33 specially /'spefli/ 19 submit /soblmlt/ 17, 22 submit assignment 22 45 sorority /so'roroti/ 19 speak of 14 /lsi',nio/ 36 46 subscribe to a mailing 49 seminar /'semma:/ 18, 20 senior 22 solve /solv/ 45 somewhat /IsAmwot/ sophomore /tsofomo:/ 19 semester /sllmesto/ 18 seminal /tsermnol/ 23, 41 subjectively /sobId3ektrvli/ solution /sollu:frn/ 12, 3, select /sl'lekt/ subject header 42 solid /lsolld/ 1, 47 security /sllkjooroti/ /si'./ social class /IstAdi/ 15, subject /lsAbd3ekt/ 2, 41 27, 28 solely /'soulli/ secondary source 23 see /so:/ 42 student counsellor 18 simultaneous /,slmolltelnios/ 29 scholarship /IskDloftp/ 17, 28 32 24 striking /'stra1k11J/ structure /lstrAktJo/ 8, simple /lslmpol/ 33 44 44 similarly /lslmlloli/ 5, sample /lsu:mpol/ 10, 26 save energy 10 scales /skellz/ 35 strongly /'strooli/ 12 similarity /,s1m1Jlær1ti/ 42, 42 49 44 similar /'slmllo/ run out (of time) 40 rural /'ruorol/ /sald/ 49 19 rubric /lru:brlk/ run /mn/ an argument) 30 stimulation /,stlmjoilelfon/ 30 rough round 21 24 47 rote learning 21 /rAf/ 4, 48 /,steltas'kwoo/ 46 stage /ste1d3/ 27, 29, 47 1, 40, 50 summarise /IsAmora17J 50 summarise the main points 50 supervision 20 stance /sta:ns/ 31, 36 supervisor /'su:povauo/ 18 standard deviation 26 supplement /lsnpllmont/ 47 support /so'po:t/ 3, 11, 24, 28 surprising /sotprmz10/ surround /so'raund/ 46 standpoint /lstænpomt/ 36 start a new thread 22 state /stelt/ 32 Index 175 surrounding /sotraundi0/ 45 survey /lsa:vel/ (noun) 41 time-consuming survey /sa:'vel/ (verb) 27 tip the scales survey the literature 23 to a certain extent 13 valuable resource 23 48 synonymous /.sllnommos/ 43 systematic /,slstolmæt 1k/ 41 to a greater extent 13 values /lvæljur.z/ to a lesser extent 13 variable /'veoriobol/ 25, 26, 33, sustainable /solstemobol/ table /'telbol/ 27 to to 45 tackle /'tækol/ list valid /'vælld/ 26, 31 33 some extent what extent to-do 38 /ta 'du: list/ top priority 35 topic /ltoplk/ 2, take account of 33 total /itoutol/ 7, 2S 41 13, 16 take a sample 10 49 validity /vollldoti/ 16, take /telk/ 39 away 25 vacation /volkelfon/ 18 41 variety /vo'rarati/ 21 42 vary /tveori/ 25, 27 verify /tverrfal/ 40 25 vertical axis 47 27 view /vju:/ 2, 36, 49 viewpoint /lvju:pount/ 31 virtual classroom 22 take into account 33 towards /to'wo:dz/ 48 trace to 14 take issue with transcript /'trænsknpt/ virtual learning take on a role 10 transfer /træns'fg:/ (verb) virtually /lva:tjuoli/ take take part in a discussion forum/ group 22 take priority over 35 40 take questions taken together 43 25 tally /ltæli/ 35 target Pta:glt/ task /ta:sk/ 22 tuition fees 24 temporary /ltemporori/ 29 tutorial /tju'.lto:riol/ 18, 20, tend /tend/ 37 type /ta1P/ tentative /ltentouv/ 37 volume terminology /Jt3:m11n019d3i/ 34 thank you for listening 40 that's all I have to say 40 very well but 38 20 years 29 same as 44 theme /0i:m/ 22 42 typical /ltlpikol/ 1, unambiguous /lAnæmIblgjuos/ 34 undeniable /IAndiInmobol/ 24 under no circumstances 49 underline /'AndoIIa1n/ 1, 49 underlying /lAndoIla110/ 36 understanding /,nndoIstænd10/ 31, the 35 undoubtedly theory is there some evidence 37 no way is that there's thesis (mainly) based /10i'.sls/ /'0i:si:z/ /AnIdaut1dli/ on 12 (to suggest) unforeseen unify /IAnfo:lsi'.n/ /tju'.nlfal/ unique 31 10 47 49 19 university plural theses unlike /Antla1k/ 44 unstable /Anlste1bol/ 46 thinking /19i0k10/ 31 unsubscribe from a mailing 12 thoroughly examine 12 thought /00:t/ 31 upgrade /ApIgre1d/ (verb) 20 urban /la:bon/ 42 use /ju:z/ 41 thread /0red/ 22 useful contact 10 threat /0rct/ 12 username /lju:zonelm/ 22 time management 21 utilise /'ju:tilalz/ thoroughly 176 /'9Aroli/ Academic Vocabulary in Use 47 widespread /lwardspred/ 11, 24 widespread support 1 winds are blowing 33 with a focus on 39 with reference to 38 with regard to 16, 40 with respect to 16 with the exception of 13, 16 with the intention of 35 word /wa:d/ 12 word limit 20 work /W3.'k/ 15 work on work out 6, 25 work out a way 10 workshop /'wg:kJnp/ 20 37 unearth /An'a:0/ 33 12 /1010ri/ 2, 26 welcome /twelkom/ 40 whereas /weolræz/ 44 white collar 42 whole number 25 the last theory /lvolju:m/ waste energy 10 way /wcz/ 10, 41 we can presume that 37 we can see 27 ultimately /lAlumotIi/ term /t3:m/ 18, 34 21 24 VLE 22 40 14, 39, tutor /ltju:to/ 18 tendency /ltendonsi/ 15, 26, 37 /lvl','ld/ weigh up 33 1, temporarily /ltempororlli/ that's all vivid 28 turn (to) /ta:n/ environment 22 visualise /Iv13uo)a1z/ try /tral/ technique /teklni:k/ 41 telling /'te110/ 17 48 transform /træns'fo:m/ 48 transition /træntzllon/ 48 transitional /trænIz1Jonol/ 29 transparent /trænlspæront/ 34 treat /tri:t/ 23 trend /trend/ 12, 26 trigger /ttngo/ 30 write of 14 list 22 write up x axis 27 y axis 27 Academic Vocabulary in Use Academic Vocabulary in Use academic work is the perfect study aid for anyone using English for their Ideal for students of to business students and lawyers, in academic textbooks, any discipline, covers it articles, lectures all from engineers and social scientists the key vocabulary you and seminars The book will come across dcsigncd for is students at good intermediate level and above as well as those preparing for IELTS and other university entrance examinations Academic Vocabulary • Use 50 easy-to-use two-page units with clear explanations of new vocabulary on the left • in page and a variety of practice exercises on the new words and Presents expressions in real-life academic contexts extracts from lectures, presentations, essays, tables • Includes an you more • right includineJ and graphs extra 'Reading and vocabulary' section with Innoer texts to give practice of key vocabulary Has a comprehensive answer key and a phonemic transcriptions of key words in the index to help with pronunciation • Contains a handy 'Reference section' British, Irish • with notes on formal and informal usage, and North American vocabulary differences and spelling Gives you the variations most useful and frequently-used academic vocabulary on the Cambridge International Corpus and established academic based wordlists CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL CORPUS The Cambridge International Corpus (CIC) is a collection of over billion words of real spoken and written English The texts are stored in a database that can searched to see how English is be used The CIC also includes the Cambridge Learner Corpus a unique otovér 90.000 exam papers from Cambridge snows real mistakes students make and collectio ESOL iiis It highlights the parts of English which cause problems for students www.cambridge.org/corpus REAL ENGLISH GUARANTEE Cambridge in Grammar for Use ski s IELTS • I I earner's )ictionary in English + CAMBRIDGE www.cambridgc.€rg ISBN 978-0-521-68939-7 wob IS N•.€å7t 921 ISBN: 9780 521 60462 ISBN: 9780 521 712668 780521 689397 > ... We indicate those instances where a word or too formal for use in speech or too informal for use in academic writing of the vocabulary in the for both written expression Academic Vocabulary in. .. best for a successful and rewarding academic life in English So, will help Academic Vocabulary in Use What A about academic English? special is Everyday words and academic uses Many words in academic. .. changes in temperature case for restructuring parliament Academic Vocabulary in Use 13 Key verbs In this unit A we look at some important verbs academic English in Verbs for structuring academic