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CARBON ALLOYS NOVEL CONCEPTS TO DEVELOP CARBON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY E. YASUDA, M. INAGAKI, K. KANEKO, 0, A. OYA & Y. TAN ELSEVIER CARBON ALLOYS Novel Concepts to Develop Carbon Science and Technology Elsevier Science Internet Homepage - http:/hvww.elsevier.com Consult the Elscvier homepage for full catalogue information on all books, journals and electronic products and scrvices. Related JournalslProduets Free specimen cryygladly sent on request. Elsevier Science Ltd, The Boulevard. Langford Lane, Kidlingtun, Oxford, OX5 IGB, UK Applied Surface Science Carbon Chemical Physics Chemical Physics Lettcrs Diamond and Relatcd Materials Journal of Power Sourccs Surface and Coatings Technology Surfacc Science Thin Solid Films Elsevier Titles of Related Interest BURCHELL Carbon Materials for Advanced Technologies ISBN: 008-042683-2 DRESSELHAUS & DRESSELHAUS Science of Fullercncs and Carbon Nanotubes: Their Properties and Applications ISBN: 0122218205 INAGAKl New Carbons -Control of Structure and Functions ISBN: 008-043713-3 MARSH Activatcd Carbon Compendium ISBN: 008-044030-4 TANAKA, YAMABE & FUKUl The Scicncc and Technology of Carbon Nanotubcs ISBN: 008-042696-4 To Contact the Publisher Elscvicr Science welcomes enquiries concerning publishing proposals: books, journal special issues, conference procccdings, etc. All formats and media can bc considered. Should you hdvc a publishing proposal you wish to discuss, please contact, without obligation, the publisher responsible for Elsevicr’s materials chemistry programmc: lain Craig Publishing Editor Elsevier Science Ltd The Boulevard, Langford Lane Phone: f44 1865 843631 Kidlington, Oxford Fax: +44 1865 843920 OX5 IGB, UK E-mail: i.craig@elsevicr.com General enquiries, including placing ordcrs, should be directed to Elscvicr’s Rcgional Sales Offices ~ please access the Elsevier homcpage for full contact details (homepage details at thc top of this page). CARBON ALLOYS Novel Concepts to Develop Carbon Science and Technology Edited by Ei-ichi YASUDA Michio INAGAKI Katsumi KANEKO Morinobu END0 Asao OYA Yasuhiro TANABE 2003 AMSTERDAM -BOSTON -LONDON - NEW YORK - OXFORD -PARIS SAN DIEGO - SAN FRANCISCO - SINGAPORE - SYDNEY - TOKYO ELSEVIER SCIENCE Ltd The Boulevard, Langford Lanc Kidlington, Oxford OX5 IGB, UK 0 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. 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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record from the British Library has been applied for. ISBN: 0 08 044163 7 @ The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of ANSIMISO 239.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). Printed in The Netherlands. V Contents Preface xiii Part 1 . Introduction Chapter 1 . Introduction 3 1 AShortHistory 3 2 CarbonFamily 5 3 CarbonAlloys 9 References 11 Ei-ichi Yasuda and Michio Inagaki Part 2 . Space Control in Carbon Alloys Chapter 2 . Hybrid Orbital Control in Carbon Alloys 15 Hybridization in a Carbon Atom 15 2 Defect StatesandModificationsof theHybridization 27 Spectroscopies for sp” Structure 33 4 Conclusions 38 References 38 Atomic and Molecular Scales 41 1 . Introduction 41 2 . Intercalation Compounds 42 Insertion of Li Ions into the Disordered Carbon Materials 44 4 Substitution of Heteroatoms 46 5 Metal-doped Fullerenes 49 Metal-doped Carbon Nanotubes 50 7 Conclusions 54 Chapter 4 . Surface and Hidden Surface-controlled Carbon Alloys 57 Materials 57 Carbon Structure of Superhigh Surface Area 64 Design of Hidden Surfaces with Alloying 65 Riichiro Saito 1 3 Chapter 3 . Structural Design and Functions of Carbon Materials by Alloying in Morinobu Endo. Takuya Hayashi, YoongAhm Kim. Hiroaki Ohta and Sung Wha Hong 3 6 References 54 Katsumi Kaneko 1 2 3 Importance of Hidden Surfaces and Confined Spaces in Carbon vi Contents 4 5 Properties of Hidden Surface- or Pore Space-alloyed Carbons 68 Design of New Porous Carbon with Carbon Alloying Technique 76 References 77 Chapter 5 . Control of Interface and Microstructure in Carbon Alloys 83 1 Introduction 83 2 Interface Control 85 3 Microstructure Control 89 4 Conclusion 93 References 93 Yasuhiro Tanabe and Ei-ichi Yasuda Part 3 . Typical Carbon Alloys and Processing Chapter 6 . Intercalation Compounds 99 1 Introduction 99 Li-insertion into Carbon Materials 100 Carbon Materials 103 Alkali Metals 104 Boehmite with Layered Structure 105 6 Conclusion 105 References 106 Chapter 7 . Porous Carbon 109 1 Introduction 109 Control of Pore Structure 110 Performance of Advanced Porous Carbon 118 4 Conclusions. 123 References 124 Noboru Akzuawa 2 3 4 5 New Intercalation Compounds Prepared from Unique Host Host Effect on the lntercalation of Halogen Molecules and Physical Properties of MC1,. GICs and Alkyl Derivative of Takashi Kyotani 2 3 Chapter 8 . Polymer Blend Technique €or Designing Carbon Materials 129 Asao @a 2 . 3 5 1 . Introduction 129 Porous Carbon Materials 129 4 Carbon Nanofibers and Carbon Nanotubes 133 Other Fibrous Carbon Materials with Unique Shapes 139 6 Conclusions 141 References 141 Preferential Support of Metal Particles on Pore Surface 131 Part 4 . The Latest Characterization Techniques Chapter 9 . Computer Simulations 145 Shinji Tsuneyuki 1 Methods., 145 vii 2 Applications 150 3 Conclusions 156 References 156 Chapter 10 . X-ray Diffraction Methods to Study Crystallite Size and Lattice Constants of Carbon Materials 161 1 . Introduction 161 Measurement Method (JSPS Method) 162 Temperatures 170 References 173 Scattering 175 1 . Introduction 175 Fundamentals of Small-Angle X-ray Scattering 176 3 Analyses 180 Examples of Structure Determination 183 References 187 Minoru Shiraishi and Michio Znagaki 2 3 Characterization of Carbonized Materials Heat-treated at Low Chapter 11 . Pore Structure Analyses of Carbons by Small-Angle X-ray Keiko Nishikawa 2 . 4 Chapter 12 . XAFS Analysis and Applications to Carbons and Catalysts 189 Hiromi Yamashita 1 Introduction 189 2 XAFSAnalysis 190 Applications to Carbon Related Materials and Catalysts 200 XAFS in the Future 207 References 207 3 4 Chapter 13 . X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and its Application to Carbon . 211 Noboru Suzuki 2 3 1 Introduction and XPS 211 Cls Binding Energy 212 Application to Carbon Materials 212 References 220 Chapter 14 . Transmission Electron Microscopy 223 1 Introduction 223 Materials Characterization by Means of TEM 223 Specimen Preparation by FIB 231 In-Situ Heating Experiment 235 References 238 Characterization of Carbon Materials 239 1 Introduction 239 Basic Principles of EELS and Instrumentation 240 Hiroyasu Saka 2 3 4 Chapter 15 . Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy and its Applications to Hisako Hirai 2 [...]... developments in carbon science and technology Keyword: Carbon materials, Classic carbons, New carbons, Carbon family, Carbon alloys 1 A Short History Carbon materials have attracted the attention of human beings from prehistoric times Carbon materials include charcoals used as heat sources, diamond crystals used not only as jewels but also for cutting and abrasion, graphite as lubricants and electrical... carbynes, graphite, and diamond are zero-, one-, two-, and three-dimensional carbon isomers respectively in which two, three, and four chemical bonds per carbon atom, known as bonds, are connected to the nearest-neighbor carbon atoms Further, new forms of carbon, such as fullerenes and carbon nanotubes [1,2], are spherical -and tubularshaped carbon isomers, in which three chemical bonds per carbon atom make... Inagaki and Y Hishiyama, New Carbon Materials Gihoudou Pub., 1994 M Inagaki, New Carbons-Control of Structure and Functions Elsevier Science, 2000 M Inagaki, Microtextures in carbon materials Tanso, 114122,1985 Y Hishiyama, Y Kaburagi and M Inagaki, Characterization of structure and microtexture of carbon materials by magnetoresistance technique In: P Thrower (Ed.), Chemistry and Physics of Carbon, ... different carbon alloys, and also to nano-sized carbon materials for various energy storage devices Other research projects on “Creation of functional nano- and micro-sized spaces in carbon materials” and “Basic science and application of nanocarbons developed for advanced energy devices” were part of the Future Research Program of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science for five years from 1996 and. .. developments in carbon materials, with such a wide range of structures, textures and properties, and also because of the great demands on materials science from modern technology, a new concept or strategy for the development of carbon materials was needed The Japanese Carbon Group proposed a new strategy, Le., carbon alloys in 1992 [6] The following definition of carbon alloys was tentatively suggested: Carbon. .. carbon blacks and activated carbons) have a long history of usage and are called classic carbon materials, in contrast to newly developed carbon materials the so-called new carbons Carbon materials play a part in our daily lives in various ways, many not being that obvious For example, among the new carbons there are carbon fibers for reinforcing rackets and fishing rods, activated carbons as filters for... binder coke The carbon/ carbon composites are composed of carbon fibers with a fibrous morphology and micrometre-size diameter, within a matrix carbon These are examples of combinations of carbon materials with different textures within the graphite-based family Diamond-like carbon, however, is known to be composed of both sp3 and sp2C-C bonds There are many possibilities for the substitution and intercalation... different carbon components We hope that this bookwill be a major reference source for those working with carbon alloys The book is divided into five parts: (1) definitions and approaches to carbon alloys; (2) analyses of results in terms of controlling the locations of other alloying elements; (3) typical carbon alloys and their preparation; (4) characterization of carbon alloys; and (5) development and. .. proposed for amorphous carbon films in Fig 4 [7] shows that such alloying gives variety in carbon materials Amorphous carbons, which so far have been classified into one category, can be considered as carbon alloys using sp3 and sp2 hybrid orbitals, in addition to bonding with hydrogen In this definition of carbon alloys, porous carbons can be understood as a combination of carbon atoms and nanospaces In... intercalation alloys, surfaceand/or hidden surface controlled alloys, and microstructure controlled alloys Special attention was paid to space control and function development by alloying with carbons The formation of carbon alloys may be considered as the filling of space by carbon atoms with different hybrid orbitals and foreign atoms, because sp3 carbon gives three-dimensional alignment, sp2 carbon gives two-dimensional . DRESSELHAUS Science of Fullercncs and Carbon Nanotubes: Their Properties and Applications ISBN: 0122218205 INAGAKl New Carbons -Control of Structure and. Hata and Sashiro Uemura 2 3 The Chemistry of Carbon Nanotubes with Fluorine and Carbon Chapter 31 . Preparation of Metal-loaded Porous Carbons and