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RMIT International University Vietnam BUSM2301 Organisational Analysis ASSIGNMENT COVER PAGE Course Code BUSM 2301 Course Name Organisational Analysis Location where you study SGS Saigon Campus Title.
RMIT International University Vietnam BUSM2301 Organisational Analysis ASSIGNMENT COVER PAGE Course Code: BUSM 2301 Course Name: Organisational Analysis Location where you study: SGS Saigon Campus Title of Assignment: Invidual Review Assignment File(s) submitted file Student name: Nguyễn Lê Nhật khanh Student e-mail address: S3915338@rmit.edu.vn Learning Facilitator in charge: Mr Christopher Paget Assignment due date: August 22nd, 2021 Date of submission: 22/08/2021 Number of pages including this one: Word Count: 2589 The case study at the hospital located in Singapore has many aspects to analyze It covers many practical problems that are also being faced There are two-sided of this problem, as the Functionalist theory: "The functionalist paradigm is concerned with providing explanations of the status quo, social order, social integration, consensus, need satisfaction, and rational choice It seeks to explain how the individual elements of a social system interact to form an integrated whole" (Hirschheim, Klein, 1989, p.1199) The Toyota consulting firm applied this theory to the hospital model just as it did the Toyota company The emergency area is facing many problems, difficulties and has not been able to handle many patients as well as the system of nurses and doctors is still under stress leading to errors That greatly harms not only the patient's health but also the reputation of the hospital There are many strengths as well as limitations of this solution that Toyota consultants offer But overall, they connected the company's shortcomings as well as individual elements and formed an integrated approach "As Salaman and Thompson have noted, this is often seen as the ‘orthodox approach' to the study of organizations and 'tends to adopt theories and models of organizational functioning, and to focus on areas of empirical investigation that are highly oriented towards managerial conceptions of organisations, managerial priorities and problems and managerial concerns for practical outcomes" (Salaman,Thompson, 1973, p I) Based on the Functionalist Organization Theory, the Toyota Consultant applied this one to the Emergency Department in the hospital To reduce the number of patients as well as control the patients, they applied the "Division of labor" method to the hospital's organizational model This is a strong point to arrange labor in those departments according to their forte capacity and industry in which the workers are trained in accordance with the requirements of each position Nurses have more power and control over the flow of low-risk patients, and nurses will control patient flow so that patients can only see a doctor when all tests are required That is, the patient will only be able to see the doctor in case of severe illness or special circumstances This method is also a great way to eliminate "waste" in the system in the form of doctors' time, who could otherwise devote their attention in the meantime to more serious cases and performed when needed to quickly complete and the patient can also save time and quickly see the doctor However, there are many limitations to this solution The division of work will reduce the massive patient traffic; however, nurses and doctors have different qualifications The fact that nurses have more power and control over patients will make the examination inaccurate because their expertise is not high enough to judge Besides, the doctor also feels frustrated if everything must go through the nurse Each patient also has a different and complex medical record, so if they must go to the nurse first, they will most likely forget or miss it Besides, the division of time for each patient is not correct and unfair Each person's body and level of complexity are different, it is impossible to force each patient to have about 1-4 hours for medical examination and treatment, which puts a lot of pressure on nurses and doctors: "(1) that although there is a strong, orthodox approach to systems development, there are recently developed alternatives that are based on fundamental different sets of assumptions " (Hirschheim, Klein, 1989, p.1199) As the authors, although the Toyota consultant has applied the Functionalist Organization Theory to ED, it is not possible to be rigid and apply everything according to the theory People, health and objects are two different categories, the one that the counselor offers to the emergency department has its strengths and limitations Instead of forcing everyone to apply as theory, they can change and flex many issues to make the hospital operate more properly and efficiently The nurse will take the patient's records and assign each person's severity For basic or simple tests, the nurse can perform and then give the results to the doctor for final examination The nurse records and summarizes the symptoms, then the doctor will meet with each patient to double check and prescribe medications That saves more time as well as more efficient hospital productivity Stop calculating performances of doctors and nurses because it's unfair and frustrating Except for severe cases, in the remaining cases, doctors and nurses try to reach the goal of solving within hours or more and each month will have a leaderboard, a bonus according to the percentage of patients who solve it early will be added into wages So that will help them be more motivated to work and the performance will also be raised to a higher level So why are there different concerns and views about this pilot? Why is it so important to consult with employees? "A priori knowledge was seen as independent of any external reality and the sense data which it emits; it was seen as the product of mind and the interpretive processes which go on within it while the world in which men live may be the product of a complex interrelationship between a priori knowledge and empirical reality, for Kant the starting point for understanding this lay in the realm of mind and intuition" (Burrel, Morgan, 1979) According to the Interpretive Sociology theory, the author has shown that the mind will have an influence on human actions There are many concerns when developed by the Toyota consultant for the hospital emergency department because nurses and doctors have never experienced and familiarized with Functional theory before Anxiety as well as fear happen in their mind, and it also signals out It also hinders them from practicing or applying new theories The ED emergency department is really a mess and has not yet integrated the proper division of labor, leading to overcrowding of patients and lack of coordination However, when the Toyota consultant improved the process, there was a lot of frustration that followed Although there are still many limitations, overall, this is also an effective way to improve However, the Improvement advisor has many opposing views with Toyota expertise Because the Functionalist theory works with company so they believe this one will also work in hospitals However, the Hospital Improvement Advisor disagrees for many points: "insofar as the acting individual attaches a subjective meaning to his behavior – be it overt or covert, omission or acquiescence Action is “social” insofar as its behavior subjective meaning takes account of the behavior of other and is therefore oriented in its course" (Weber, 2003, p 4) As the author, There are major reasons for the anxiety of the hospital department First, it doesn't make sense to them and they feel their expertise is undervalued The doctor behaves autonomously and does not accept advice from the nurses: "The term “social relationship” will be used to denote the behavior of a plurality of actors insofar as, in its meaningful content, the action of each takes account of that of the others and is oriented in these terms The social relationship thus consists entirely and exclusively in the existence of a probability that there will be a meaningful course of social action – regardless, for the time being, of the basis for this probability" (Weber, 2003, pp 2627) Every component of social activity, according to the author, is significant to a person or includes content that is meaningful to individuals inside an organization Individual acts must, however, be oriented toward one another in order for a social connection to exist That is, a social activity is meaningful and oriented toward another person for each individual, a public connection exists when two or more actors work together to steer these significant social acts toward one another Such social relationships themselves have meaningful content for the participants Because nurses and doctors not have a close connection and coordination with each other in the organization Not only that, they don't feel Functionalism fits the ED area, so it doesn't make any sense to them Since then there is no influence on each other, which creates contradictions and many different views on the pilot After considering carefully, I belive this diagrammatic form of consultation process will help ED reduce the stress as well as assign the labor to the nurses and doctors in this department based on the social relativism theory Get Information of patients, check History Medical Report ,… Nurse Doctor Check symptoms Minor illness More actions required Blood test Urine test nurse prescription Prescription drugs Results Doctor Is the diagnosis having an infectious disease/serious illness,…? X-ray, imaging exam YES NO Other prescriptions Positioning to the upper Return the results department for monitoring to patients Prescription done Consultation Done REPORT So, The patient arrives to the ED, staffs or nurses will take their personal information, social Insurance,… Besides, check their history medical reports to understand their medical history, is that symptom the reason they went to the emergency room? Next, take the patients to the general emergency rooms, the nurse will be responsible for the general examination, overall symptoms, Then, the general examination sheet will be given to the doctor and he will check again with patients, ask for more if needed If it is a mild case, the doctor will prescribe the medicines and save their information in the Report, the patient can go home In the second case, if the patient (is) requires (required) more steps, the nurse is responsible for guiding them to check blood, urine, X-ray, Imaging exam, other prescriptions, The summary of results will be given to the doctor, then he is responsible for carefully examining, diagnosing if there is an infectious disease, a serious illness, If the disease is not serious, return the results to the patient and keep in the medical record If it is severe, proceed to bring them to the upper division for monitoring and surgery if necessary When everything is done, it is very necessary and important to save all patient records in the hospital report The Consulation is done! However, there will still be many challenges and limitations This study attempted to minimize the disadvantages as much as possible and described the challenge, response of emergency patients and staff to clinical emergencies, and strategies and tactics that healthcare organizations and frontline workers use to address ED crowding However, the patient will not be asked for the right to see a doctor unless it is a very serious condition, the nurse will screen first, which will also take a while until the results are known Furthermore, there are some practical limitations of interpretivism theory : "Instead they account for the seeming presence of such phenomena by suggestive that human beings 'continuously rely on, and if pressed, insist upon, the capacities of others to find a presumptively shared sense in what they are saying'' (Zimmerman and Wieder, 1970, p 294) According to the author, social relativism requires connections between individuals and they must have a common purpose and direction However, it is two-sided, the opponent will easily rely on and take advantage of the enthusiasm of others Since the hospital is a place of order and regulation, so it is a case study: “He- that there must be inherent, in-born that organising principles within man's consciousness by which any and all sense data is structured, arranged and thus understood " (Burrel, Morgan, Interpretive Sociology, page 227) According to the author, Relativism belongs to Individualism, Subjectivism in epistemology In modern times, it has been widely used in studies and cultural contexts, in discussions to know their cultural works and knowledge So it has the importance of awareness in the respective fields My role - as a new consultant that belongs to the order/regulation end of this axis because if my consultation process works, it can change the whole ED system, it will create a bright new path for the whole hospital The emergency department will have a new working order and rules, bringing a lot of meaning and value to nurses, doctors and patients: "As a result of this disenchantment with sociological positivism, idealism assumed a new lease of life Print short, there was a distinctive shift in the focus of intellectual attention along the subjective-objective dimension of analytical scheme, which involved certain theorists in clarifying the intellectual foundations of what we describe as the interpretive paradigm " (Burrel, Morgan, 1979 Interpretive Sociology, p 228), As the authors, the consultant brought his idealism and wisdom to bring a law and order to the world organization, bring about positive and objective changes to change the old orientations of the hospital.Moreover, this work not only brings the wisdom to change but also the standards of the value of beauty and The beauty here is not only thinking to change the organizational structure, but also thinking and understanding for nurses and doctors, creating favorable conditions for patients to come to the hospital Bring many noble values for frontline doctors, minimizing negativity in the workplace: "Relativism has different types of the frames of references, (cultural, conceptual, historical) It has an Epistemology, (knowledge, cognition, aesthetic, morality) It has standards of values of truth, beauty and goodness It possesses to some extent Foundationalism, Objectivism or Universalism and a local form of “Absolutism”, (it means relativism has to have any standard related to its own frames of reference otherwise there would be anarchy) It has an ontology where it applies its research and its subjects promulgate their relativistic conceptions " (Shah, M, 2017) However, The Interpretive Theory still has many limitations It requires everyone involved to work together in the socialism or organization must have the same will and direction, that is, if there are a few individuals in the organization who are not motivated or focused on the goal, everything will be meaningless However, It also has many strengths, such as when individuals work together, they will create certain values Organizations will have talented and dedicated employees In society, everyone will also create more values as well as more harmony and understandings for each other To sum up, this case study is interesting In an organization, in order for all employees to agree on the same goal, the leader must point out the right direction as well as let them feel the value that they bring In addition, it is very important to be unite and the connection of everyone together How they feel the meaning of mission, how they contribute to it as well as what it brings to them All individuals must be in harmony with the rhythm, combine into a strong team From there, the organization will grow outstandingly Shah, M (2017) “Relativism” As a paradigm of Cultural epistemology (A critical Analysis) Retrieved from: http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/phill/pdf_files/2_v37_17.pdf p.13-26 Webber, M (2003) Theory of Social Action (Economy and Society) Retrieved from: http://uregina.ca/~gingrich/319j1503.htm p 4- 31 Burrel, G & Morgan, G (1979) Sociological Paradigms and Organisational Analysis Retrieved from: https://www-taylorfrancis-com.ezproxy.lib.rmit.edu.au/chapters/mono/10.4324/978131524280413/interpretive-sociology-gibson-burrell-gareth-morgan?context=ubx&refId=e57ad808-7f74-4352-bc20d9ee9f0641b7 Hirschheim, R & Klein, H (1989) Four paradigms of Information Systems Development Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/213802262_Four_Paradigms_of_Information_Systems_Develop ment p.1199-1216 ... https://www-taylorfrancis-com.ezproxy.lib .rmit. edu.au/chapters/mono/10.4 324 /978131 524 280413/interpretive-sociology-gibson-burrell-gareth-morgan?context=ubx&refId=e57ad808-7f74-43 52- bc20d9ee9f0641b7 Hirschheim,... Development Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication /21 38 022 62_ Four_Paradigms_of_Information_Systems_Develop ment p.1199- 121 6 ... Shah, M (20 17) “Relativism” As a paradigm of Cultural epistemology (A critical Analysis) Retrieved from: http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/phill/pdf_files /2_ v37_17.pdf p.13 -26 Webber, M (20 03) Theory