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A rapid course in english for students of economics

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Oxford University Press, Walton Street, Oxford OX2 6DP

OXFORD NEW YORK TORONTO

DELHI BOMBAY CALCUTTA MADRAS KARACHI PETALING JAYA_ SINGAPORE HONG KONG TOKYO NAIROBI DAR ES SALAAM CAPE TOWN

MELBOURNE AUCKLAND

and associated companies in

BERLIN IBADAN

OXFORD, OXFORD ENGLISH and the OXFORD ENGLISH logo are trade-marks of Oxford University Press

ISBN 0 19 437606 0

© Oxford University Press 1973

First published 1973 Eleventh impression 1990

All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means,

electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,

without the prior permission of Oxford University Press

This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher's prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser

Illustrations by Geoffrey Bargery

Printed in Hong Kong

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General Aims

useful whether a student requires English as a library language of as a full-time medium of instruction,

In addition to these basic aims, the material has been organized go as to help three categories of stuđent; -

(1) College and postgraduate Students in the emergent countries,

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that no exercise is irrelevant to the needs of any student who wishes

to.master the fundamentals of English as it relates to economics Jt is

assumed however that every prospective student has taken as a minimum a secondary school course (or its equivalent) in the English language

Although the book is intended primarily for work under the guid- ance of a teacher who is familiar with English and the general ter- minology of English grammar, the provision of a key makes it possible for students working alone to acquire reasonable competence at this level, even where they are unable to have tutorial help

Arrangement

The general arrangement of each of the fourteen units approximates to the following plan:

(1) One or two texts The length of the texts ranges from 16 lines in Unit 1 to a maximum of 127 lines in the later texts

(2) Exercises related to each text and successively to one other, deal-

ing with comprehension, syntax, arrangement of sentences and

vocabulary An index shows the distribution of grammatical topics throughout the units

(3) A supplement containing further vocabulary material, and/or , diagrammatic problems and exercises associated with matters of more general interest in economics Later supplements provide simple composition topics closely related to the preceding texts Teachers are encouraged to adhere closely to the work-plan out-

lined immediately after this introduction

The fourteen units are related to a numbered vocabulary list (pp 91-99) with parallel phonetie transcriptions The numbers indicate the unit in which a word first appears or appears to best advantage This numbering will assist teachers if they wish to compile vocabulary lists related to particular units, while the transcriptions provide the standard RP pronunciation of each item

Innovedions

The close inter-relation of texts, notes, exercises and special lists and

the concept of grading are not new, but the volume is characterized

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(3) Word-formation tables, To encourage a habit of analysing the more complex Word-forms of English, Special tables have been Provided at frequent intervals which demonstrate the formation, of such words The inner structure of such a woid as nationalizas*

tion can be read off from the table on p 37 as follows: ,

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— ——

-Presentation and Use coi

The course offered in this book may be integrated into the general

curriculum of a college ina variety of different ways One possibility

is to extend the course throughout a single academic year (in con- junction with regular, parallel courses), assigning it two periods a week Another possibility is to present it as an intensive course,

allowing for one unit to be studied in written and oral form each day

Experience indicates that most sections in the units can be accom- modated comfortably in periods of 35-40 minutes each, depending of course upon how a teacher rations his time

In any course, however, the volume should be accompanied by a good dictionary and followed by a relevant simple introductory text- pook of economics proper Two recommended books for this are:

Hornby and Parnwell: An English-Réader’s Dictionary, Oxford University Press -

Livingstone and Goodall:" Economics ‘and Development: An

Introduction, Oxford University Press, Nairobi, 1970 Acknowledgements

] Am grateful to Donald Rutherford of the Department of Economics,

Edinburgh University, for his valuable comments and criticisms Bearing his advice in mind, I have tried to finalize the texts so that

they-are faithful both to economics and to an integrated presentation of the language; it is hoped that the result is harmonious Needless to say, full responsibility remains with me for the nature, selection and wording of the material in the fourteen units

1 should also like to thank the Editor; Ronald- Mackin, for his.-

incisive and sympathetic help in developing the book, and the students and friends whose responses and comments have helped Edinburgh 1972 to mould it

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1 When you begin a unit, read the text carefully twice

2 Consult ‘your dictionary when necessary, stand a new word in its context, but first try to under- 3 The dictionary which is reco,

Hornby and Parnwell: 4

(11,000 entries),

4 When YOu answer the

munended for use with this volume is

a English-Reader’s Dictionary, QUP

9 Wh

doing the exercises,

[When you are asked to Punctuate

printed Passages, you should

Provide such symbols as capital letters, commas, full stops, brackets and colons (where applicable), ]

10 A supplement is added which are not direct

Supplement is of more general interest, e, tion; special vocabulary; Suggestions for

diagrams,

to most units It contains extra exercises

ly linked with the texts in the units, The 8 geographical informa

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PART 1: UNIT 1 Economic Activity As Te = Pon MKD DU rary: WN yudliur l; Text A

Most people work in order to earn their living They produce goods and services

Goods are either produced on farms, like maize and milk, or in

factories, like cars and paper

Services are provided by such thin gs as schools, hospitals and shops Some people provide goods; some provide services

Other people provide both goods and services,

For.example, in the same garage, aman may buy a car, or he may

buy some service which helps him to maintain his car

The work which people do is called their economic activity, 10 Economic activities make up the economic system,

‘The economic system is the sum-total of what people du ad what

they want mete on :

The work which people undertake either provides what they need or provides them with money, 1§

People buy essential commiodities with money

ta

Exercises

1 Here are some questions about the Passage Answer them

a Why do most people work? ¢ What two different things can a

5 What do they produce? e Where are goods produced? man buy in, for example, a

garage?

d What do schoois, hospitals and J What do we call the work which

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g What is an economic systém the 7 What can people buy with

sum-total of ? an money?

h What two things can work provide for the worker?

2° Combine these pairs of sentences as in the example -

EXAMPLE The services are useful -

‘The workers provide the services

=> The services which the workers provide are useful

a The goods are essential People produce these goods and

They need the goods ˆ services — -

b The schools an¢ hospitals are J The work is called economic -

ˆ essential, activity

They provide the schools and We do this work ;

hospitals g The work provides them with

e The goods are valuable money

He buys the goods People do this work

d The money buys essential h The economic activities make up

commodities _ the economic system

People earn this money People undertake these

é The goods and services are very economic activities

useful,

3 Change these sentences in the same way as the example Both sen-

tences refer to future possibilities :

EXAMPLE Perhaps he will come = He may come ;

a Perhaps he will buy a car country or the whole world

b Perhaps we shall want some g Perhaps the car does not belong

more fruit tomorrow to those people

ce Perhaps they will get the h Perhaps he will buy some

essential commodities soon service which will help him to

d Perhaps the service will stop maintain his car

next month ‘7 Perhaps he:will see the car when

e Perhaps the garage will not sell he comes tomorrow

that car to him, j Perhaps he will provide what

J Perhaps the economic system they need when he comes back

belongs to a city, a whole

4 In each of these words, underline the syllable which carries the main

stress Practise saying the words They are all used in this textbook EXAMPLE order — order

system; equal; solid; liquid; mobile; complex (adj.); regular; similar;

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UNIT 1

5 In each of these Words, underline the syllable Stress Practise saying the words They are all used which carries the main in this textbook

EXAMPLE produce —» produce (verb)

provide; exampie; belong; maintain; perhaps: Teplace; result; occur; obtain: Police; arrange; appear: conctrn; describe; explain,

- 6 In each of these wards, underline the syllable Stress Practise saying the words, They are all used which carries the main in this textbook

EXAMPLE essential + essential

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UNIT 1 at ) Most people produce either goods or services, b( ) Services are either agricultural or manufactured c( ) Education and medicine are

‘provided by schools and hospitals, d(_ ) Cars and paper are agricultural goods e{ ) Paper is a non-agricultural commodity

S( The work which people do

_ Ìs'called an economic system

g( )Acity has its own economic system

h( ) Economic activity is the sum-total of what people do and want

i( ) The work people undertake ‘provides them with money, or

with what they need

J( ) Most people do not want to

buy non-essential commodities and services

2 in the sentences below replace which with that, When you have done this, re-write all the sentences without either which or that The meaning remains the same but the sentences become less formal

a The goods which they wanted were essential minerals

b The schools and hospitals which’ they provide are essential

¢ The goods which he buys are valuable

d The money which the people earned bought many

commodities,

e The goods and services which people produce are very useful J The work which we all do is ©

called economic activity

g The work which most people do provides them with money h The economic activities which

people undertake make up the economic system of a town, city, country or larger area

i The economic system which people belong to is the sum- total of their needs and actions j The work which he undertook

was useful but non-essential

3 In each of these sentences a word is missing Provide a word from Text B, from the lines given in brackets

a Transport systems like railv iys, buses and aeroplanes provide the public with important © 5 They told him to look at the

and then do the exercises (4-6)

¢ There is usually a lot of

at any railway station or airport

that handles a lot of traffic (8) d He decided to _ the

work in order to make some money (11-12)

e It was _ _ for him †o go to the city as soon as possible

(11~14) , l

ý They had money to buy most of the things they needed (12-15)

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UNITI

4 In these sentences, certain nouns are printed in italics, Change them into adjectives which can be used in the blanks, EXAMPLE education = education + al = educational

“commerce = commerci + al => commercial

a These goods belong to the nation, @ Shops are places of commerce

They are therefore centres of They are therefore activity

5 Minerals are a part of nature, They are therefore ——.—.<.—._ ` é He does not want anyone else to do this work He wants to do the

¢ Schools provide education Work in person

They are therefore centres of — activity, ` [tis his concern ` 5 Mark the syllable which carries the main stress in these words, wee OS, a, ! ‘ ; occur; rapid; obtain; economic; objective; particular; complex; level, Supplement

Most people work in order to éarn their living, and they produce

goods and services, This fact can be shown as a diagram:

Most people produce -

_—

goods or services

The things which people produce are called their products So the

diagram can be drawn as: :

products

goods services

Below are 20 kinds of people Ten of them produce goods; ten produce services, Make a diagram like this one and list the people

under goods and services,

cattle-breeđer - coal-miner musician farmer

pilot teacher doctor banker

shoemaker steelworker nurse

fruit-grower

horse-breeder shopkeeper cook fisherman

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10 15 The Science of — Economics Hi i Text A Economics i is a science a:

This science is based upon the facts of our everyday lives Economists study our everyday, dives

They study the system which ‘affects our lives

The economist tries to describe the facts of the economy in which we live

He tries to, explain how the system works His methods should be objective and stientific

We need food, clothes and sheltet - „- „

If we could ‘get food, clothes and shelter without working, we probably would not work

But even when ‘we have these essential things, we may want other

things

If we had them, these other things (like radios, books and toys for the children) might make life more enjoyable

The science of economics is concerned with all our material needs and wants

It is not just concerned with basic needs like food, clothes and shelter

Exercises

1 Answer these questions, basing your answers on the text

a What is economics? ce What two things do economists

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UNIT 2

d What do they try to do? ' get these essentials without e What do they try to explain? ' working?

f What should the methods of the economists be like? } What might make life more

enjoyable?

& What three essential things do we need ? J What is economics concerned

with?

h What would happen if we could

2 Study the example, It shows how a conditional sentence is organ- ized Do the same-with the pairs of sentences: which follow EXAMPLEˆ X =Wehave money

Y == We can buy food, : If X,Y = if we have money, we can buy foad,

a X = We have a radio, dX = The economic system of Y = We can listen to the programmes, 4 country is strong,

: Y = The people will be able

& X = We have food, shelter to satisfy their wants and clothes e¢ X = He wants to become an Y¥ = We have the basic economist

- necessities of life, Y = He must study

c¢ X = You want to get new : economics books

clothes :

Y = You must earn some “money,

EXAMPLE Y We can buy food .X== We have money

Y, if X = We can buy food, if we Have money

3 Now turn the Sentences of Exercise Z completely round

4 Punctuate the following passage Provide capital letters, commas, full stops, brackets, colons etc., where applicable, most people must work to carn their living they Produce goods and services, this is called economie activity, all economic activities together make up the economic system this’ system is very complex, economists 5 You have now used the three words economics, economic and économist There are also in this set the wards economical, econo-

Mically and economy, In a diagram we can show them like this:

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UNIT 2 econom ic al | fly ist Each word has a different use Try to put the right word in the blanks in these sentences: a Marx and Keynes are two famous — ở b Those people are studying the science of _„ c We sometimes call a person's workhis _ activity d People shoitld be very ~

with the money they earn

t}

Text B

e The economic system of a country is usually called the

national =

J The people in that town live VELY waa,

The science of economics is based-upon the facts of our everyday lives Economists study our everyday lives and the general life of our communities in order to understand the whole economic system of which we are part They try to describe the facts of the economy in

5 which we live, and to explain how it all works The economist’s

methods should of course be strictly objective and scientific

We need food,.clothes and shelter We probably would not go to work if we could satisfy these basic needs without working But even

when we have satisfied such basic needs, we may still want other

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UNIT 2 to have a radio as well as the basic necessity of having enough food to eat, 15 Exercises 1 Say whether these statements are true (T) or false are false say why, (F), and if they ` 4{ ) Economies sa scientific €( )The Tange of human wants study, is very complex, 5( ) Economists try to under- system, stand only part of the economic #( ) Clothes and shelter are non- essential human needs

&( ) Economic Studies are e( ) If we could Satisfy our basic essentially non-scientific,

needs without working, we / h( ) Economists study the

would still work,

general life of our cémmunities,

4(_ ) Radios, baoks and toys are basic commodities,

Must decide whether jf g0es at the beginning of the first sentence or

the second, @ He must study,

: # You work together building

He wants to become an "that house,

‘ economist,

' You will finish the whole thing

‘8 People work, More rapidly

They will earn money, ', © Men study the economic system ¢ You will make more money " ofa country scientifically

“+ You work regularly and rapidly, We call them economists

EXAMPLE the work of the economist - the economist’s the work of the economists — the economists wort

work a the work of the farmer ithe needs of the cattle-breeders

& the work of the farmers ¢ the needs of the scientist J the education of the son of the farmer

-

d the needs of the scientists k the education of the sons of the

é the life of the man farmers

J the lives of the men i the work of the farmers and & the toy of the child fishermen

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Supplement

Supply the missing articles (the or @ or an) in these sentences Follow the examples exactly

always general, while the secon EXAMPLE This is In each case, the first sentence is d is always specific school school is open = This is a school 7he school is open a This is car is new bHehas._ — house -

c The child has i toy

“ _ toy is green and red

d This is piece of coal ui piece of coal is a burning e This is : book, 1 book is about economics J He has _. _ radio He listens to i radio every _ day 10

g That is garage - " _ garage contains three

cars

h That is — factory

factory produces cars ? That man is- farmer

_—_ - farmer used to breed cattle but now he breeds pigs j Each country has —-

economic system ——

economic system is.the sum- total of all _.- activities in that country

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UNIT 3 Different Economic Systems Text A

Not all economic systems are the same

The economic system of the United States is very different from the

economic system of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

The American system is based on private enterprise, Mu The Russian system is based on the principles of Karl Marx, se Kark Marx was a political economist who lived in the 19th century,

The American system is capitalistic, while the Russian system is

communistic, , :

The economic ideologies of these two nations differ very much from each other,

10 The economic-system of Britain is similar to the American system,

Britain has an economic system based on private enterprise and private supplies of capital,

Property in Britain and the United States can be owned by in- dividual citizens, `

The economic freedom of the citizens of Britain and America is not complete freedom,

,

Citizens must obey the law, but otherwise they can use their time,

money and effort as they wish

Exercises

1 Answer these questions, basing your answers on the text

a What does the economic system- 6 What is the American system of the United States differ from? based on?

ke ta

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c What is the Russian system g Who can own property in the:

based on? , United States and Britain?

d When did Karl Marx live? h What must British and

2 What economic.system is the _American citizens obey? _

British system similar to? - ? What three things can Britons

J On what two things is the and Americans use a3 they wish ? British system based? -

2 Make these sentences passive, as in the example EXAMPLE Most people produce goods and services,

=> Goods and services are produced by most people

a Some people provide both J They will maintain his car

goods and services g The economists explained the

4 Economists study the economic economic system

system , h They explained the methods

c That man owns the house i He told me how the Russian

đ They will provide shelter and system works

clothes J Economists describe how capital

e Economic changes affect our ’ is used in business

lives

3 Combine these pairs of sentences as in the example, making them

conditional and using may ,

EXAMPLE (if) He comes tomorrow Perhaps he will see you,

=> If he comes tomorrow, he may see you

a (if) The people work regularly Perhaps-we-will-be-able-to

and well sell them tomorrow

Perhaps they willearn more d(_) The farmers try to produce

money - more, ,

5( )The man buys his car at Perhaps they will have some

that garage Perhaps the garage-owner goods to sell as well as to use themselves,

will provide some extra e Perhaps life will be more

services, enjoyable

c©( ) We buy these commodities today ( ) We have a radio and toys

for the children

4 Here are two lists: The first list contains adjectives The second list contains nouns and noun phrases Arrange the words in each list so that the adjectives match the nouns in ways which relate to the text The first two are done for you

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UNIT 3 vapitalistic ắ - 8atisfaction economic Russian system private " necessities communistic enterprise Political : commodities scientific - oN methods basic American system, complex economist essential - Iđeologies personal - : range

5 Form new words from the words listed below

EXAMPLE capital =» Capitalism = Capitalist => capitalistic < Note: The suffix ism = System (noun) -

-ist = person (noun)

-istic = about the System or person (adjective)

@ commune & social

¢ national d real é individual

economist The economic ideologies of these two nations contrast very strongly,

Britain is similar to the USA It has an economic system based on

Private enterprise and private supplies of capital, which can be defined

as surplus income available for investment in new bisiness activities,

13

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UNIT3

15 They must obey the law Otherwise, however, they can use their timé,

money and effort as they wish

Exercises

1 Say whether these statements are true (T) or false (F), and if they

are false say why

a( ) The economic systems of can say that its econor | is -

the United States and the Soviet similar to the American

Union are the same economy - ;

b( ) In the United States the f(.’ Capital is essentially

means of production are surplus income used for new

privately owned business activities ,

c( ) Karl Marx was an g( ) Individual citizens in

eighteenth century economic Britain and the United States

thinker have complete economic

d( )The British system is based freedom

on the principles of Karl Marx h( ) British citizens can choose

e( ) Because Britain has a what they want to do as long as

system of private enterprise, we ` they obey the law

2 Make these sentences passive and omit the agent phrase in the same way as in the example :

EXAMPLE They based the economic system on Marx

= ¡ The economic system was based on Marx by them

=» ji The economic system was based on Marx ‘a They provided all the necessary ~~ ~~strictly scientific way:

goods and services f The economic system,affected = ,

b He will supply all the essential the people’s lives in many ways

commodities _ # They studied the supply of both #

c The farmer undertook the work essential and non-essential

last week, and has just finished commodities

h The people enjoy a strong

It

d The men satisfied the economist economy in that country -

that they would do the work i The citizens exercise a consider-

rapidly able amount of economic

e The economists described the freedom

whole economic system in a Jj They must obey the law

3 Arrange these sentences in order to make a logical paragraph about the American and Russian economies

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UNIT 3 4 This system was founded by the is capitalistic, the Russian

19th century political economist system is communistic,

Karl Marx D Communism however is based & Capitalism is based on the idea on the idea of property

of individual citizens owning belonging to the State and all

property and privately business being public rather

conducting their own than private,

businesses, £ The American and Russian

C Whereas the American system ideologies are very different

4 (i) Find single words in the first Paragraph of the text for which these words could be substituted :

a founded & possession c main teachings d countries

(ii) Find single words in the second Paragraph of the text for which these words could be substituted :

astores Odescribed ' cexra d single -

e have and use i follow J selection ~~~ g pick Acompletely

/ physical power

5 in the text there are two adjectives of nationality: American and Russian Below is a list of countries (nations) Study the example and then do the same for the listed words

EXAMPLE Siitain: That man is British; he is a Briton Holland: That man is Dutch; he is a Dutchman, india: That man is Indian; he is an Indian a Germany, Tnat man is he is a

b Italy: That man is ; he is an c Spain: That man is ;heisa

Do the same for the following:

d Greece e Brazil - - f Sweden & Portugal

A France ? Malaysia « China; k Japan -

7 Scotland m Canada : - n Mexico’ 6 Norway

p Pakistan g Indonesia ` riran ` - 5 Turkey -

t Egypt ° u Ghana: y England w Ireland

x USA, » Zambia -

Supplement

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18

26 countries List them under these five headings: (a) Latin-Ameri- can; (b) North African; (c) Balkan; (d) South-East Asian; (e, others, :

Libya 7 France Brazil _ _ Malawi

Greece - Argentina Mauritania Albania

Thailand Yugoslavia Canada Morocco

Bulgaria Mexico Pakistan ’ Cambodia

Japan Norway Malaysia Egypt

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UNIT 4 The Limits on Economic Freedom "

A person is economically free, if he can do what he wishes own property, time and effort, with his Tn all conununities, of course, limits are set upon this personal freedom

relatively simple - Be et

All individual citizens are required to: conform to the laws made by their governments ,

Complete economic freedom of action can cause great difficulties,

because the freedoms of various individuals will Confict - - - factories in unsuitable places,

If there was no system of control, factory-owners might make their employees work too long each day

If they were completely free, workers might stop working when they got their first pay, and come back to do more work only when

they needed more money,

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25 Sometimes they help the employers; sometimes they protect the

interests of the workers Exercises

4 Answer these questions, basing your answers on the text a Under what conditions is a

person economically free? : b What is the opposite of ‘simple’?

c What are all‘citizens required to do?

_d Why does complete economic freedom of action cause great difficulties ?

e What three things might happen if citizens were completely free?

J What kind of economy might complete economic freedom

create? ' g What three workers’ needs are

sometimes the concern of the law?

A Between whom are contracts © arranged?

i What else might the laws relate to, besides workers’ needs and work contracts?

j What other important point should we note about laws

related to economic conditions?

ty sạc We Fe

2 Change the following sentences by inserting can “EXAMPLE He does the work easily

= He can do the work easily a He earns a lot of money

4 They work very rapidly in that factory c¢ The breeders sell a lot of horses and cattle d The miners provide coal at an economic price :

e Aman with a good education

usually earns quite a lot of

money „

f People satisfy their needs only if

they earn money g The citizens choose what they

want to do

h People use their time and money

as they wish

3 Exercise 2 has provided you with eight sentences using can Change can to could in this way: ©

EXAMPLE He can do the work easily

=» in those days he could do the work easily, but not now

4 Combine some of the words in these sentences in order to make new compound nouns:

EXAMPLE (a) He owns a house => He is a house-owner (b) They breed pigs "= They are pig-breeders

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a He owns a car,

5 That man owns some land e¢ They breed horses,

@ Some capitalists own factories, e That man earns his wages,

Those men mine for coal,

UNIT 4

& Those women grow fruit

’ A Mr Smith makes shoes,

i Mr Jones works with steel J Mr Brown packs meat in that factory,

5 Make these adjectives negative by adding the prefix un— EXAMPLE stable = un + Stable = unstable a economic 5 economical é necessary J scientific i suitable Jj equal m important ” usual J systematic A available / conditional ¢ Satisfactory & enjoyable & productive o desirable „

Use the appropriate adjectives in their negative forms in these sen- tences The letters in brackets at the end refer to the list of adjectives above

(1) People do not like working in : —- 0onditions (e)

(2) The employers decided to close that factory because it was

LK

(3) Compiete economic freedom

is an ‘situation (0),

(4) Compared with our need for food, clothes and Shelter, some Text B # of our wants are quite ——_ mỳ)

(5) We say that goods are sold at prices, when the price is less than the cost of producing

them (a), :

(6) The goods which he wanted

were vat the price

which he was willing to pay (h)

Ifa person can do what he wishes with his.own property, time, and

energy, then economists say that he is ‘economically free’, In ail

communities, of course, limits are imposed upon the personal free- dom of their citizens and these limits are in some cases very complex but in others relatively simple All individuals are required to conform to the laws made by their governments,

Complete economic freedom of action can create great difficulties, because the freedoms exercised by various individuals often conflict If citizens were completely free, some landowners might build factories

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10

15

25

in unsuitable places, while some factory-owners might make their

employees work: too Jong each day If they were completely free,

workers might stop working when they got their first pay, and come back only when they needed more money Such economic anarchy

could cause instability (unemployment; loss of production etc.) in the whole economy of a country

Laws related to economic conditions are sometimes concerned with contracts between employers and employees Sometimes they

are concerned with workers’ health, wages and pensions, and some-

times with the location of places of work Sometimes they protect the 20 interests principally of the workers, while at other times they may be beneficial towards the employers The government policy towards both employees and employers will depend very much upon the political and economic ideology.adopted by the government, and may be biassed towards employers and capital on the one hand, or workers and the problems of labour on the other hand

Exercises -

1 Say whether these statements are true (T) or false (F), and if they are false say why

a{ ) Economists say that a man is economically free if he can do what he wishes with his own property, time and energy b( ) Governments usually require-all individuals-to conform to the laws which they make ¢({ ) Complete economic

freedom of action does not

create many difficulties

d(_ ) If citizens were completely free, some landowners and factory-owners might act in unsatisfactory ways e{ ) Complete economic „ freedom could lead to economic anarchy , + ( Anarchy is a satisfactory and desirable thing in any economic system

g ( ) Laws related to economic conditions are sometimes

concerned with the health of the

employers

h( 4 These laws usually protect the interests of the workers and not the employers

i( ) Government policy does ‘not depend on the political and

economic ideology of the

government

J\ ) Some ideologies are biassed

towards labour and others towards capital,

2 Make each pair of sentences into a new conditional sentence, changing may to might, and changing the tense:

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UNIT 4 EXAMPLE (if) Citizens are Completely free,

Factory-owners’ may make their employees work

too long each day

= If citizens were completely free, factory-owners

might make their employees work too long each day,

a (if) There is no system of control conditions of work

They may make new laws

Landowners may build e( ) Employees anticipate new

factories in unsuitable and better working places, -

conditions

5 ( ) They are completely, free, They may increase their Workers may work only productivity

when they need money /( ) You regularly provide badly

essential services,

¢( ) They Aave all the money they need, You may get more business

: & ( ) They undertake to replace the , They may not work, old school with a new one

d( ) The government want to improve the general We may provide some of the money,

3 Punctuate the following Passage Provide capital letters, full Stops, brackets, colons etc., where applicable, « "°° commas,

britain and the us a have similar economic systems, both being based on private enterprise property and capital, the russians however do not have such a system they follow a cominunistic system based on the work

of

the nineteenth century economist-tiarx his system is non capitalistic and does not permit Private individuals to own property in a completely communist society, we can Say that the two types of economy contrast

very strongly.this is a simple and brief statement of a complex subject -

the differences between the russian and the anglo american systems

4 Find words in the text for which these words could be substituted, @ societies (lines 3~5)

5 cause (7-9)

¢ enjoyed (7-9) - 7 ˆ @ frequently (8~ro) € unsatisfactory (9-11) , f lawlessness (12-15)

& written agreements (16-19) i mainly (17~21) ÿ regular pay in old age (17-19) J inclined (at-25) om

5 Make these words negative by adding the prefix in-, EXAMPLE Stability = in 4b Stability = instability “@ active 5 activity

¢ secure d security

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e¢ organic JS sufficient gdefinie | A adequate

idistinct - j complete k solvent ! expert

m frequent n conclusive o dependent

Use the appropriate words in their negative forms in these sentences The letters in brackets at the end refer to the list of adjectives above

(1) Metals ar — substances (4) If an economy becomes

e) unstable, people begin to feel

(2) Most nations like to be Hi _ (ce) ;

economicaly '} (5) The men were rather 1

(3) The services which they provided at the kind of work which the

were quite _ Ch) had been asked to do (J)

Supplement

1 Decide which suffix is necessary to change these words from activi- ties etc to the people who engage in them

EXAMPLE (a) banking => banker (b) economics = economist (c) politics => politician

a teaching b working *: ‘ec labouring - °

d statistics ~ - emathematics = fdriving - -*

g electric (repairs) - Amusic '- i technical (work)

jminng +: - - kfamin : „ /chemistry “ˆ

mecology - nescience -': _ oagronomy ~"

2 Mark the main stress in each of these pairs of word , EXAMPLE economy — economic

ideology — ideo/ogical

a organ ~ organic b active ~activity -

€ mobile - mobility drapid—rapidity ˆ

e commerce ~ commercial Jf complex ~ complexity

g commune cornmunity h necessary — necessity

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UNIT 5 Central Controi i of the Economy -

In states which have a communistic system, Private property and private enterprise are 8reatly reduced, ˆ They are reduced to a minimum,

ant

They still exist, but are limited to a small area in the economy, Karl Marx imagined a world in which there would be no private Property at all, , " , In theory, Communism demands that all property should belong to the State, x" , ,

In practice, the Citizens of states like the USSR are permitted to

have personal Property,

The important thing about the Communist system is central |

planning,

- It decides what prices will be charged for them

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‘ +

production as well as with quality and quantity

25 The central authority must plan the national economy over a

number of years Exercises

1 Answers these questions, basing your answers on the text

a What two things are greatly

reduced in a communistic

system?

b What area do they occupy in the economy?

¢ What did Karl Marx propose about private property? d What is the theoretical

communist view on property? e What is the position in

practice?

Jf What does the State do in the r

communist system of central planning?

g What two decisions does the

central authority make? vi

ht What does the authority control?

i What can the authority do

about-prices? ,

j What is the State responsible for and what must it do? 2 Make these sentences passive, omitting the agent phrase

EXAMPLE The government reduced private property toa minimum => Private property was reduced toa minimum

a The government limited private enterprise to a small area in the economy b They permit the citizens to have personal property e The workers will produce only essential commodities

d That factory produced a large quantity of shoes last year, e You will charge more money for

these services

J The central authority must plan the economy over a number of years

g The authorities provided large numbers of workers for the ten new factories,

hh The government reduced the quantity of shoes produced in that factory."

i The State organized the whole economic effort of the nation j The central authority has

planned the whole economic

programme for the next five

years

3 Combine these pairs of sentences, using what and wou/d

EXAMPLE This quantity of goods wil// be produced,

The planners decided /t

= The planners decided what quantity of goods would be produced

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a These goods and services will be produced, The central authorities decided it b These prices will be charged for the goods

` :

The planners discussed it

¢ This quality will be the most suitable,

The government considered it

_ a This commercial activity will be

useful in the next few years,

4 Change the listed adjectives into a

and put one adverb in each sente EXAMPLE great => greatly

Their private property was

UNIT 5

The planning authority decided it,

e These changes will be made in the organization of the factory The employers and ‘employees

discussed it, `

J These conditions will affect the

national economy in the next twenty years:

€ economists considered the

matter, :

dverbs (~/y or —ally as necessary)

nce in order to make sense, Some ly in more than one sentence, but best choice reduced, ‘s= Their private property was greatly reduced careful (2) rapid (@) systematic (c) clear ( f) probable (g) - complete (d)

a The new government worked ~~, —to change the laws,

5 The central authority ae

conteols the quality and quantity of goods,

¢ The State — "plans the economic effort of its ‘citizens, ‘d The economic system changed

omni OVER the thirty year period - ¡ # Work in economics should always be done a, scientific (e) considerable (h} regular (7) usual (j) ` ˆ f Their economic system is -£——-_ cảpitalistic

& The employers will ._ , discuss the use of new machines in the factory

h The city has changed in the last few years,

i These men work = from nine o’clock till five évery day, J Ina free economy there is ——

very little central

planning,

5 Put prepositions in the blanks of these sentences

EXAMPLE The central authority is concerned : production

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1Ô 15 a His-capital was finally reduced _— ——nothing b They charged quite a lot of money — that commodity

c¢ The governmenit is usually responsible — _ the peopÏe

— — te cỏndition of the

national economy d Citizens are required to conform

_g The people hoped ——a

reduction in the price _ - essential goods : -h That man subscribed _ _ a

number of important news- papers and magazines containing information ô=

economics, â :

i The consumption _ coal and steel has increased greatly

— the law — -—Tecent years

e He agreed _ ~ the other ] Théy have provided many

economists that the system was services _* _ the citizens

unusual — - —thattown and do not

J He was paid well “—“”——— the charge very much — the

government _ the Work services :

he did

Text B

In states which have a communistic system, private property and private enterprise are reduced to a minimum They exist, but are limited to a small area of the economy Karl Marx conceived of a world in which there would be no private property whatsoever Com- munism in theory states that all property should belong to the State In practice, however, the citizens of states like the USSR are per-

mitted to have personal effects , "

The important thing about the communist system is is central ˆ planning The State organizes the whole economic effort of ‘the nation A central authority with complete power decides what goods - and services will be produced The authority decides what quantities

of goods will be produced, and also controls their quality, deciding how the« will be distributed and what prices will be charged for them

In addition, the State provides all (or most of) the services which the citizens require It is responsible for the economy, and is therefore concerned with methods of production as well as with quality and quantity The national economy must be planned ahead over a

number of years

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UNIT § A Marxist economy is planned The system is related to the needs of the State as a whole, not to the needs of the private person The 20

emphasis is Rf collective effort and not on personal effort, so that the

individual is subordinated to the needs of the collective State Exercises 1 Say wt .ner these Statements are true (T) or false (F), and if they are false say why, a( ) Private property in a capitalistic state | reduced to a minimum

&( ) Karf Marx wanted a world in which there would be no private property

¢{ ) Communist theory and practice are not exactly the same as regards property

a(_ ) Central planning by the State is an essential part of the communist system e{ ) The central authority

decides on the quantity, quality, price and place of sale of any

commodity

S( ) The central authority is responsible for the economy but is not concerned with methods of production

&( ) The word ‘Marxist’ is very similar in meaning to the word ‘communist’,

h( ) Marxism is concerned with the needs of the private

individual,

i( ) Collective needs are more important in a communist state than the needs of the individual, 2 Combine these pairs of sentences, using which

EXAMPLE That is the garage

In that garage the new car is kept a

+ That is the garage in which the new car is kept

a Economics is a science

In that science everything must be studied in an objective way b The USSR has a system

In that system central planning is very important

c The USA has an economy In that economy government planning is limited to quite a

small area

d Marxism proposes a special

economic system

In that system collective needs are more important than

individual needs

e The British have a certain way of

life ,

In that way of life private “enterprise and private ownership

of property are very important / The Americans and the British

‘have separate ideologies, —„

In these ideologies there are many similar points

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3 Combine these greups of three sentences using wau/d and should The table ‘shows the relationships between wi//: would and shall: should in sentences of this type direct indirect statement | statement

“| simple future ‘will -> would

obligation shall -—> should

EXAMPLE ‘These goods and services will be produced These prices shall be charged

The central authority decided these things

=> The central authority decided what goods and services wou/d be produced, and what prices shou/d be charged a These prices will be charged for These plans shall be adopted

the commodity, The economists could not agree

This quantity shall be made on these things

available, „ d These changes will be made next

The planners discussed these - year :

things These crops shall be grown

b This quality will be most The farmers decided these

suitable things

This quantity shall be produced 2 These changes will be made in

The government considered the factory

these things se These wages shall be.paid'to-the

c These conditions will affect the workers for the next two years

International economic system The employers did not discuss

in the next ten years these things

4 Make these words negative by adding the prefix jn and altering it to suit the consonant which follows EXAMPLE (a) legal > in + legal => illegal

(b) probable => in + probable = improbable (c) regular’ => in -+ regular => irregular

_ 4 practical b possible 2 responsible

a mobile é proper Sf rational g legivle h logical - i personal j relevant

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UNIT 5 5 Below are two lists Pair off each word in the first list Opposite in the second list , with its : theoretical : local private: individual , Maximum selling mineral ~ -€omplex capitalistic T communistic simple ‘organic buying + :.x€ollective minimum ‘public national practical Supplement

1 The table shows how words are formed around the verb produce, List all the -words you can make from the table and use them in

suitable blanks in the sentences : 9 ? | t | w(@)' | ity ion | produc / NOTE the difference in pronunciation between Produce (pra'dịu:s) and product (‘prodakt), ,

a The company + —— a new e The of that factory

commodity every year, _ has gone down over the last

& The company’s newest — five years,

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2 This table shows how certain nauns can be formed from certain adjectives, as for example activity from active Make a list of the nouns and put each word in its suitable place in the sentences Note the loss of the letter e in active, secure, mobile and productive active equal ẹ secure complex mobile liquid regular productive similar rapid solid N a The system was complex its g ` —§urprised him, :

’ b The movements of the products in the factory was rapid

The of the work h suprised him ¢ c People who have cars are very mobile This sa i useful thing, _ ‘ d The National Bank has a solid reputation Its" in money is similar tothe / of its buildings :

e The national economy, like a man, should be active Its i is a sign of its

health, =< Loo Ok

J Your money is secure in the

National Bank Its ais

important both to you and to the bankers,

The workers in those factories are very productive

There_ _is very useful to

the national ecohomy

Those men arrive regularly at

nine o’clock Their — ,

well-known,

The American and British, economic systems are very

similar This is not

surprising ‘

Those two men earn equal sums

of money They have _

in wages because they produce: the same quantity and quality of goods,

The exchange of money should be as liquid as possible

The . - of money helps

the economy'to grow, ‘

— Š

3 Composition Write about 300 words on the topic “Economic Systems’ Use the material in the texts and exercises

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UNIT 6 \Miixed _ Economies No state today is completely ‘Communistic; no state is completely capitalistic,

The various national economic systems tend towards communism or capitalism, and many are difficult to classify exactly,

‘It has been found necessary in many countries to control or regu- s fate national economic conditions,

` Even the most dedicated free enterprise systems, such as the USA,

: “have felt this need, :

` The under-developeđ countries of the world are usually interested _in control and longterm planning 10 — Such countries as India have had a number of plans guided by the government

India makes a distinction between the public sector of the economy on the one hand and the Private sector on the other hand Such systems, with public and private Sectors, are neither com- 1 5 munistic nor capitalistic, but are sometimes called mixed economies, Britain today has a mixed ‘economy ,

In the public sector of British economic life are the nationalized

industries like coal and Steel, British Rail and BOAC), |

In the private sector are the majority of the nation’s industries, 2o

both large and small Leng | ¬

h

The private sector includes giant companies like ICI? and BP? and

a great number of small family businesses,

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In 1962 the British government set up an official body to plan

25 national economic policies _ Cons 5

This body i is called thé National Economic Development Council,

The members of this council are representatives of the employers,

the employees and other interested people

? BOAC: British Overseas Airways ‘Cotporation * ICT: Imperial Chemical Industries

3 BP: British Petroleum

Exercises

1 Answer these questions You may answei either YES or NO Give

your reasons Quote from the text in support of your answer a Are there any completely

communistic states ? b Are there any completely

capitalistic states?

¢ Do the various national economies tend towards one or other ideology?

d Are the various economic systems difficult to classify ? e Have most countries found

economic control necessary? J Has the US felt the same need? g Are the ‘under-developed

countries interested in control ;

and planning?

oh Has India had a number of

national economic plans? Is the Indian economy based

entirely on private enterprise ? J Does the Indian economy have

two distinct sectors?

— * 1s the Inđian system a mixed economy? 11s BOAC a nationalized British industry ? ms ICI a nationalized British industry? n Was the NEDC set up by the British government ? o Are both employers and NHÀ represented on the NEDC?

5 Answer these questions, basing your answers on the text a Why is it difficult to classify

many national economic ‘systems?

b What are the under-developed

countries interested in? c What is the Indian system “ sometimes called? d In which sector are the majority of British industries? ' @ What did the British government set up in 1962?

3 Invert these sentences (cf, lines 18 and 20 in the text),

EXAMPLE The majority of the nation’s industries are in the private sector

= In the private sector are the majority of the nation’s industries

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UNIT 6

@ The nationalized industries are sector of many socialist

in the public sector of British = - economies,

economic life,

d Food production and distri-

-6 Goods like coal and iron are ‘among the most important bution are in the Private sector

of the national economy,

commodities ia any economy, é The coal and stee! industries are

¢ Essential services like transport: among the activities controlled

and education are in the public by the government

the end

Add the following information to your five Sentences, in arder to practise the technique,

EXAMPLE In the private sector are the Majority industries of the nation’s

These industries play a vital part in maintaining the life of the nation, ;

= In the private sector are the majority of the of the nation industries, which play a vital part in Maintaining the life nation’s Ø (to 3a) These industries include various types of transport, national work-force

- @ (to 3d) Food Production and

steel-production and coal- ’ distribution are perhaps the

mining ,

most basic activities in any

ở (to 3ø) Coal and iron are vital _ economy,

minerals in any nation’s list of £ (to 3e) These industries are

resources, :

generally classified as heavy

e (to 3e) Transport and education industries,

employ a large part of the -

/ are listed, but not in the proper order Note that all

these verbs are concerned with Making something happen, or

causing something to happen,

EXAMPLE They mace the economy regular => They regulated the economy

complicate; consolidate; liquidate: simplify; hationalize; international ize; activate: re-activate

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