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CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 02 2009 13 ^'' ^^ Ol/CBNC LOI DOI NGOAI THAY DOI CL) A LIBYA VA OUAN HE CAI THIEN GlUA LIBYA V6l MY VA PHl/ONG TAY ^ ^ • ^ f l nhieu nam, n h a cam quyen / • Libya v i n bac bd ldi phfldng ^ b J ^ T a y cao budc ho bi mat theo dudi ehUdng t r i n h san xua't vu khi buy diet h a n g loat (WMD) va chu mUu nhieu vu khimg bd', nhUng tfl cudi nam 2003, Chinh phu nflde nay dot nhien thay ddi t h a i do, chinh thfle nhan trach nhiem ve cac vu khimg bd' dd va thfla n h a n chfldng t[.]
CHAU MY NGAY NAY ^'' SO 02-2009 13 ^^ Ol/CBNC LOI DOI NGOAI THAY DOI CL) A LIBYA VA OUAN HE CAI THIEN GlUA LIBYA V6l MY VA PHl/ONG TAY Do T r p n g Q u a n g ^ ^ • ^ f l nhieu nam, nha cam quyen / • Libya v i n bac bd ldi phfldng ^ b J ^ T a y cao budc ho bi mat theo dudi ehUdng trinh san xua't vu buy diet hang loat (WMD) va chu mUu nhieu vu khimg bd', nhUng tfl cudi nam 2003, Chinh phu nflde dot nhien thay ddi thai do, chinh thfle nhan trach nhiem ve cac vu khimg bd' dd va thfla nhan chfldng trinh vu hat nhan cua minh Thing nam 2003, ngUdi dflng d i u ed quan tinh bao Libya la Musa Kusa tiep xue vdi nhan vien cd quan tinh bid MI-6 cua Anh, ngd y r i n g Chinh phu cua ho mud'n dam phan vdi Anh va My ve chUdng trinh WMD eua minh Nude Anh lap tfle thdng bad vdi Chinh quyen Bush ve de nghi eua Libya, the la cuoc thfldng Ifldng ba ben diln chin thang Ket qua thfldng lUdng dUde ca the gidi bean nghenh, cac nha lanh dao Lien minh chau Au, Trung Quo'c, Nga, Iran, va Arap coi dong thai dd la da'u hieu chflng td bien phap ngoai giao ed the cdng ma chang can sif dung sflc manh quan sfl Ngay 19 thang 12 nam 2003, Libya thdng bao da thfldng Ifldng vdi My va Anh ve WMD Chinh phu Libya xac nhan da tfl nguyen buy bd eac vat lieu, trang thiet hi va- chfldng trinh che tao nhflng vu ma qud'e te ngan cam Nha cim quyen Tripoli cam ket: Khai bao vdi Cd quan Nang Ifldng Nguyen tif Qud'e te (IAEA) moi boat ddng hat nhan va ky Nghi dinh thfl Bd sung; Loai bd ten lifa dan dao cd tim bin qua 300 km vdi lUdng chat nd 500 kg; Ldai bd ta't ea eac khd vu hda hdc, va tuan thu Cdng Ude ve Vu Hdahoc(CWC); Cho phep sat tfle khie de kiem tra cac hanh ddng Trflde thdng bao la nhflng bflde di quan don dfldng de Tripoli tai hda nhap vao he thd'ng kinh te va ngoai giao toan ciu Sau thdng bao dd, nhieu doan sat cua IAEA va cac chuyen gia vu eua My va Anh den Libya, tham quan cae trang bi, dUde phep la'y m i u va ehup anh Ndi each khac, Libya da chflng td tinh minh bach va cdng khai - Theo Chinh phu Hoa Ky, qua trinh loai trfl kha nang che tao WMD cua LilDya ed the chia lam ba giai doam Giai doan thfl nha't flu tien loai bo mot sd'vat heu chu yeu ed the dung de san xua't vu buy diet hang loat v a t lieu gdm tai lieu thiet ke vfl hat nhan (nhfl nhflng tai lieu ma nha khoa hoc Abd al-Qadir Khan d Pakistan cung ca'p), cha't uranium 14 SO 02-2009 hexafluoride, ckc may ly tam chu yeu, va nhflng bo phan cua ten lifa Scud-C Giai doan thfl hai tap trung xda bd nhflng yeu to' edn lai chfldng trinh eua Libya Chuyen gia Anh va My loai mdt sd' lUdng Idn vat lieu va trang hi khdi chUdng trinh hat nhan va ten lifa, edn ngUdi Libya thi tieu buy dan hda hoc Muc dich cua giai doan thfl ba la kiem tra Chuyen gia My va Anh phdng va'n cae nha chuyen mdn Libya de hieu va danh gia quy md ehUdng trinh WMD va cae mang ludi hd trd Trdng bao cao sau ba giai doan trUdc Tieu ban ve Chu nghia Khimg bd' Qud'e te, Khdng phd bien Vu Huy diet hang loat, va Nhan quyen, mot quan chflc My la Paula A Sutter tuyen bd' Libya da huy bd ta't ea eac WMD Trong mdt ldi tuyen bd' khac trUde Uy ban Ddi ngoai ThUdng vien, dng Sutter ndi r i n g Libya da lam viec "he't sflc td't" de thiic hien cam ket thang 12 nam 2003, va quye't dinh eua Tripoli la- mdt ta'm gUdng "chd cac nUde phd bien vfl khac" Sau Libya thiie hien thda thuan huy bd chUdng trinh WMD, quan he vdi eac nUde phUdng Tay dUde' cai thien nhieu Hoa Ky tang eUdng quan he kinh te va ngoai giao da bi true trae nhieu thap ky, dd bd ban che ve di lai, cho phep eac cdng ty My thUdng lUdng hdp ddng de trd lai Libya, cha'm dflt lenh trflng phat, ca'p mot gia'y phep chung ve thfldng mai va dau tfl, buy bd lenh phong tda tai san eua Libya Cudi cung, quan he ngoai giao gifla Washington va Tripoli dflde khdi phuc thang nam 2006 Ngoai vai trd eua Anh va My viec loai bd kha nang WMD va chfldng trinh ten lifa ciia Libya, cac cd quan qudc te nhU IAEA va To chflc Ngan cam Vfl Hda hoc (OPCW) cflng CHAU MY NGAY NAY tich ciic tham gia danh gia nd Iflc cua Tripoli, trd giiip ky thuat va kiem tra viec thi hanh day du thda thuan t h i n g 12 nam 2003 Mot so' nha hoach dinh chinh sach d Washington va London cho ring, quye't dinh eiia Libya cd lien quan den cude chien tranh My cam d i u tai Iraq Vi du, Phd Tong thd'ng Dick Cheney ndi rang; "Nam sau chung tdi b i t dflde Saddam Hussein, dng Qadhafi thdng bao s i p nop ta't ea cac vat lieu hat nhan cho Hoa Ky"''* Trong dd, Bd trudng Qud'e phdng Anh la Geoff Hoon tuyen bd': "Sau Saddam Hussein khdng chiu hdp tac vdi Lien hdp qudc, chung tdi cho biet r i n g chung tdi khdng ndi chdi va Libya can phai riit bai hoe dd"*^\ Theo y ho, thi Qadhafi sd di tfl bd nd liic che tao nhflng vu vi sd bi quan ddi My va Anh lat dd nhfl Saddam Hussein That ra, lap trfldng thay ddi cua Libya ve WMD ndi chung, va ve vu hat nhan ndi rieng, cd the eit nghia bing nhieu nhan td' chinh tri, kinh te, va chien lUde Nhflng nhan to' da khie'n ngUdi Libya quan tam den cac vfl dd, nhflng ma'y thap ky sau lai thay ddi nhan thflc ve tinh hflu ich cua chiing Ban lanh dao Libya quye't dinh ddi chfldng trinh WMD kem phat trien cua minh la'y viec hdi nhap rong rai vao he thd'ng toan ciu, va quye't dinh dd da d\i6c thuc day b i n g nhflng thay ddi nflde Vii huy diet hang loat cua Libya Nam 1971, Libya tham gia Nghi dinh thu Geneva ca'm sif dung vu hda hoc va sinh hoc chien tranh Mac du da cam ket, nhUng Libya v l n dung vfl hda hoc chd'ng lai Chad CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 02-2009 nam 1987 Libya edn xay diing ba cd sd che tao vu hda hoc tai Rabta, Sebha, va Tarhuna nhflng nam 1980 va 1990 Hoa Ky da de doa dung sflc manh quan sfl de ngan can viec hoan nha may Tarhuna Cdng fldc ve Vu Hda hoe (CWC) b i t dau cd hieu liic tfl thang nam 1997, nhUng Libya cflng mot so' nUde Arap khac tfl chdi ky cdng Ude de phan dd'i Israel khdng tham gia Hiep Ude Ca'm phd bien Vu hat nhan (NPT) Tuy nhien, it lau sau ky thda thuan thang 12 nam 2003 vdi Anh va My, nha cam quyen Libya da ky CWC thang nam 2004 Dap lai yeu ciu eua Libya ve hd trd ky thuat, mdt doan chuyen gia eua OPCW, Tdng giam dd'e Rogelio Pfirter d i n diu, cdng tac chat che vdi eac quan chflc cao ca'p Libya de bao dam thfle hien cd hieu qua lenh ca'm vu hda hoc Thing nam 2004, Tripoli nop cho OPCW ban ke khai d i u tien ta't ca cac vu hda hoc ciia minh Cac sat vien OPCW kiem tra viec pha buy hoan toan kho vu hda hoc ma Libya khai bao, va dng Pfirter ghi nhan "Libya da tuan thu day du nghia vu eua minh theo Cdng fldc ve Vfl Hda hoc" Nam 1982, Libya tham gia Cdng fldc ve Vu Sinh hoc va Ddc hai (BTWC), nhUng.cdng Ude thieu thu tue kiem tra nen khdng chic Libya cd tuan thu thda thuan- khdng Tuy vay, nhieu chuyen gia vu tin r i n g neu Libya cd mot chUdng trinh vu sinh hoc, thi trinh ky thuat eua nflde dd ciing ra't ban che Sii trd giup cua nflde ngoai, dac biet ciia Nam Phi gifla nhflng nam 1990, chang khie'n cho kha nang chien tranh sinh hoc cua Tripoli kha len That vay, nhflng chuyen gia My va Anh sat cac cd sd cua Libya khdng tim thay bing 15 chflng nao ve mdt chfldng trinh vfl sinh hoc Kho ten lifa dan dao cua Libya cd Scud-B (tim b i n 300 km, Ifldng chat nd kg) mua cua Lien Xd, met so' it Scud-C (tim b i n 600 km, Ifldng chat nd 700 kg) mua eua Bie Trieu Tien, va mdt chfldng trinh che tao ten lifa ndi dia Al-Fatah cd t i m b i n 500-700 km Chfldng trinh Al-Fatah tiep tue dflde thfle hien sud't nhflng nam 1990, hi lenh trflng phat qud'e te ngan trd Tfl nhflng nam dau 1970, Libya tim each mua va hdp tac che tao ten l^a t i m n g i n va t i m trung vdi eac cdng ty Dfle, Trung Qud'e, Lien Xd, va Bie Trieu Tien nhflng khdng dat ket qua bien phap trUng phat cua qud'e te va sflc ep cua phfldng Tay Libya ky Quy tic flng xif Qud'e te ehd'ng Phd bien Ten lifa Dan dao (ICOC) thang 11 nam 2002, va tfl thang 12 nam 2003, cam ket thfle hien mdt thda thuan loai bd ten lifa dan dao cd t i m ban qua 300 km vdi Ifldng chat nd tfl 500 kg trd len Nflde dd cung ddng y cai tao Scud-B ten lifa phdng thu cd tam b i n ngin hdn Sau len n i m quyen nam 1969, dng Qadhafi phat di nhflng tin hieu trai ngflde ve tham vong vfl hat nhan Trong Libya edn nim dfldi che quan chu bao thu than phUdng Tay, nUde dd da ky NPT thing nam 1968 Nam 1996, Libya cung 48 nUdc chau Phi khac ky hiep Ude Pehndaba, mdt thda thuan thiet lap khu viic khdng cd vfl hat nhan d chau Phi Theo hiep fldc dd, thi eac nUde chau Phi cam ket khdng nghien cflu, che tao, hoac tang trfl thiet hi nd hat nhan; ca'm dat thiet hi hat nhan tren lanh thd minh; va cam dd rac thai hat nhan Trong dd, luc Hiep fldc ca'm Thif hat nhan toan dien (CTBT) dflde dfla Dai hdi ddng Lien 16 SO 02-2009 hdp qud'e de ky vao thang nam 1996, thi Tripoli bd phieu ehd'ng hiep fldc vdi ly nd khdng dat mot thdi han cud'i cflng cho viec giai trfl quan bi Nhieu thang sau, Libya ky CTBT nam 2001 va thdng qua hiep fldc dd vao t h i n g nam 2004 Hai thang sau nfla, Libya ky Nghi dinh thfl Bd sung Mac du ky nhflng hiep Ude nay, Libya van theo dudi tham vong che tao vu hat nhan Vi trinh phat trien cdng nghe tUdng ddi tha'p, nen Libya phai trdng cay d nUde ngoai, dac biet Nga, Trung Qud'e, Pakistan, va mdt so' cdng ty phUdng Tay It lau sau lat che quan chu nam 1969, ban lanh dao mdi tim each mua vu hat nhan cua Trung Qud'e nhUng khdng cdng Nam 1975, Lien Xd ddng y xay diing cho Libya mot trung tam nghien cflu hat nhan d Tajura gin thu dd Tripoli, cung ca'p ca Id phan flng va nhien lieu Trung tam b i t diu boat dong nam 1983 va tfl day da bi IAEA sat Libya edn hdp tac chat che vdi Pakistan Theo nhieu ngudn tin, Libya giup Pakistan nhflng nam 1970 tim kiem quang uranium d nflde Nigeria lang gieng Nhflng nam 1990 va nhflng nam dau 2000, Libya nhan dflde cdng nghe, trang hi, va thiet ke hat nhan tfl nha khoa hoc Abd al-Qadir Khan d Pakistan Nhflng phat hien g i n day cho biet nha khoa hoe dd da cung ca'p cho Libya mot ban thiet ke bom hat nhan Tfl thda thuan thang 12 nam 2003 dflde ky ket gifla Libya, My va Anh, IAEA ddng vai trd hang dau viec kiem tra viec hiiy bd chfldng trinh hat nhan eiia nflde dd Su hdp t i c mat thiet gifla nha cim quyen Libya vdi IAEA da tiet Id nhflng thdng tin quan ve cd' ging cua Tripoli de cd vfl hat CHAU MY NGAY NAY nhan Thang 12 nam 2003, Libya cung ca'p cho IAEA mot ban md ta chi tiet nhflng hoat dong hat nhan trflde chfla hao cao vdi cd quan Tiep theo dd la mot loat budi gap gd gifla quan chflc hai hen va nhieu chuyen tham quan cua sat vien IAEA d eac cd sd hat nhan Libya Tai lieu cua IAEA mieu ta nhflng bUdc di quan ciia nha cam quyen Tripoli Cd the rut nhieu ket luan tfl mot cude khao sat chfldng trinh hda hoc, sinh hoe, va hat nhan eua Libya cung nhu kha nang cua nUdc dd ve ten lifa Tha nhdt, nang liic va ed sd tang cdng nghe eiia Libya ra't han che va kem phat trien so vdi nhflng nflde khac khu vfle nhfl Iran, hay nhfl Iraq trUde cude chien tranh vung Vinh nam 1991 Do day, nd liic eua nUde dd n h i m xay dflng kha nang WMD p h i n Idn phai diia vao ngudn cung cap ben ngoai Ndi each khac, Libya phai diia p h i n Idn vao cac nUde khac ve mat vat lieu, trang hi, va chuyen mdn de cd vu hiiy diet hang loat Tha hai, viec thieu mdt cd sd ban dia va sU phu thudc nhieu vao ngudn cung ca'p cua nude ngoai khie'n phUdng Tay dl kiem che nd liic che tao WMD Tha ba, nhflng nha chuyen mdn Anh va My tflng sat eac ed sd cua Libya chang tim tha'y b i n g chflng cu the nao ve nd liic san xua't vu sinh hoc Tha ta, cac sat vien va quan chflc cua IAEA tha'y Libya vi pham nghia vu cha'p hanh NPT, nhflng chfldng trinh hat nhan ciia nflde dd edn d giai doan phat trien ra't sd khai, va nhieu nam nfla mdi cd kha nang che tao mot qua bom Nhflng cuoc sat dflde thfle hien tfl thang 12 nam 2003 khdng tim dUdc trang bi de thiet ke, san xua't, hoac thi nghiem linh kien hat nhan Ching cd sfl tfldng tac nao gifla ed quan phu trach CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 02-2009 chfldng trinh vu hat nhan eua Libya (Cd quan Nghien cflu Khoa hoc Qudc gia) vdi td chflc chiu trach nhiem ve boat ddng ten lifa (Td chflc Trung fldng ve Nghien cflu Dien tif) Tha ndm, Libya da hdp tac vdi quan chflc Anh va My cung nhu vdi sat vien IAEA, de ho nhanh ehdng tiep can ta't ca cac dia diem hi tinh nghi che tao WMD, va cha'p hanh thda thuan thang 12 nam 2003 Dap lai, cae quan chflc khen ngdi sU hdp tac va tinh minh bach eua Tripoli Dudi thdi quan chu, chang ed da'u hieu nao cho tha'y Libya tim each sd hflu vu huy diet hang loat Chinb quyen Qadhafi tfl nam 1969 da ed' ging mua hoac che tao cac loai WMD nhflng chang ed ket qua may Cac nha lanh dao Libya d i u nhflng nam 2000 ket luan ring, neu ho tfl bd WMD thi da't nflde se ed ldi ve kinh te va chinh tri hdn Nhieu nhan to' nflde va nUde ngoai cung thuc day them sfl thay ddi chien Ifldc dd, nhfl an ninh, quan he vdi phfldng Tay, he tfl tfldng, nhflng thay ddi nflde ve kinh te va chinh tri Nhiing n h a n td' d i n h hifdng lap trifcfng c u a T r i p o l i ve WMD Sau cude dao chinh nam 1969, nhan thflc eua ban lanh dao Libya ve an ninh khu vfle da ddng mot vai trd dang ke viec xay dflng chUdng trinh WMD cflng nhU quye't dinh tfl bd chfldng trinh dd Trong gin hai thap ky, Libya dinh liu ve quan sfl vao nflde Chad lang gieng Nhflng nam diu 1970, Libya b i t d i u img hd Mat tran Giai phdng Dan toe Chad (FROLINAT) chd'ng chinh phu, va nam 1973, chiem ddng dai Azou d mien Bie Chad, mdt vung dflde chd la cd nhieu t r i m tich khoang vat Tripoh can thiep sau them vao Chad cude ndi chien gifla Tdng thd'ng Goukouni Queddi vdi Bd trfldng Qud'e phdng Hussein Habre Tdng thd'ng dUde Libya img hd, edn Bd trUdng thi dUde Phap va cac nUde chau Phi khac bd trd, dac biet la Ai Cap va Sudan Liic lUdng vu trang Libya rut khdi Chad nam 1987 sau nhieu that bai quan sii, hai nUde thda thuan ngflng ban theo de nghi cua Td chflc Thd'ng nhat chau Phi Sfl can thiep eiia Libya vao Chad cd the dflde eit nghia bang y mud'n md rdng anh hudng xud'ng phia Nam vao vflng chau Phi can-Sahara, va mdi quan tam ve chien lUde va thUdng mai den khu vUc giau khoang san Tuy nhieii, cude phieu lUu that bai va td'n kem ve ngudi va eua Quan hdn ddi vdi tu tudng cua Qadhafi va chinb sach eiia Libya la cude xung dot Arap-Israel That bai eua cac nUde Arap cude chien tranh nam 1967 vdi Israel la mdt ddn nang "giang vao tU tudng dan tdc va niem tii hao toan Arap cua Qadhafi"'"*' Viec nha vua Idris khdng img bd Ai Cap da khie'n Qadhafi cang cam gian che quan chu va lam manh them tu tudng dan tdc eua dng Khi len cim quyen, Qadhafi gifl mdt lap trUdng triet de ehd'ng Israel, nhieu ngUdi Libya gd'e Do Thai rdi khdi nUde va khdng dUde den bfl ve mat mat tai sin Qadhafi tin r i n g cac nflde phfldng Tay dflng len Israel gifla the gidi Arap de lam cho ngudi Arap chia re va suy yeu Vi the, each dat dUde sii thd'ng nha't va niem vinh quang Arap la tieu diet nha nUde Israel, va bdi canh dd, ngUdi Arap cin ed vfl hat nhan manh ngang Israel Qadhafi trach cic chinh phii Arap khdng tich ciic "giai phdng Palestine", ma chi quan tam lay lai nhiing lanh the bi mat cude chien tranh nam 1967 Ong cflng trach Yasir 18 SO 02-2009 Arafat tfl bd da'u tranh vu trang Tripoli tai trd cho cac td chflc Palestine, md eac trai hua'n luyen quan du kich Palestine Nhflng tfl nhflng nam d i u 2000, lap trUdng eua Libya ve cude xung dot Arap-Israel thay ddi nhieu, mot nhdm ngUdi Libya gd'e Do Thai cu den tham Libya va dUde dng Qadhafi tiep hdi thang 10 nam 2004 Nha lanh dao Libya khdng ndi ve viec tieu diet Israel nfla, va da cd mdt each nhin mdi de cha'm dflt xung dot Ong tin rang "khu vfle chat hep gifla sdng Jordan va Dia Trung Hai khdng the du cho hai nha nflde, mdt nha nUdc Do Thai va mot nha nUde Palestine Cach giai quyet la lap mot nha nUde dan chu nha't"*^' Nha nUde lien bang se md cho ca dan Palestine va ngUdi Do Thai trd ve, vdi quyen binh dang cho ta't ea Lap trUdng mdi cho tha'y dng Qadhafi chang cin eile doan hdn chinh ngUdi Palestine, vi da sd' dan Palestine da cdng nhan nha nUde Israel va cha'p nhan mot giai phap hda binh cho cude xung dot Hdn nfla, nha lanh dao Libya nghi r i n g chang cin neu len nhflng khau hieu gay git nhfl "giai phdng Palestine" hoac "tieu diet Israel" Trai lai, mot nen kinh te thinh vfldng va ed hdi tai hoi nhap cdng ddng qud'e te se bao dam td't hdn chd sfl tdn tai che dd minh Mummar al-Qadhafi tien hanh cude dao chinh quan sii thang nam 1969, lat dd chinh the quan chu va xay dflng mot he thd'ng chinh tri mdi, lap Hoi ddng Chi huy each mang (RCC) de cai quan da't nflde Lai lich va dong cd chinh tri cua Qadhafi va nhieu ngUdi chung ehi hudng vdi dng deu gid'ng nhau, cung xua't than tfl gia dinh ngheo va theo CHAU MY NGAY NAY hoc trfldng quan sfl Libya Binh nghiep giiip cho nhflng ngfldi cd thu nhap tha'p mot cd hoi thang tien ve kinh te va xa hoi Qadhafi, sinh nam 1942, dflde hudng mot nen giao due hoan toan Arap va Hdi giao, eac thay giao Ai Cap day dd it lau sau td't nghiep Hoc vien Quan sii Libya, dng dUde chon tiep tue theo hoe nhieu thang tai Hoc vien Quan sfl Hoang gia d Sandhurst cua nflde Anh Trong nhflng nam hinh tinh each, Qadhafi cflng ddng sfl d RCC theo doi chat che diln bien chinh tri d cac nflde lang gieng, dac biet trUdng hdp ndi len cua Tong thd'ng Gamal Abd al-Nasser tai Ai Cap, cuoc dUdng dau eua Nasser vdi Israel va phUdng Tay, va Idi keu gdi thd'ng nha't Arap eua dng Nasser trd than tUdng eua Qadhafi, eon dudng each mang cua Ai Cap dUde coi la khudn m i u cho che mdi d Tripoli Thoat diu, RCC khdng dUa mdt cUdng linh chinh tri ro rang, nhUng nhflng nam 1970, Qadhafi nha'n manh tfl tfldng cua dng nhieu cude phdng va'n, bai dien van, va tai lieu, nhat la cud'n Sdch Xanh Cud'n sach gdm ba tap, phdi hdp chu nghia xa hoi, chii nghia dan toe Arap va dao Hdi tien bo, trinh bay dfldng loi chung de bien ddi xa hoi Libya NhiJng t h a y doi t r o n g rwidc ve chinh tri va kinh te Khi gianh dUdc doc lap nam 1951, Libya la mot nhflng nflde ngheo nha't the gidi, phu thuoc nhieu vao vien trd cua nflde ngoai Nhflng cac t r i m tich dau lifa dflde phat hien nhflng nam gifla 1950, thi hoan canh thay ddi han Trong vdng vai nam, Libya trd mot nhflng nflde cd GNP (tdng san pham quo'c dan) cao nha't chau Phi Ngay CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 02-2009 trflde cuoc dao chinh nam 1969, Libya da la mot nflde giau cd vdi dan so' tha'p Ba thap ky sau (nhflng nam cudi 1990) hoan canh kinh te xau di, sflc tang trfldng dinh tre, ti le that nghiep cao Nhieu nhan to' gdp p h i n vao tinh hinh kinh te tdi te nay: thd nhdt, sfl can thiep manh cua nha nflde gay nan tham nhflng va each quan ly kem; tha hai, gia dau dn dinh d mflc tha'p tfl nhflng nam gifla 1980 den gin cudi nhflng nam 1990; tha ba, thieu y ehi chinh tri de thflc hien cai each; tha tii, phieu Iflu quan sfl td'n kem vdi it cai ldi ve chinh tri va kinh te; tha ndm, lenh trflng phat kinh te khie'n da't nflde bi ed lap Cung nen xem xet bdi canh qud'e te va khu vfle vao cudi nhflng nam 1990 va dau nhflng nam 2000, khac xa bdi canh nhflng nam d i u cude dao chinb nam 1969 Sfl sup eua Lien Xd ching nhflng cd nghia la mat di sfl ung hd ciia mdt sieu cUdng, ma edn cho thay sii can thiep cua nha nUde nhu d Lien Xd ed nhieu nhUdc diem Nhu vay, quan he song phUdng qud'e te dUde thay the b i n g mdt he^ thd'ng mdi vdi Hoa Ky Ngoai ra, ehuan mi^c qudc te da thay ddi, phan anh sfl bien ddi cd ban ciia he thd'ng qud'e te Thdi ky thudc dia da ket thue, da'u tranh giai phdng dan toe da nhat di de thay the bing hdi nhap kinh te toan ciu Trong khu vfle, Pakistan va mdt so nflde Arap da triic tiep hay gian tiep ndi chuyen vdi Israel Cude ndi chuyen thfldng khdng dat ket qua, nhflng cho tha'y moi ngfldi da tfl bd qua khfl ve cd ban: dai da so' ngfldi Arap chap nhan mot thflc te la, Israel la mot bd phan cua Trung Ddng Xung dot bay gid chi xoay quanh nhflng da't dai bi ma't cude chien tranh nam 1967 The rdi, mot nhflng 19 nha lanh dao Arap cudi cung ehdng anh hfldng My tai the gidi Arap da bai tran Trflde dien bien nflde, khu vfle va qud'e te dd, Qadhafi nhan trach nhiem ve nhflng chinh sach trflde day, cha'p nhan ehuan miic mdi va b i t diu hdp tac vdi cac td chflc qud'e te de Libya tfl bd WMD That ra, Qadhafi da hinh dung viec td chflc lai xa bdi Libya sau dng cimg cd' chinb quyen nhflng nam diu 1970 Mdt "cude each mang van hda" dUde khdi xUdng nam 1973, va bd'n nam sau, qud'e hieu dUde ddi nUde Libya Nhan dan Xa hdi chil nghia Arap Jamahiriya RCC va Hdi ddng Bd trUdng dUde thay bing Dai hdi Nhan dan chung Ve kinh te, Libya xay diing nha nUde xa hdi chu nghia va nen kinh te ke hoach hda Mdt muc dich Idn cua che dp kinh te la phan phdi lai eac khoan thu nhap ve diu lifa cho cdng bing bdn de lam ldi chd nhflng bd phan xa bdi trflde day hi thiet thdi Qadhafi khuyen cdng nhan tfl giii phdng minh khdi che nd le ma cac dng ehii ap dat, va trd "ddi tac cbfl khdng phai ngfldi an Ifldng" Dap lai ldi keu goi, cdng nhan kiem soat mdt sd' Idn cdng ty tfl nhan va bien chung doanh nghiep nha nflde Nha nflde md rong kiem soat ddi vdi h i u bet cac khu vfle kinh te, cae "sieu thi nhan dan" qud'e doanh thay the boat ddng ban budn va ban le, sfl phat trien cdng nghiep nang va cdng nghiep nhe dflde trung Udng kiem soat Gid'ng nhu d nhieu nUde khac, kinh te ke hoach hda va sii can thiep manh eua nha nUde khdng cdng Te tham nhflng, che thien vi, va nan tha't nghiep la dac diem cua nen kinh te Libya Cudi nhflng nam 1980, dng Qadhafi cflng cac quan chflc ca'p cao khac quye't dinh thay ddi chieu hfldng 20 SO 02-2009 ap dung mdt so' bien phap tfl hda kinh te Nhflng nhflng thay ddi dd ehi nifa vdi va khdng dflde thiie hien day du, viec thi hanh rdng rai chien lUdc cai each kinh te va tU nhan hda doanh nghiep nha nUde da lam suy yeu sii kiem soat cua nha nUdc ddi vdi he thd'ng kinh te Khdng gid'ng eac qudc gia san xua't d i u lifa d vung Vinh nhU Iran, Iraq, Kuwait va Saudi Arabia la nhflng nflde tim thay dau lifa tfl d i u the ky XX, Libya den cudi nhflng nam 1950 mdi phat hien dflde diu, nhflng da trd qud'e gia Idn thfl tU the gidi xua't khau d i u thd d cudi thap ky 1960 Viec tang san lUdng d Libya chang nhflng phan anh sfl them khat d i u cang tang cua the gidi, ma edn cho tha'y mdt sd' ldi the cua khu vfle diu lifa Libya Thd nhdt, Libya ed trfl lUdng d i u khdng id Udc tinh 39 ty thflng, hoac 3,3% tdng so'cua the gidi Tha hai, chi phi san xuat thudc loai thap nha't the gidi Tha ba, Libya s i n xuat d i u thd cha't Ifldng cao, it Iflu huynh Tha tii, Libya d gin chau Au la mdt ldi the Idn ve chi phi van chuyen Do dd chang ed gi la eac cdng ty d i u lifa My va chau Au dd xd vao tham dd va s i n xua't d i u d Libya San Ifldng d i u d nflde dat 3,32 trieu thflng mdi nam 1970, nhflng mflc san xua't dd khdng keo dai dflde lau, vi lenh trflng phat va sfl cd lap da lam thiet hai cho Libya Q u a n h e vdfi My va phiio?ng Tay Dae diem eiia quan he song phUdng giUa Libya va Hoa Ky ba thap ky d i u tien sau cude dao chinh nam 1969 la sii ngd vfle va thfl dich Quan he true trae la Libya bang giao mat thiet vdi Lien Xd, chd'ng ddi quye't liet Israel, khdng tan CHAU MY NGAY NAY giai quye't hda binh cuoc xung dot Arap-Israel, Qadhafi ed lien quan vdi chu nghia khimg bd' qudc te va mud'n cd WMD O thdi ky Nha vua Idris cim quyen, Hoa Ky cd quan he ra't td't vdi Libya Vien trd My va can cfl khdng quan Wheelus Field la ngudn thu nhap Idn va cung ca'p nhieu viec lam Cac cdng ty d i u lifa My ddng vai trd dang ke viec tham dd t r i m tich d i u cua Libya Sau Qadhafi lat chinh the quan chu, Hoa Ky thoat diu gifl thai "chd xem", nhflng nam sau, Chinh quyen eua Tdng thd'ng Nixon cdng nhan chinh phu mdi d Tripoli Mdt sd' quan chflc d Washington hy vong Libya trd mdt tri chd'ng cdng tai Bie Phi va Trung Ddng Nhflng sfl hda hoan khdng tdn tai lau sau nha cim quyen Tripoli qudc hflu hda cac cdng ty d i u lifa My, va cflng cae nflde Arap khac dflng dau liia lam vu chinh tri chd'ng Hoa Ky sau cude chien tranh Arap-Israel nam 1973 Sfl ngd vfle va thu dich sau sic them nhflng nam cudi 1970 Hoa Ky phan ddi Libya can thiep eang sau d chau Phi, Qadhafi cdng kich My mud'n dan xep de Ai Cap va Israel b i t tay Dudi thdi Tdng thd'ng Reagan, ta't ea eac quan he kinh te va ngoai giao deu hi eat dflt, Hoa Ky phong tda tai s i n cua Libya va ap dat lenh trflng phat rdng rai Cae cdng ty d i u lifa My rut khdi nflde My b i n rdi hai miy bay Libya tren h i u trdi vinh Sirte, cio budc Libya dinh liu vao nhflng vu khimg bd' muc tieu eua My va phfldng Tay, td' cao Libya ung ho cac nhdm Palestine ma phfldng Tay coi la td chflc khimg bd' Ngoai ra, cd nhieu vu khiing bd' ma phUdng Tay ldi cho Tripoli Tha CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 02-2009 nhdt, nha cim quyen Libya ung ho nhflng vu khiing bd' thfldng dan d nhieu nflde Thang nam 1984, cac tay sung lam viec d mdt van phdng ciia Libya d London b i n vao mdt dam bieu tinh hda binh chd'ng Qadhafi, giet che't mot nfl canh sat Anh la Yvonne Fletcher va lam bi thfldng 11 ngUdi Thang nam 1986, ba nhan vien mat vu Libya lam viec d dai sfl quan nflde dd tai Berlin dinh liu vao vu danh bom tiem khieu vu La Belle, cfldp di sinh mang hai quan nhan My va mdt phu nfl Thd Nhi Ky, lam hdn 200 ngfldi hi thfldng De tra thu My cho may bay nem bom hai phd' cua Libya la Tripoli va Benghazi, giet che't 15 ngfldi, dd ed gai nudi cua dng Qadhafi Cuoc khiing bd' dim mau nha't dien nam 1988, luc ed quan tinh bao Libya chiu trach nhiem ve trfldng hdp chie'c may bay eua hang hang khdng Pan Am, chd 259 ngfldi va phi hanh doan, nd tung tren b i u trdi Lockerbie d Scotland Cudi cung, thang nam 1989, cd quan tinh bao Libya lai lam nd bom chie'c may bay UTA chd khach cua Phap tren bau trdi Niger, lam thiet mang 170 ngfldi Nha chflc trach Phap neu dich danh thu pham la Muhammad Sanusi, em re Qadhafi Sau nghi pham, ta't ca deu la nhan vien tinh bao Libya, hi mot tda an Phap xii ving mat Tha hai, ta't ca cac nflde hi cao buoc tiep tay cho chu nghia khung bd deu ciic liic bac bd ldi buoc tdi, nhflng Tripoli khdng chdi cai trach nhiem phap ly cua minh, nhan bdi thfldng cho cac gia dinh nan nhan Nam 1999, Libya bdi thfldng cho cai che't cua nfl canh sat vien Yvonne Fletcher, the la quan he ngoai giao gifla Libya va Anh dflde binh thfldng hda Thing nam 2004, Libya ddng y tra 170 trieu ddla cho than thich nan nhan chie'c may 21 bay UTA cua Phap Thang nam 2004, Libya tra 35 trieu ddla cho nan nhan d tiem khieu vu La Belle tai Dfle Cudi cung, Tripoli thflc hien nhieu bien phap de giai quye't van de phap ly va chinh tri lien quan den vu khimg bd' d Ldckerbie Nam 1999, Libya giao nop hai nghi pham la Abd al-Megrahi va al-Amin Khalifa cho tda an Scotland xet xif Thang nam 2003, Chinh phu Libya nhan trach nhiem ve vu khiing bd', ddng y bdi thfldng cho cac gia dinh nan nhan 2,7 ty ddla Tha ba, ngoai phan quye't cua tda an d Anh, Dfle va Phap, cdng ddng qud'e te edn thi hanh bien phap bat budc Libya thay ddi chinh sach va tuan thu ehuan miic chung Nhflng bien phap dflde ghi trdng nhieu nghi quye't cua Hdi ddng Bao an Lien hdp qud'e, nha't la Nghi quye't 731 va 748, td y khdng hai Idng ve ket qua dieu tra lien quan den cac quan chflc eua Chinh phu Libya vu khung bd' may bay Pan Am va UTA Hdi ddng Bao an de nghi Tripoli hdp tac diy du de xac dinh trach nhiem ve hai cude ta'n cdng Hoi ddng Bao an cho ring ngfldi Libya da khdng chflng minh bing hanh ddng cu the r i n g ho tfl bd chu nghia khimg bd', va thai dd se gay nguy cd chd hda binh va an ninh qud'e te Ket qua la, Hdi ddng Bio an ap dat lenh trflng phat ve kinh te va ngoai giao, gay thiet hai Idn cho Libya Theo fldc tinh thi tdn that ve kinh te la 26,5 ti ddla lenh trflng phat Tha ta, ngoai viec budc Libya tuan thu ehuan mflc qud'e te, nhan trach nhiem ve hoat dong khung bd, bdi thfldng cho nan nhan, lenh trflng phat qud'e te edn khie'n Libya dinh hfldng cho mot thai mdi Tfl cudi nhflng nam 1990, Tripoh da tim cich cha'm 22 SO 02-2009 dflt tinh trang cd lap eua minh va tai hoi nhap he thd'ng toan ciu Nam 2000, Libya ddng vai trd quan trong viec thfldng lUdng tha mot nhdm eon tin Phap, Dfle, Malaysia, Nam Phi, Philippines, va Lebanon hi td chflc Abu Sayyaf b i t d Philippines Nam 2002, Libya tham gia Cdng fldc ve Loai bd viec Tai trd cho Chu nghia Khiing bd' Nhfl vay, Tripoli da tham gia ta't ca 12 cdng Ude va nghi dinh thu qud'e te ve chu nghia khimg bd' Tha ndm, vu ta'n cdng 11/9 d Hoa Ky la mdt dip de Libya tham gia cude chien qud'e te ehd'ng khimg bd' Sau vu ta'n cdng dd, nha lanh dao Libya tuyen bd len an cude khimg bd' la ghe tdm, keu goi ngUdi Libya hien mau cho nan nhan Hoa Ky Ket luan Thang 12 nam 2003, Libya thdng bio ddng y tfl bd chfldng trinh WMD va hdp tac day dii vdi Hda Ky, Anh, va cic td chflc qud'e te de kiem tra viec thiic hien chinb sach mdi Cd hai y kien ve thai cua Tripoli Thd nhdt, che Saddam Hussein bi danh d Iraq la ddng liic khie'n dng Qadhafi thay ddi dfldng ldi ddi ngoai Tha hai, chinh sach thay ddi eua Libya ve WMD la mot ta'm gUdng cho cae nUde mud'n phd bien vu buy CHAU MY NGAY NAY diet hang loat d Trung Ddng va nhflng khu vfle khac tren the gidi Tuy nhien, nhflng y kien dd quen r i n g , Libya da tflng bflde cha'p nhan ehuan mflc qudc te tfl lau trflde cuoc chien tranh nam 2003 tai Iraq Nhieu ket luan ed the rut tfl viec Libya thi nghiem WMD Mac du Libya cd' ging che tao WMD tfl ba thap ky, nhflng khdng dat nhieu ket qua vi ed sd t i n g ky thuat ra't kem phat trien, chfldng trinh hat nhan edn d giai doan ra't sd khai Tfl bd chfldng trinh WMD khie'n da't nflde khdng edn phai chiu lenh trflng phat, va binh thfldng hda quan he vdi phfldng Tay Nhfl Robert Hunter*^' da ndi: "Ong Qadhafi da ban dung gia va dung luc thfl tai san vd dung va bao quan ton kem" • Tdi lieu tham khdo: - Washington Post, 26 October 2004 - Jerusalem Post, 12 October 2004 - Middle Eastern Studies, January 2004 - New York Times, 14 December 2004 Chu thich: 1) Washington Post, 26 October 2004 2) Washington Post, 21 December 2003 3) Financial Times, 27 January 2004 4) New York Times, 17 December 2004 5) Rebert E Hunter Arms Control Today, 34 (10), 2004 ... vdi cd quan Tiep theo dd la mot loat budi gap gd gifla quan chflc hai hen va nhieu chuyen tham quan cua sat vien IAEA d eac cd sd hat nhan Libya Tai lieu cua IAEA mieu ta nhflng bUdc di quan ciia... hua'n luyen quan du kich Palestine Nhflng tfl nhflng nam d i u 2000, lap trUdng eua Libya ve cude xung dot Arap-Israel thay ddi nhieu, mot nhdm ngUdi Libya gd'e Do Thai cu den tham Libya va dUde... n g nhflng thay ddi nflde Vii huy diet hang loat cua Libya Nam 1971, Libya tham gia Nghi dinh thu Geneva ca'm sif dung vu hda hoc va sinh hoc chien tranh Mac du da cam ket, nhUng Libya v l n