CONG DONG MALAY MUSLIM TU NHUlSIG • HOI QUOC DEN THUOC DJA CUA ANH NGO VAN DOANH* Trflde het, phai ndi rang, nhflng t h u a t ngfl "Malay" va "Malay Muslim" dfldc sfl dung nhfl nhflng tfl ddng nghia tfl khi nhflng ngfldi Malay (ngfldi Viet thfldng gpi la ngfldi Ma Lai hay ngfldi Ma) b Malaya (Ma Lai) da trd t h a n h cac Muslim va ed so' Ifldng d6ng hdn cac nhdm tpc ngfldi Hdi giao khac ed ngudn gd'c An Dp, Arabia va Java Ngfldi Ma Lai d Ma Lai da theo dao Hdi tfl the ky 15 Viee cai giao dd bat[.]
CONG DONG MALAY MUSLIM - TU NHUlSIG HOI QUOC DEN THUOC DJA CUA ANH • NGO VAN DOANH* T rflde het, phai ndi rang, nhflng thuat ngfl "Malay" va "Malay Muslim" dfldc sfl dung nhfl nhflng tfl ddng nghia tfl nhflng ngfldi Malay (ngfldi Viet thfldng gpi la ngfldi Ma Lai hay ngfldi Ma) b Malaya (Ma Lai) da trd cac Muslim va ed so' Ifldng d6ng hdn cac nhdm tpc ngfldi Hdi giao khac ed ngudn gd'c An Dp, Arabia va Java Ngfldi Ma Lai d Ma Lai da theo dao Hdi tfl the ky 15 Viee cai giao dd bat dau tai vfldng qud'e Malacca sau vi qud'e vfldng Hindu giad la Paramesvara trd Muslim Tfl day, rat nhanh chdng, dae Hdi tham nhap manh va sau vao cac t i n g Idp xa hdi khac cua ngfldi Ma Cho den luc Paramesvara mat vao nam 1414, "da cd nhieu cdng ddng budn ban ngfldi Muslim trdng phd" Va, "tdi cud'i the ky 15, Malacca da trd mot trung tam Hdi giao cho ca khu vflc"(l) Sd di Malacca ed mot vai trd rat quan trpng viee truyen ba dao Hdi tdi cac nha nflde khac b ban dao Ma Lai va vflng quan dao Malay la vi cae nflde dd deu nam vdng anh hfldng ve chinh tri va van hoa cua Malacca quang thdi gian tfl 1400 den 1511 Cac sii lieu cho biet, "den nam 1500, Malacca cai tri toan bp phan dfldi cua ban dao, tfl Kedah va Patani den quan dao Lingga."(2) Malacca cai quan nhflng vflng dat trflde day thuoc lanh thd cua vfldng quo'c Srivijaya ma thu ciia vfldng qud'e luc dau d Jambi tren dao Sumatra Srivijaya da "kiem soat eo Malacca va Malaya, it nhat tdi Kedah d phia bac (ben bd tay) va tdi Ligor (ben bd ddng)" (3) Nhd ed vi tri dia ly thuan ldi nhfl vay, sud't the' ky 15, Malacca da phat toa nen van hea Malay den cac cfl dan d va ngoai Malacca Van hpc, kieu nha nflde, am nhae, mfla, y phue, cac trd chdi va ca the thd pantun cua Malay da dfldc truyen ba rpng rai khu vflc.(4) Mae dau cac thi qud'e b i c Sumatra nhfl Pasai, Pedir va Perlak da tiep nhan dao Hdi sud't ea the ky 14 thdng qua anh hfldng cua nhflng thfldng nhan Hdi giad den tfl An Dp, Ba Tuf , nhflng nhflng ngfldi Malacca lai la nhflng ngiidi truyen ba Hdi giao manh hdn, rpng hdn sau hdn va cdng hdn the ky 15, den ndi, tfl dd trd di, ngiidi ta ludn ddng nhat ngfldi Muslim va ngiidi Ma la mot Trong tieng Ma Lai, t h u a t ngfl "Masuk ' PGS.TS Ngo Van Doanh, Vien Nghien cflu Dong Nam A Ngo Vdn Doanh - Cong dong Malay Muslim - Tii nhiing Hoi quoc 17 Melayu"da dfldc sfl d u n g tfl lau de chi P a h a n g lam vd, da tfl minh lap vifdng nhflng ngfldi k h d n g p h a i la ngfldi M a theo qude Jdhdre gan s6ng Johore vao n a n dao Hdi T h u a t ngfl n a y ed ngudn gd'c tfl 1530 Alauddin va nhflng ngfldi ke vi dng thdi Malacca Ve vai trd to Idn cua ngfldi da nhieu lan t h a t bai trflde q u a n Bd Dao Ma ddi vdi sfl p h a t t r i e n cua dao Hdi N h a t r o n g nhflng ed' gang tai khu vflc, cae n h a k h o a hpc cd nhflng Malacca Nhfl vay la, sud't 100 nam danh gia k h a thd'ng n h a t Hpc gia A n d a y a (1537-1641), tai k h u vflc nay, da dien r a cho r i n g , dfl Hdi giao da dfldc ngfldi nhflng cupc chien ac liet gifla ba the Iflc: Sumatra - P a s a i tiep n h a n sdm hdn, Bd Dao Nha, Ache va Johore nhflng tdn giao mdi n a y gan bd chat che chiem Trong sud't thdi gian ngfldi Bd Dao N h a vdi xa hdi Malay d Malacca den ndi day dd hd, dao Thien Chfla dfldc truyen ba tai trd t h a n h Meslem (tfle Muslim) thi dfldc Malacca C h a F r a n c i s Xavier la gpi la Masuk Melayu.ib) Cdn n h a nghien t h u y e t giao q u a n trpng n h a t d Malacca cflu Abdul M a u l u d Yusof thi viet: "Hdi Ong cdn dflng Malacca nhfl la cd sd cho giao la yeu to'van hoa chinh de n h a n biet cdng viee t r u y e n giao cua ong tai Trung ngfldi Ma"(6) Qud'e Mac dau vay, Thien Chfla giao van nha The nhflng, tfl d a u t h e ky 16, tai khdng gay dfldc tac ddng Idn dd'i vdi ngfldi Malacca ndi r i e n g va M a l a y a ndi chung, Ma Vi the, Malacca m a t vao tay nhflng ngfldi Muslim da b a t dau p h a i ngfldi H a L a n n a m cham t r a n vdi ngfldi phfldng Tay Ngfldi hfldng cua Bd Dao N h a d ban dao Malaya Bd Dao Nha den M a Lai vdi ca hai muc cham dflt gan nhfl hoan toan, cho dfl cho dich budn b a n va tdn giao Nhfl mot n h a den t a n hdm d Malacca van cdn ed nghien cflu da n h a n xet: " Ngfldi Bd den nhflng gia dinh ndi tieng Bd !641, nhflng anh vung An Dp dfldng nhfl nhflng thfldng Ngfldi H a Lan da sfl d u n g Malacca de nhan mud'n p h a vd ddc quyen cua ngfldi phue vu cho nhflng cdng viee budn ban vdi Arap trdng viee b u d n b a n hfldng lieu, va b a n dao Malaya va S u m a t r a cflng nhfl lay nhfl nhflng ngfldi T h i e n Chfla giao md ndi dd lam tien ddn ve m a t h a n h chinh d dao cd nghia vu t r u y e n dao."(7) De thflc vflng Eo bien Malacca de cung ed' ddc hien nhflng t h a m vpng t r e n , liie Ifldng hai quyen cua minh Chinh sach ay da dem quan Bd Dao N h a d a chiem Goa d An Dp den cho H a Lan nhieu ldi n h u a n eflng nhfl vao nam 1510, va chiem Malacca vao ke thfl Ngfldi Ha L a n d Malacca phai dd'i nam 1511 S u l t a n M a h m u d S h a h , vi t h u d a u vdi ba nhdm dich thu: nhflng ngfldi linh ngfldi M a - M u s l i m cud'i cflng cua Ma Muslim, nhflng ngfldi Bugi va Cdng ty Malacca chay den B e n t a n d q u a n dao Ddng a n cua Anh Ngfldi Bugi cflng la Riau-Lingga D e n n a m 1526, ngfldi Bd nhflng ngfldi Hdi giad; ho den Malaya tfl tieu buy B e n t a n , M a h m u h S h a h budc cae hdn dao Celebes tfl sau Ha Lan phai den K a m p a r d S u m a t r a va chet tai thiet lap dfldc quyen cai tri d dd Nhflng Con t r a i ong, s u l t a n A l a u d d i n Riayat a n h hfldng cua hp d Malaya r a t Idn trdng Shah, ngfldi 'cfldi em gai cua t h u linh sud't ca the'ky 18 Khdng phai ngau nhien 18 ma "the'ky 18 thfldng dfldc gpi la "thdi ky Bugi" cua lich sii Malay."(8) Cdn cac vi quan cai tri Ha Lan b Malacca thi khdng ngflng nguyen riia nhflng ngfldi Bugi vi da lam suy yeu cdng viee budn ban cua hp Cae tai lieu lich sfl cho thay, lich sfl Malaya su6't the ky 18 la lich sfl hoat dong manh me cua ngfldi Bugi The nhflng, trflde day, treng the ky 17, ngfldi Bugi la nhflng cfl dan thd'ng tri d khu vflc Selebes, va, lan dau tien hp dfldc lich sfl biet den la nhflng ngfldi linh danh thue cho ngfldi Ha Lan Ngfldi Bugi la nhflng ngfldi di bien va dfldc coi la mot nhflng tpc ngfldi tien be nhat thdi bay gid d vflng quan dao Inddnesia Hp giup quan Ha Lan danh Macassa nam 1666-1667, va da nhieu lan cflng ngfldi Ha Lan xam Iflde Mataram The rdi, sau hiep fldc Bongais nam 1667, mot hiep fldc cham dflt nen ddc lap cua Macassa va sfl suy tan cua Molucca, thi ngfldi Bugi budc phai di lang thang khap ndi Cac doan thuyen cfldp bien cua hp di chuyen khap vung quan dao Den dau nam 1681, hp da cd cac khu dinh cfl Idn d cfla sdng Klang va Selangor Nam 1722, Daing Parani, mot nam ngfldi anh em ndi tieng rdi Selebes di tim van may d Borneo, quan dao Riau va ban dao Ma Lai, da thiet lap dfldc uy Iflc ciia ngfldi Bugi d Johore Tfl thdi diem trd di, Riau da trd trung tam anh hfldng cua ngfldi Bugi tdi cae qud'e gia san xuat thie'c Kedah va Perak Do cd cupc tranh gianh ngdi bau d Kedah, ngfldi Bugi dfldc mot tieu vfldng nhd giup dd Daing Parani da cfldi em gai cua vi tieu vfldng va nhan dfldc mot khoan tien kha Nghien ciiu Dong Nam A 712010 Idn Nam 1724, Raja Kechil cua Siak, ngfldi trflde day bi ngfldi Bugi danh dfldi khdi Riau, da dem quan den danh ngfldi Bugi d Kedah Trong sud't hai nam chie'n dau, dfl Daing Parani cd bi gie't, cud'i cflng, ngfldi Bugi cung dudi dfldc Kechil ve Siak Sau dd cupc chie'n lan sang Perak va Selangor Daing Merewah, em trai cua Daing Parani, phd vfldng cua Riau, da xam Ifldc Perak Cho den nhflng nan 1740, cac cupc chie'n tranh xam Iflde lien tiep da dfla ngfldi Bugi trd nhflng ngfldi thd'ng tri d Malaya va la Iflc Ifldng khien ngfldi Ha Lan d day phai e ngai Sau mot thdi gian hoat ddng gay ed sd, den gifla the ky 18, thi cupc chien cdng khai gifla ngfldi Ha Lan va ngfldi Bugi thflc sfl nd Nam 1756, ngfldi Bugi tan cdng Malacca Dap lai, ngfldi Ha Lan cflng quan cua Trenganu t^'n cdng can cfl cua ngfldi Bugi d Linggi Chie'n sfl d ca hai ndi deu dien quyet liet The nhflng, cudi eflng, ngfldi Bugi da bi danh bai Va 1-1-1758, ba nha lanh dao ngfldi Bugi la Daing Kemboja cua Linggi, Raja Tua cua Klang va Raja Adil cua Rembau da phai ky mot hoa fldc vdi Ha Lan Chi den nhflng nam 70 cua the ky 18, vdi nhflng boat ddng ngoai giao va quan sfl tai ba cua Raja Haji, thi Iflc Ifldng cua ngfldi Bugi mdi dfldc phue hdi va manh len Trong sud't mot thdi gian dai, Haji tri dfldc quan he hflu hao vdi ngfldi Ha Lan The nhflng, den nam 1782, da lai nd tranh chap, va, ngfldi Bugi lai b i t dau tan cdng cac vi tri cua ngfldi Ha Lan d eo bien Malacca Nam 1783, ngfldi Ha Lan am mflu chiem Riau, nhflng khdng Dap lai, Haji td chflc Iflc lfldng tan cdng Ngo Van Doanh - Cong dong Malay Muslim - Tii nhiing Hoi quoc Malacca Tuy p h a i ddc toan Iflc cho cupc chien t r a n h l a n thfl tfl vdi Anh, ngfldi Ha Lan van gifl dfldc Malacca Va, t h a n g 61784, mdt h a m dpi gdm sau chiec t a u van B r a a m chi huy, dfldc phai tfl H a Lan sang, da t a n cdng tieu diet h o a n toan Iflc Ifldng bad vay Malacca cua ngfldi Bugi va gidt chet Raja Haji T r e n da t h i n g ldi, thang n a m ay, v a n B r a a m d a n h dudi dfldc ngfldi Bugi r a khdi Selangor Tiep do, vao t h a n g 10, dng ta dudi ngfldi Bugi khdi Riau The nhflng, ngfldi Bugi van cdn tiep tuc cupc chien cua m i n h chdng lai ngfldi H a Lan N a m 1785, tieu vfldng cua Selangdr ngfldi Bugi la I b r a h i m quay trd lai, budc ngfldi H a L a n p h a i r u t ve Malacca Sau dd, ngfldi H a L a n p h a n cdng, va, sau mdt n a m chdng cfl, Ibrahim phai thfla n h a n quyen Iflc cua ngfldi H a Lan Tiep day, viee ngfldi H a Lan chiem Riau, tieu vfldng M a h m u h phai tim den sfl giflp dd cua ngfldi I l a n u n d Bdrneo Thang 5-1787, hp tien d a n h ca ngfldi Ha Lan lan tieu vfldng va cac tfl trfldng Ma Lai Vi tieu vfldng cua R i a u chay trd'n va tim sfl giup dd cua ea ngfldi nflde ngdai va cac tieu vfldng khac vflng Ket qua la, mdt lien m i n h da dfldc t h a n h lap, gdm Trengganu, Kedah, R e m b a u , Siak, solok, Lingga, I n d r a g i r i , S i a n t a n va Johore Lien minh da t u y e n bd' muc dich cua minh la d a n h dudi ca ngfldi H a Lan Va ngfldi Anh r a khdi cae vflng bien cua ngfldi Ma lai The nhflng, s a u mdt vai cupc tan cdng khdng cd k e t qua vao phao dai cua ngfldi H a L a n d Dingding va bd bien Penang, lien m i n h p h a i giai t a n Ngfldi Ha Lan chiem lai dfldc Riau, ngfldi I l a n u n trd ve vfldng qud'e cua minh, ngfldi Bugi di cfl sang Selanger, S i a n t a n va Borneo, cdn 19 ngfldi Ma, diidc sfl khich le cua M a h m u h , da chuyen sang lam nghe cfldp bien Tinh h i n h t a m yen cho den n a m !795, ngfldi Anh b a t dau chiem cac thuoc dia cua H a L a n d phfldng Ddng Chinh ngfldi Anh da dudi ddn vi ddn tru cua Ha Lan r a khdi Riau, phuc hdi lai ngdi bau cho M a h m u h , va, qua dd, khdi phuc lai quyen Iflc cho ngfldi Bugi Dfldc sfl giflp dd cua ngfldi Anh, t h u linh ngfldi Bugi la Raja Haji da d a n h dudi phd vfldng ngfldi Ma la Engku Muda Sfl m a u t h u a n va mdi h a n cua ngfldi Ma vdi ngfldi Bugi da gay r a nhieu dieu b a t ldi cho the gidi Ma Lai nhieu n a m Nhflng ngfldi Ma chdng lai Ha Lan vi ngfldi H a L a n n a m ddc quyen mpi viee lam an N a m 1651, ngfldi Ma Perak t a n cdng xfldng cua H a L a n tai Perak The nhflng, trflde sfle m a n h cua Ha Lan, vao cae n a m 1653 va 1655, sultan cua Perak budc phai ky nhflng hiep fldc b a n thiee khai thac dfldc d Perak cho Ha Lan Nam 1659, ngfldi H a Lan lai budc sultan Perak khdng chi phai b a n thie'c m a cdn phai nop bdi thfldng chie'n phi cho hp Ha Lan ddi s u l t a n cua Kedah phai cam nhflng thfldng n h a n Hdi giao tfl cac ndi khac den budn b a n d Kedah va phai b a n met nfla sd' thiee cua Kedah cho minh Tfl n a m 1654 den 1657, dai ly H a Lan d Kedah budn ban thie'c, vang va voi N a m 1658, nhflng ngfldi Ma Lai Kedah da t a n cdng chiec t h u y e n cua H a Lan va giet chet chin ngfldi t r e n thuyen Cud'i cflng thi Ha Lan budc phai cho phep nhflng ngfldi Moor dfldc budn b a n d Kedah Ngfldi Ha Lan d Malaya cflng bi ngfldi Bugis chdng dd'i Tai Malaya, ngfldi Bugis 20 da thiet lap nhflng md'i quan he chinh tri va gia dinh vdi cae vfldng trieu d Selangor va Johore De loai trfl md'i de doa cua ngfldi Bugis, nam 1784, Ha Lan tan cdng Selangor, va, sultan Selangor phai chay den Pahang Cflng vao nam dd, ngfldi Ha Lan dflng sfle manh budc sultan Johore cho phep ddn tram cua Ha Lan dfldc tri Iflc Ifldng d Riau Ba nam sau, nam 1787, ngfldi Ha Lan chiem Riau Cho dfl nhflng ngfldi Hdi giao Ma Lai va ngfldi Bugis ed chdng lai ngfldi Ha Lan d Malaya, the nhflng, Iflc Ifldng cua Ha Lan td manh hdn Va, vi vay, ngfldi Ha Lan da tru lai d Malacca sud't ca hai tram nam Tren thflc te, ngfldi Ha Lan cai tri Malacca lau hdn ngfldi Bd Dao Nha, the nhflng, " anh hfldng cua Ha Lan ddi vdi van hoa cua dat nflde it hdn sd vdi cua Bd Dao Nha."(9) Cflng the ky 18, nhflng ngfldi Muslim d Malaya da phai bat dau ddi mat vdi ngfldi Anh Ngay tfl nfla cud'i the ky 17, flu the cua nflde Anh da dfldc thiet lap d Nam va Ddng A Uu the dd cd dfldc la nhd nhflng dat dai ma hp chiem dfldc d An Dp va nhd hp da lam chu dfldc cdng viee budn ban vdi Trung Qud'e Cdng ty Ddng an cua Anh hean toan lam chu cdng viee budn ban trfle tiep gifla Trung Qud'e va nflde Anh cho den nam 1833 Thude dia dau tien cua Anh d Malaya dfldc thiet lap tren dao Penang vao nam 1786 Khdi thuy, Penang la dat cua Sultanate (Hdi qud'e) Kedah Sd di hdn dao trd thude dia ciia Cdng ty Ddng an Anh (EIC) la vi vi sultan Abdullah Mukarram Syah, ngfldi tri vi Kedah tfl 1778 den 1798, da ddi Penang Nghien ciiu Dong Nam A 712010 cho Anh de lay mdt khoan tien phuc vu cho viee chdng lai nhflng the Iflc ben va ben ngoai, nhfl sfl can thiep cua ngfldi Bugis va sfl uy hiep t;iia Xiem Ngfldi Bugis b i t dau can thiep vao Kedah nam 1715 la cupc tranh chap quyen ke vi ndi bp trieu dinh Kedah Ngfldi Bugis giflp cae hoang tfl eho'ng lai sultan Muhammad Jiwa 2, ngfldi tri vi Kedah tfl 1710 den 1778 Vao nam 1770 va nam 1771, ngfldi Bugis hai lan tan cdng Kedah Sau day, hp cdn tiep tuc ung hp nhflng dich thu chdng lai sultan va eon trai dng, tfle sultan Abdullah Ngfldi Anh chiem Malacca tfl tay ngfldi Ha Lan vao thang Tam nam 1795 de bao ve quyen ldi cua nflde Anh d An Dp va cdng viee budn ban cua Anh vdi Trung Qud'e, sau Ha Lan hi Phap danh bai vao thang Gieng nam 1795 Den nam 1811, Thomas Stamford Raffles chiem Batavia cua Ha Lan d Java Sau tran thang cua nflde Anh dd'i vdi Phap d Waterloo vao nam 1815, ngfldi Ha Lan trd lai Ddng Nam A Nam 1818, hp chiem lai Malacca va Batavia tfl tay ngfldi Anh Sfl trd lai Ddng Nam A cua Ha Lan da tao mdt dich thu budn ban Au chau mdi ddi vdi EIC cua Anh khu vflc Hastings, vien tfldng toan quyen cua Anh da thdng bao vao nam 1818 r i n g : "gid day chflng ta bi dat vao the'nguy hiem vi hoan toan bi ngfldi Ha Lan loai khdi nhflng cdng viee budn ban tai nhflng vung bien khu vflc nay"(10) De canh tranh mdt each cd hieu qua vdi ngfldi Ha Lan d Ddng Nam A, EIC da phai di tim cho minh mot trung tam budn ban khac nfla ben canh Penang d Malaya Chinh Ngo Vdn Doanh - Cong dong Malay Muslim - Tii nhiing Hoi quo'c Stamford Raffles da nhan thay rang, hdn dao Singapore cd the la mdt hai cang td't cho EIC Ong ta da gianh dfldc Singapore tfl tay hai thu linh Malay la Temenggong Abdul Rahman cua Johore va sultan Hussein cua Riau-Johore, thdng qua nhflng hiep fldc ky vao thang Gieng va thang Hai nam 1819 EIC ddng y chu cap cho hai thu linh Malay va bao ve hp sud't thdi gian hp sd'ng d Singapdre 21 Sau dd Bd thuoc dia trfle tiep cai quan SS Penang trd tdng hanh dinh cua SS tfl nam 1826 den 1832 va la trung tam hanh phap cho den nam 1856 Sau day Singapore, vao nam 1832 dam nhan chflc nang tdng hanh dinh thay cho Penang, va, vien toan quyen d Singapore quan ly SS Tfl vflng thude dia SS, Chinh phu Anh da dan dan md rpng sfl kiem soat cua minh ve chinh tri, kinh te va hanh chinh Ngfldi Ha Lan phan ddi viee Anh chiem den cac qud'e gia cac thu linh ngfldi Ma Singapore lam thude dia vi cho rang vung Lai cai quan Cd nhflng nguyen nhan ve dat n i m quyen kiem soat cua chinh tri, kinh te va nhan van cho nhflng Ha Lan tfl hp cdng nhan sultan Abdul sfl can thiep cua ngfldi Anh d Malaya Ve Rahman la sultan cua Riau-Johore bang chinh tri, Chinh phu Anh mud'n rang, hiep fldc ma hp da ky vdi sultan vao thang khdng mdt cfldng qud'e chau Au nad, dfl la 11 nam 1818 Nam 1824, Ha Lan va Anh Phap hay Dfle, phat huy dfldc anh hfldng da giai quyet nhflng bat ddng ve chinh tri chinh tri cua hp d Malaya Ve kinh te, va thfldng mai gifla hp vdi Ban hiep Chinh phu Anh quyet dinh bao ve cho fldc Anh-Ha Lan ky tai Luan Ddn nam nhflng dau tfl kinh te va nhflng cdng viee 1824 da chia the gidi Ma Lai hai kinh doanh cua ngfldi Trung Qud'e va vung thude dia ma eo bien Malacca lam ngfldi Anh eflng nhfl cua SS tai cac vfldng bien gidi Ngfldi Anh nhfldng qud'e Malaya Cdn ddng cd mang tinh nhan Bancddlen d Sumatra cho Ha Lan, cdn Ha van cua ngfldi Anh la de cao nhflng tien bp Lan thi trao Malacca cho ngfldi Anh va ve mat nha nflde cua cae qud'e gia Mateya cdng nhan sfl kiem soat cua Anh ddi vdi Hiep fldc Pangkor nam 1874 danh dau sfl Singapore Theo ban hiep fldc, Anh cdng khdi dau cho viee can thiep chinh thflc cua nhan quyen kiem soat cua Ha Lan d nflde Anh vao nhflng cdng viee ndi bd cua Sumatra, Riau va Java Vi nhflng nguyen cae qud'e gia Malaya Raja Abdullah cua nhan mang tinh hanh chinh, nam 1826, Perak eflng cac thu linh Ma Lai cua minh Anh da gpp nhflng thuoc dia cua hp d da cung Andrew Clarke, ngfldi phu trach Malaya vao mot ddn vi hanh chinh dfldc SS, ky mdt ban Hiep fldc vad thang Gieng gpi la Eo bien (Straits Settlements(SS)) nam 1874 Muc dich cua ban Hiep fldc la Cac quan chflc eiia Anh d An Dp trfle tiep nham giai quyet sfl bat hoa ve quyen-ke vi quan ly SS cho den nam 1867 Sau day, cua cac ddng tpc h o a n | gia Malaya d Perak quyen cai quan dd thude ve Bd Thude dia cflng nhfl nhim vao viee giai quyet nhflng b Luan Ddn Cho den nam 1867,vien toan tranh chap va nhflng cupc chie'n gifla quyen Anh cai tri SS nam dfldi quyen cua nhflng ngfldi Hda khai thac thie'c d Perak tong toan quyen Anh b Calcutta, An Dp Ngfldi Anh ddng y tdn Raja Abdullah lam 22 chu Perak va be ddi thu cua Abdullah la Raja Ismail Dap lai, Abdullah da ddng y chap nhan de cho quan cdng sfl ngfldi Anh tham gia vao viee khuyen bao minh tat ca mpi viee, trfl nhflng viee lien quan den tdn giao va phong tuc eiia ngfldi Malay Thang 11 nam 1874, J W W Birch dfldc bd nhiem lam vien cdng sfl Anh dau tien d Perak Hiep fldc Pangkor la van ban chinh thflc dau tien hdp phap hoa sfl can thiep cua Anh vao cae qud'e gia Malay Ngfldi Anh da dfla mdt he thd'ng cai tri gian tiep ma thfldng dfldc biet den la "he thd'ng cdng sfl"de cai quan cac qud'e gia Malay Ve he thd'ng cai tri cua Anh, cd nha nghien cflu da nhan xet: "Hdn da nen mdng cua he thd'ng Cdng sfl la quan niem ve sfl cai tri gian tiep da dfldc Frank Swettenham dfla mdt each manh me vao nam 1876: tri nhflng phong tuc va truyen thd'ng da dfldc chap nhan cua dat nflde nay, tranh thu nhflng cam tinh va nhflng mdi quan tam cua dan chflng ddi vdi sfl giflp dd cua chflng ta, va day cho hp biet nhflng cai ldi van hanh mdt bd may nha nflde tot va mdt chinh sach sang sua."(ll) Nhiem vu chinh cua cae cdng sfl vien toan quyen, dfldc phep cua bd Thuoc dia, giao cho la: bao ve luat phap va trat tfl, bat dau thflc thi mdt he thd'ng thue cd cd sd, giam sat viee thu ldi tfle, va khich le sfl phat trien kinh te'.(12) Cflng nam 1874, Chinh phu Anh tap trung sfl chu y ciia minh vao Selangor va Sungai Ujong, v i r i n g d nhflng ndi ay, da xay nhflng tranh chap ndi bd gifla cac thu linh Malay xung quanh viee gianh quyen kiem soat ve chinh tri va Nghien ciiu Dong Nam A 712010 kinh te ddi vdi mdt so' vflng dat Thang Tuf nam 1874, ngfldi Anh giup Datuk Kelana, thu linh Malay d Sungai Ujong, b i n g viee giii den mdt vien si quan Thang 11 nam 1874, nhflng toan quan cua Anh dfldc phai di giup Datuk Kelana cupc chie'n chdng lai dich thii cua dng ta la Datuk Bandar Vi thu linh Malay bi budc phai dau hang, rdi sau dd, hi day di Singapore Thang 11 nam 1875, mdt l i n nfla, quan dpi Anh dfldc huy ddng di giup Datuk Kelana danh lai nhflng dich thu cua dng ta Tunku Anta cua Sri Menanti cam dau Trong nam dd, nhflng dich thu cua Datuk Kelana bi danh bai Den nam 1889, Sri Menanti, Tampin va Rembau dfldc hdp lai de lap Negeri Sembilan Mot vien chflc ngfldi Anh dai dien cho nhflng ngfldi Anh d ddn vi hanh chinh mdi cd tru sd tai Sri Menanti Nam 1895, Sungai Ujong, Jelebu va Johol da ddng y hdp nhat vdi Negeri Sembilan Va, cae vung dat eflng yeu cau cd sfl giup dd ciia Cdng sfl ngfldi Anh va deu cam ket lam theo nhflng ldi khuyen cua dng ta mpi cdng viee hanh chinh, ngdai nhflng viee lien quan den Hdi giao Tai Selangor, da xay nhflng cupc tranh chap gifla nhflng ngfldi Hoa ve quyen kiem soat cae md thie'c, va gifla nhflng thu linh ngiidi Malay ve van de da la ngfldi cai quan nhflng vflng dat cua hp khoang thdi gian tfl nam 1866 den 1873 Ngfldi Anh giflp cho vi thu linh Malay Tunku Kudin, phd vfldng cua Selangor, va thu linh ngfldi Hoa Yap Ah Loy de chdng lai nhflng dd'i thu cua hp Trong nam 1874, sultan cua Selangor la Ngo Vdn Doanh - Cong dong Malay Muslim - TU nhiing Hoi quo'c Abdul Samad de nghi ngfldi Anh bad ve cho minh Thang 11 nam 1874, Andrew Klarke ddng y md rpng sfl bao trd cua nflde Anh tdi vi sultan nay, va, vad thang 12 nam dd, J D Davidson dfldc bd nhiem lam cdng sfl Anh d Selangor Vi cdng sfl ddng tri sd tai Kelang, trung tam hoat dong cua Tunku Kudin Frank Swettenham trd phd cdng sfl cua Anh d Selangor va ed tri sd tai Langat, trung tam quyen Iflc cua sultan Abdul Samad Cae thfl linh ngfldi Malay khdi nghia la Raja Mahadi va sultan Puasa hi bit nam 1875 Raja Mahadi hi day den Singapore va da chet d dd vao nam 1882 Cac quan toan quyen cua SS da vai lan md rpng quyen cai tri ciia ngfldi Anh den Wan Ahmad, thu linh cua Pahang vao khoang nhflng nam 1874 va 1888 Cae vi dd la: Andrew Clarke vao nam 1874; William Jervois vao thang Sau nam 1875; va, Frederic Weld vao thang Tfl nam 1886 Hp da bi that bai cac cdng viee day, bdi vi Wan Ahmah mud'n gifl nen ddc lap Sau day Weld quay sang vdi sultan Abu Bakar cua Johor vdi muc dich giflp dng ta thuyet phue Wan Ahmad chap nhan sfl bao hp cua Anh Sultan Abu Bakar, vdi kha nang ed the ed anh hfldng tdi Wan Ahmad, da cdng viee thuyet phuc sultan chap nhan vien dai dien Anh Nhfl vay la, vao thang Mfldi nam 1887, Hugh Clifford dfldc bd nhiem lam dai dien dau tien cua nflde Anh tai Pahang Thang Sau nam 1888, Cecil Clementi Smith, vien toan quyen Anh, da ed kha nang gay sfle ep manh ddi vdi Wan Ahmad de budc ong ta chap nhan cdng sfl Anh de bao ve nhflng cdng dan ngfldi Anh d Pahang, sau 23 vu mdt ngfldi Anh gd'c Hoa sd'ng d Pekan bi sat hai vao thang Ba nam 1888 Den thang Tam nam 1888, Wan Ahmad ddng y chap nhan sfl bao hd cua nflde Anh, va, J.P Rodger dfldc bd nhiem lam cdng sfl Anh dau tien d Pahang Nhflng hiep fldc ma nflde Anh ky vdi bdn qud'e gia Malay la Perak, Negeri Sembilan, Selangor va Pahang deu cd nhflng diem chung ma cac nha nghien cflu da khai quat nhfl sau: 1) Cac qud'e gia Malay ddng y chap nhan sfl bao hp cua Anh va khdng dfldc cd nhflng quan he vdi cae the Iflc nflde ngoai nao, trfl nhflng mdi quan he thdng qua nflde Anh; 2) Nflde Anh dam bao se bao ve cho cac qud'e gia Malay hp bi nhflng the Iflc nflde ngoai tan cdng; 3) Hiep fldc cd muc quy dinh nflde Anh bd nhiem cho mdi qud'e gia mdt vien dai dien ngfldi Anh, ma cae thu linh Malay phai lam theo nhflng ldi khuyen cua hp, trfl nhflng viee lien quan tdi tdn giae va phong tuc cua ngfldi Malay(13) Nam 1895, cac qud'e gia Malay la Perak, Negeri Sembilan, Selangor va Pahang da tap hdp lai vdi nhfl nhflng qud'e gia lien bang n i m dfldi quyen cua Cao uy thude dia cua Anh qud'e Vao thdi gian nay, cae quo'c gia Malay Kelantan, Trengganu, Perhs va Kedah cdn n i m dfldi sfl bao hd cua Xiem Cac qud'e gia chi trd nhflng qud'e gia chiu sfl bao hd cua Anh sau hai Chinh phu Anh va Xiem ky vdi mdt' hiep Ude d Bang Cdc vao nam 1909 Vdi hiep lidc Bang Cdc nam 1909, Thai Lan da nhfldng che Anh tat ca mpi quyen ba chu, bao hd, hanh chinh va kiem soat ddi vdi Kelatan, Trengganu, Kedah, va Perhs 24 Nghien ciiu Dong Nam A 712010 Bdn qud'e gia mdi deu chap n h a n nhflng cd' (thdi ky s a u k h i M a l a y a da trd t h a n h van C h i n h p h u A n h bd nhiem Cae qud'e thude dia cua A n h tfl d a u nhflng n a m hai gia n a y da cung J o h o r e lap t h a n h Nhflng mfldi qud'e ( M a l a y s i a da p h a i t h a y ddi T r o n g sfl t h a y Unfederated Malay S t a t e s - UMS) Den ddi nay, nhflng h o a n c a n h k h a c h quan, n a m 1914, Johore chap n h a n Tdng ed'van nhfl d cac nflde theo dao Hdi k h a c t r e n the Anh Tai cac ndi khac, cae cd' van ngfldi gidi va k h u vflc, da x u a t hien d Anh cung lan Ifldt dflpc bd n h i e m den lam M a l a y s i a nhflng xu hfldng d a u viee: vao t h a n g chinh tri k h a c nhau./ gia Malay phi lien Bd'y n a m bang 1909, den cua the ky 20) ciia dat nflde tranh Kelantan; den K e d a h n a m 1910 va den T r e n g g a n u n a m 1919 Nhfl vay la, cho den d a u nhflng n a m h a i mfldi ciia the ky 20, nflde Anh da "thiet lap dfldc chiec h a n h CHU THICH chinh ddi vdi t o a n bd b a n dao Malay."(14) giflp dd cua cac dai dien ngfldi Anh va I Norton Ginsburg va Chester F Roberts, Malaysia (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1958), tr 25; John Gullick, Malaysia: Economic expension and national unity (London: Ernest Benn, 1981), tr 14-15 ngfldi Malay d cae dddn vi quan, huyen, 2,3 Ginsburg vd Robert, Malaysia, sdd tr.26 ma cdng viee chinh ciia nhflng vi dai dien Horace Stone, From Malacca to Malaysia 1400-1965 (London, 1966) tr,14 Cac cdng sfl va cac ed' v a n A n h d cac qud'e gia Malay p h a i chiu trach.; n h i e m trflde toan quyen SS cua Anh Hp dfldc sfl la l a m ngfldi q u a n ly cac q u a n huyen, t h u t h u e dien thd, gin gifl l u a t p h a p va t r a t tfl, va l a m cac vi q u a n toa Den Ifldt Andaya, A history of Malaysia 1986), tr.55 (London, dfldc sfl giflp dd cua cac q u a n lai ngfldi Ma Abdul Maulud Yusof, "Religious institutions and practices of a Malay Community in transision," Akademika, so'10, 1977, tr 52 p h u trach cac ddn vi h a n h chinh cap dfldi Ginsburg vd Roberts, Malaya, sdd, tr 27 (penghulus).{lS) Andaya, A history of Malaysia, sdd tr.80 minh, cac dai dien q u a n h u y e n lai n h a n Nhfl d Inddnesia, s a u k h i da trd t h a n h Ginsburg vd Roberts, Malaya, sdd tr.33 thuoc dia cua phfldng Tay, d Malaysia, 10 Andaya, A history of Malaya, sdd tr 172 cflng b a t d a u ndi len nhflng phong trao nhfl d Inddnesia, Hdi giao da trd t h a n h II Eunice Thio, British Policy in the Malay Peninsula 1880-1910, (Singapore: University of Malaya Press, 1969), tr.42 mdt nhflng ddng Iflc q u a n trpng cua 12 Thio, British Policy, sdd tr 58-59 ngfldi Malay cupc d a u t r a n h giai 13 Ginsburg va Roberts, Malaya, sdd tr.43 phdng d a n tpc g i a n h ddc lap thdi hien dai 14 Tregonning, A history of modern Malaya (Singapore: Eastern Universities Press, 1964.), tr.172-173 d a u t r a n h giai p h d n g d a n tpc Va, cflng The nhflng, gid day, cac Hdi quo'c k h d n g cdn m a n h va tdn t a i ddc lap nhfl trflde day, cho nen, t i n h c h i n h tri cua dao Hdi ddi vdi ddi sd'ng chinh tri thdi hien dai 15 Gullick, Malaysia: Economic Expension and national unity, (London: Ernest Benn, 1981), tr.27-28 ... De canh tranh mdt each cd hieu qua vdi ngfldi Ha Lan d Ddng Nam A, EIC da phai di tim cho minh mot trung tam budn ban khac nfla ben canh Penang d Malaya Chinh Ngo Vdn Doanh - Cong dong Malay Muslim. .. la Ngo Vdn Doanh - Cong dong Malay Muslim - TU nhiing Hoi quo'c Abdul Samad de nghi ngfldi Anh bad ve cho minh Thang 11 nam 1874, Andrew Klarke ddng y md rpng sfl bao trd cua nflde Anh tdi vi sultan... Iflc lfldng tan cdng Ngo Van Doanh - Cong dong Malay Muslim - Tii nhiing Hoi quoc Malacca Tuy p h a i ddc toan Iflc cho cupc chien t r a n h l a n thfl tfl vdi Anh, ngfldi Ha Lan van gifl dfldc