Tài liệu CORINTH RESULTS OF EXCAVATIONS ppt

C O R IN T H RESULTS OF EXCAVATIONS CONDUCTED BY THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS VOLUME IX SCULPTURE 1896-1923 13BY FRANKLIN P. JOHNSON PUBLISHED FOR THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS 1931 COPYRIGHT, 1931 BY THE TRUSTEES OF THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PRINTED AT THE HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U.S. A. THIS publication of the results of the excavations carried on at Corinth by the American School of Classical Studies at Athens is in charge of the Publication Committee of the School. The general editor is Professor Harold North Fowler. Opinions expressed are those of the individual contributors. GEORGE H. CHASE HAROLD N. FOWLER DAVID M. ROBINSON Publication Committee PREFACE WHILE a member of the American School in 1922 and 1923, I made a catalogue of the sculptures in the museum at Old Corinth. In November, 1924, Professor Fowler asked me to prepare, on the basis of that catalogue, the volume dealing with sculpture in the general publication of the excavations at Corinth. He observed that the material could not well be published until the excavation should be at an end, since I was expected to include the sculptures found in the later campaigns as well as those that I had catalogued. In Feb- ruary, 1927, he asked me to proceed with the publication of the sculptures found before 1923, the rest to be dealt with otherwise. In August, 1926, I had sent to the School a request for photographs, and after various developments the first and principal batch arrived in the autumn of 1928. With the aid of these photographs, the revised and expanded version was prepared in the summer of 1929, and has undergone little alteration since then. Through the kindness of Professor Leroy Waterman of the University of Michigan, I had an unexpected opportunity for a very brief visit to Greece in the latter part of that sum- mer, and spent about twenty-four hours at Corinth. The original catalogue embraced many sculptures that were not found in the excava- tions. Of course they have no proper place here, but a few of them have been retained for one reason or another. It was sometimes impossible to ascertain whether sculptures that were not in the inventory had come from the excavated area or not. Presumably none of them was found in the regular course of a campaign, but new fragments are likely to become visible in the trenches after any rain. The inventory number is placed in parentheses after each title. Where no such num- ber appears, the piece had not been entered in the inventory before 1923. In the text, "No. 100" means the sculpture so numbered in this volume; "100" means the sculpture numbered 100 in the inventory; but where any confusion seemed possible, the inventory numbers are preceded by "Inv." In the original catalogue there was usually no indication of the places in which the sculptures were found. It would be a difficult task to find such indications in the note- books and to state them in terms which would be clear as applying to the excavated area as it is at present. In the official publication, however, the lack of information on this point is a grave defect. I have had no opportunity to mend it except during my day at Corinth in the summer of 1929. At that time I copied from the inventory the notes to be found there in regard to the places of discovery of the more important pieces. These notes now appear almost word for word as in the inventory. In some instances it has been possi- ble to reproduce statements that appeared in previous publications. A "Martyr" is of course a column of earth left standing to show the original surface of the ground. " Simadi" has the same meaning. Some of the photographs were printed from plates made years ago as the sculptures were found, but the great majority are newly made. The heavy task of finding the sculptures and supervising the photography was performed by Dr. F. J. DeWaele. Ade- quate illustrations are the really essential part of such a publication as this; and since viii PREFACE Dr. DeWaele's name does not appear on the title-page, I wish to make it clear that he deserves credit for a great portion of the work. It is regrettable that additional views of some of the more important statues could not be presented. Some of them are so placed in the museum that they can be photographed from only one angle. In two sections of the excavated area, the theatre and the "Julian Basilica," the frag- ments belong to a relatively small number of figures, joins are found frequently, and future excavations will unquestionably go far to complete many sculptures that now are frag- mentary. In most of the area, however, fragments that belong together - even fragments that can possibly belong together - are comparatively few. It is planned that all the sculptures found at any time in the theatre will be published eventually by Edward Capps, Jr. In general, however, those that were included in my cata- logue are included here also; but two series of reliefs, a Gigantomachia and an Amazono- machia, have been omitted. Both have been greatly increased by the recent campaigns, and it seemed useless to publish a study based on only a part of the known material. Pausanias found in Corinth few works of art belonging to the period before Mummius, and the excavators have not been more fortunate. Not a single piece of sculpture in any sort of preservation remains from the great Greek period. There are, however, valuable copies from several noteworthy originals: Nos. 4-11, 13, 53, 96, 83 (the last a tantalizingly small fragment which, we may hope, will be completed by continued work in the theatre). The portraits from the "Julian Basilica" present interesting problems in iconography, but others, as Nos. 168, 169, and 182, have greater intrinsic value. The "Miscellaneous Re- liefs" include a number of puzzles that I have not solved. The great majority of the sculptures belong to the first three centuries after Christ, with a sprinkling of fragments from the classical Greek period; but the really remarkable things are earlier or later. The Mycenaean face, No. 2, whose character was discerned by Blegen, is a unique monument. The magnificent portrait of the fourth century after Christ, No. 321, is very poorly illustrated, but will not be forgotten by anyone who has seen it. In figure sculpture of the fifth and sixth centuries after Christ, the little building at Old Corinth has an assured place among the world's great museums. In conclusion I wish to express my gratitude to the General Editor and to the other members of the Publication Committee. They have chosen the illustrations to be included and determined the size of the cuts. Furthermore they have all read the proofs and made many suggestions of great value. I cannot evade responsibility, however, for anything in the text except the spelling of proper names and similar formal details. FRANKLIN P. JOHNSON UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, January 22, 1931 CONTENTS SCULPTURE SCULPTURES EARLIER THAN THE CLASSICAL PERIOD, NOS. 1-3 3 THE CLASSICAL PERIOD, Nos. 4-320 Sculptures Other than Portraits, Nos. 4-133 7 Portraits from the "Julian Basilica," Nos. 134-158 70 Other Portraits, Nos. 159-202 . . . . . 85 Animals, Attributes, etc., Nos. 203-216 . . . . . 98 Sculptures from the Stoa of the Colossal Figures, Nos. 217-226 . . 101 Other Decorative Sculptures, in the Round and in High Relief, Nos. 227-237 . 107 Sarcophagi, Nos. 238-244 . . . . . . . . .111 Grave Stelae, Nos. 245-262 . . 120 Votive Reliefs, Nos. 263-274 . . . . . 126 Miscellaneous Reliefs, Nos. 275-320 . . . 131 FOURTH CENTURY AFTER CHRIST AND LATER, NOS. 321-332 . 148 TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 ABBREVIATIONS A. J. A American Journal of Archaeology. Amelung, Fuhrer durch Florenz Amelung, Walther: Fuhrer durch die Antiken in Florenz. Munich, 1897. Amelung, Skulpt. d. Vat. Mus Amelung, Walther: Die Skulpturen des Vaticanischen Museums. Berlin, 1903-1908. Ann. Scuol. It. At. Annuario della Regia Scuola Archeologica di Atene. Antike Plastik: Walther Amelung Antike Plastik: Walther Amelung zum sechzigsten Geburts- tag. Berlin and Leipzig, 1928. 'Apx. AEr7 'ApXatoXo'yLKov AEXTrov. 'Apx. 'E . 'ApXaLoXoytLK 'E %4 epLs. Arndt-Bruckmann Griechische und rcmische Portrats, nach Auswahl und Anord- nung von Heinrich Brunn und Paul Arndt. Munich, 1891 Art Bull. Art Bulletin. Ath. Mitt. Mitteilungen des deutschen archaeologischen Instituts, Athen- ische Abteilung. B. C. H Bulletin de Correspondance Hellenique. B. Corn. Rom. Bulletino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma. Boll. Arte Bollettino d'Arte. Brunn-Bruckmann Denkmaler der griechischen und romischen Skulptur, heraus- gegeben von H. Brunn, fortgesetzt von P. Arndt. Munich, 1888 B. S. A Annual of the British School at Athens. Carpenter, Guide Carpenter, Rhys: Ancient Corinth: A Guide to the Excava- tions and Museum. 1928. C. I. L. Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Cumont, Musees Royaux Cumont, Franz: Musees Royaux: Catalogue des sculptures et inscriptions antiques. Brussels, 1913. Daremberg-Saglio Daremberg, Saglio, Pottier: Dictionnaire des antiquites grecques et romaines. Paris, 1877-1918. Diitschke Dutschke, H.: Antike Bildwerke in Oberitalien. Leipzig, 1874-1882. Einzelaufnahmen Arndt, Paul, and Amelung, Walther: Photographische Ein- zelaufnahmen antiker Skulpturen. Munich, 1893 Esperandieu, Recueil General Esperandieu: Recueil general des bas-reliefs, statues et bustes de la Gaule romaine. Paris, 1907-1929. xii ABBREVIATIONS Hekler, Romische weibliche Gewand- This is contained in: Minchener archdologische Studien statuen dem Andenken Adolf Furtwdnglers gewidmet. Munich, 1909. Helbig, Fuhrer Helbig, Wolfgang: Fuhrer durch die offentlichen Samm- lungen klassischer Altertumer in Rom. 3rd edition, Leipzig, 1912-1913. Imhoof-Blumer and Gardner Imhoof-Blumer, F., and Gardner, P.: Numismatic Com- mentary on Pausanias. Reprinted from J. H. S. VI- VIII. London, 1885-1887. Jb. Arch. I Jahrbuch des kaiserlich deuttschen archaeologischen Instituts. Jh. Oest. Arch. I. Jahreshefte des oesterreichischen archaeologischen Institutes in Wien. J. H. S . Journal of Hellenic Studies. J. Int. Arch. Num. Journal international d'archeologie numismatique. Lippold, Antike Skulpturen Lippold, Georg: Antike Skulpturen der Glyptothek Ny Carlsberg. Leipzig, 1924. Lippold, Kopien Lippold, Georg: Kopien und Umbildungen griechischer Statuen. Munich, 1923. Marbres Antiques Catalogue sommaire des marbres antiques (in the Louvre). Paris, 1918. Michaelis, Ancient Marbles Michaelis, Adolph: Ancient Marbles in Great Britain. Cambridge, 1882. Mon. Ant. Monumenti Antichi publicati per cura della Reale Accademia dei Lincei. Not. Scav Notizie degli Scavi di Antichitd comunicate alla Reale Accademia dei Lincei. Pauly-Wissowa Pauly's Real-Encyclopadie der klassischen Altertumswis- senschaft. Neue Bearbeitung. Unter Mitwirkung zahl- reicher Fachgenossen herausgegeben von Georg Wissowa und Wilhelm Kroll. Stuttgart, 1894 Poulsen, Portratstudien Poulsen, Frederik: Portratstudien in Norditalienischen Pro- vinzmuseen. (Historisk-Filologiske Meddelelser udgivne af det Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, XV, 4). Copenhagen, 1928. R. Arch . Revue archeologique. Reinach, Recueil Reinach, Salomon: Recueil de tetes antiques ideales ou idealisees. Paris, 1903. Reinach, Repertoire Reinach, Salomon: Repertoire de la statuaire grecque et romaine. Paris, 1897-1924. R. Et. Anc Revue des etudes anciennes. Rev. de 1'hist. des religions Revue de l'histoire des religions. Robert Robert, Carl: Die antiken Sarcophagreliefs. Berlin, 1890- 1904. ABBREVIATIONS xiii Rom. Mitt Mitteilungen des deutschen archaeologischen Instituts, Rom- ische Abteilung. Roscher, Lexikon Roscher, W. H.: Ausfilhrliches Lexikon der griechischen und romischen Mythologie. Leipzig, 1884 Ruesch, Guida Guida Illustrata del Museo Nazionale di Napoli, compilata per cura di A. Ruesch. 2nd edition. Naples, no date. Springer-Wolters Springer, Anton: Die Kunst des Altertums. 12th edition, revised by Paul Wolters. Leipzig, 1923. Statuenkopien Furtwangler, Adolf: Ueber Statuenkopien im Alterthum (Abhandlungen der bayerischen Akademie der Wissen- schaften zu Miinchen, XX, 1896). Tod and Wace, Catalogue Tod T , M. Tod N., and Wace, N, and Wace, A. J. B.: A Catalogue of the Sparta Musetnum. Oxford, 1906. SCULPTURE [...]... m north of the Byzantine foundation wall of St John's; 820 was built into a Roman wall continuing the line of the " Boudroumi " shops 820 from shoulders to knees, 812 the rest of the figure and plinth; the two pieces join by contact Lacking: head, left arm, almost all of the right arm, part of the plinth, and all the toes of the left foot except part of the first The right shoulder, broken off when... the upper part of the wheel Traces of the end of the himation, which hung from the left shoulder, are perceptible at the top of the fragment The wheel is usually an attribute of Nemesis in art, though in literature the wheel of Tyche-Fortuna is familiar (Cook, Zeus, I, pp 268 ff.; Perdrizet, in B C H XXXVIII, 1914, pp 89-100) Pausanias mentions no Nemesis in Corinth, while the statue of Tyche in a temple... Soft brown stone Height of fragment, 0.30m.; width, 0.28m.; thickness, 0.03m.; height of face, 0.23 m.; relief height, 0.04 m Back roughly shaped The top edge is original, the edge at the spectator's left is broken; the other two are doubtful because of the roughness of the work The end of the nose is broken, and the mouth, chin, and lower part of the left cheek are lost holes indicate the pupils of. .. from the "Ceres" to the slight Because of the resemblance of the " Ceres" to the sculptures on the base of the Nemesis of Rhamnus, Furtwangler assigned it to Agoracritus and suggested that it might be a copy of the Nemesis Lippold denies this possibility (Kopien, p 249, note 62) A decision must depend on a comparison of the " Ceres " with the fragment of the head of the Nemesis in the British Museum... curious wide, flat folds of the chiton A consideration of the other examples of both types shows that there was a close relation also between the two originals They could hardly proceed from one artist; but the "Nemesis " could well be the work of a sculptor in whose studio the artist of the "Demeter" began his career 7 Female figure (68) Found May 18, 1899, "back of the north apse of Peirene," about six... indication of Attic origin (Lippold, Kopien, pp 10 f.) As for Calamis, there is less xapis and more loftiness, even in the head of the Conservatori copy, than in any of the heads called Calamidian; and the figure as a whole possesses an imposing majesty that is vastly different from the modest dignity of the Hestia Giustiniani The grandeur of Phidian style, as known from the sculptures of the Parthenon... under a fold of the garment just below the left breast Behind the right shoulder the quiver-strap leads to the top of a diagonal break, obviously resulting from the breaking away of the quiver; apparently the bottom of the quiver was in the bottom of the large break on the back of the left shoulder The weight rests on the right leg; the left foot is drawn back A marble support on the front of the right... deal in both upper and lower parts, but are somewhat more severe The draped deities on the east frieze of the temple of Athena Nike may also be compared No strong resemblance is discernible in any of the existing sculptures of the Parthenon For the treatment of the overfall the Maidens of the Erechtheum offer a good analogy Compare the figure in the British Museum (Paton and others, The Erechtheum,pl XXXVIII),... to it, and neither of the others has its head There is a relief in Athens, from Megara (ibid., p 224, fig 5; Svoronos, 'EOv'cKV MovO.e.ov, pl CXXII, p 440; museum No 1442), a work of the fifth century, in which the original of this type may be reflected The figure in the relief holds a bird and is probably Aphrodite The profile of the face is markedly similar to that of the head of a Greek statue in... the Perinthus head It may be noted that some of the hair above the centre of the forehead in the Perinthus head has been chiseled away at some time, so that the manner of its treatment is not accurately known (Herrmann, in Ath Mitt XVI, 1891, pp 314 f.) There must have been an interval of thirty years at least between the originals of the Naples head and of ours, and in this interval comes the Perinthus . publication of the results of the excavations carried on at Corinth by the American School of Classical Studies at Athens is in charge of the. no sort of resemblance to any of the heads of this type, and we know nothing of the head that belonged to the original of the Lateran