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INTRODUCTION
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Chapter One. The System of Equations of the Constant Electric and Magnetic Fields
1.1 EQUATIONS OF THE CONSTANT ELECTRIC FIELD IN A CONDUCTING AND POLARIZABLE MEDIUM
1.2 INTERACTION OF CURRENTS, BIOT–SAVART LAW AND MAGNETIC FIELD
1.2.1 Ampere's Law and Interaction of Currents
1.2.2 Magnetic Field and Biot–Savart Law
1.2.3 Lorentz Force and Electromotive Force at the Moving Circuit
1.3 THE VECTOR POTENTIAL OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD
1.3.1 Relation between Magnetic Field and Vector Potential
1.3.2 Divergence and Laplacian of Vector Potential A
1.4 SYSTEM OF EQUATIONS OF THE CONSTANT MAGNETIC FIELD
1.5 BEHAVIOR OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD
1.5 Example 1: Magnetic Field of the Current Filament
1.5 Example 2: The Vector Potential A and the Magnetic Field B of a Current in a Circular Loop
1.5 Example 3: Magnetic Field of the Magnetic Dipole and its Moment
1.5 Example 4: Magnetic Field due to a Current in a Cylindrical Conductor
1.5 Example 5: Magnetic Field of Infinitely Long Solenoid
1.5 Example 6: Magnetic Field of a Current Toroid
1.5 Example 7: Magnetic Field of Current Electrode in a Uniform Medium
1.5 Example 8: Current Electrode on the Surface of a Horizontally Layered Medium
1.5 Example 9: The Current Flowing in the Wire Grounded at the Surface of a Horizontally Layered Medium
1.5 Example 10: Magnetic Field of the Electric Dipole at the Earth's Surface
1.6 THE SYSTEM OF EQUATIONS OF THE CONSTANT ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD
REFERENCES
Chapter Two. Physical Laws and Maxwell's Equations
Introduction
2.1 Faraday's Law
2.2 The Principle of Charge Conservation
2.3 Distribution of Electric Charges
2.3.1 Equation for Volume Density of Charges
2.3.2 Uniform Medium
2.3.3 Nonuniform Medium
2.3.4 Quasi-Stationary Field
2.3.5 Behavior of Charge Density δ02
2.3.6 Surface Distribution of Charges
2.3.7 Case of Relatively Slow Varying Field (Quasi-Stationary Field)
2.4 Displacement Currents
2.4.1 The Second Generator of Magnetic Field
2.4.2 The Total Current and the Principle of Charge Conservation
2.4.3 Currents in the Circuit with a Capacitor
2.5 Maxwell Equations of the Electromagnetic Field
2.5.1 Introduction
2.5.2 Maxwell's Equations
2.5.3 The Second Form of Maxwell Equations
2.5.4 Maxwell's Equations in a Piece-Wise Uniform Medium
2.6 Equations for the Fields E and B
2.7 Electromagnetic Potentials
2.8 Maxwell's Equations for Sinusoidal Fields
2.9 Electromagnetic Energy and Poynting Vector
2.9.1 Principle of Energy Conservation
2.9.2 Joule's Law
2.9.3 Expressions for the Energy Density and Poynting Vector
2.9.4 The Direct Current and Poynting Vector
2.9.5 Example 1: Current Circuit
2.9.6 Example 2: Transmission Line
2.10 Theorem of Uniqueness of a Solution of the Forward Problem
2.10.1 The Proof of the Theorem of Uniqueness
2.10.2 Formulation of the Boundary Value Problem
References and Further Reading
Chapter Three. Propagation and Quasi-Stationary Field in a Nonconducting Medium
3.1 Plane Wave in a Uniform Medium
3.1.1 Solution of Eq. (3.2)
3.1.2 Velocity of Propagation of Plane Wave
3.1.3 Magnetic Field of the Plane Wave
3.1.4 Electromagnetic Plane Wave
3.1.5 Primary Source of the Plane Wave
3.2 Quasi-Stationary Field in a Nonconducting Medium
3.3 Induction Current in a Thin Conducting Ring Placed in a Time-Varying Field
3.3.1 Equation for Induced Current in the Ring
3.3.2 Transient Responses of Induced Current
3.3.3 Primary Magnetic Field is the Step-Function
3.3.4 Primary Magnetic Field is a Sinusoidal Function of Time
3.3.5 The Range of Small Parameter ωτ0 or the Low-Frequency Spectrum of the Induced Current and Its Magnetic Field
3.3.6 The Range of Large Parameter ωτ0 or the High-Frequency Part of the Spectrum
3.3.7 Electromagnetic Induction and Measurements of the Electric and Magnetic Fields
Chapter Four. Propagation and Diffusion in a Uniform Medium
4.1 Sinusoidal Plane Wave in a Uniform Medium
4.1.1 Expressions for the Field
4.1.2 Behavior of the Plane Wave as a Function of Time and Distance
4.1.3 Attenuation, Velocity of Propagation, and Wavelength
Case 1: The High-Frequency Spectrum or the Range of Large Parameter β, (β﹥1)
Case 2: The Low-Frequency Spectrum or the Range of Small Parameter β, (β<1)
4.2 Field of the Magnetic Dipole in a Uniform Medium (Frequency Domain)
4.2.1 Introduction
4.2.2 Solution of Helmholtz Equation
4.2.3 Expressions for the Complex Amplitudes of the Electric and Magnetic Fields
4.2.4 The Frequency Responses of the Field
4.2.5 Dependence of the Field on the Distance from the Magnetic Dipole
4.3 Equations for Transient Field of the Magnetic Dipole in a Uniform Conducting and Polarizable Medium
4.3.1 Expression for the Vector Potential
4.3.2 Expressions for the Field Components
4.4 Behavior of the Field in a Nonconducting Medium
4.4.1 Expressions for the Field
4.4.2 Duhamel's Integral
4.4.3 Behavior of the Field of the Magnetic Dipole in a Nonconducting Medium
4.4.4 The Second Form of Duhamel's Integral and Representation of the Field as a Sum of Impulses
4.5 Behavior of the Transient Field in a Conducting Medium
4.5.1 The Electric Field at the First Arrival in Conducting Medium
4.5.2 The Dependence of the Field eϕ(2) on Time (t≥τ0)
4.5.3 Dependence of the Electric Field with Distance
4.6 Propagation and Diffusion
Chapter Five. The External and Internal Skin Effect, Diffusion
5.1 The Skin Effect
5.1.1 Equations for Currents in a System of Conducting Circuits
5.1.2 The Law of Inertia for the Magnetic Flux
5.1.3 Behavior of the Magnetic Field at the Initial Moment t=t0
5.1.4 Location of Induced Currents at the Initial Instant
5.1.5 The External and Internal Skin Effect
5.2 Diffusion of Induced Currents
5.2.1 One-Dimensional Diffusion Equation
5.2.2 Expression for the Current Density
5.2.3 Determination of Constant C
5.2.4 Dependence of Induced Currents on Time
5.2.5 Dependence of the Current Density on the Distance z
5.2.6 About Diffusion of Currents
5.3 Diffusion of the Magnetic Field
5.3.1 Equation for the Magnetic Field
5.3.2 Magnetic Field at Infinity
5.3.3 Expression for the Magnetic Field
5.3.4 Behavior of the Magnetic Field
REFERENCE AND FURTHER READING
Chapter Six. Quasi-Stationary Field of the Magnetic Dipole in a Uniform Medium
6.1 Quasi-Stationary Field of the Magnetic Dipole (Frequency Domain)
6.1.1 Expressions for the Field
6.1.2 Two Forms of Field Presentation
6.1.3 An Asymptotic Behavior of the Field
6.1.4 Behavior of the Field as a Function of Parameter p
6.1.5 Expression for Induced Currents
6.1.6 The Induced Current jϕ(0)
6.1.7 Behavior of the Quadrature and In-Phase Components of the Current Density
6.2 Transient Field of the Magnetic Dipole in Uniform Medium
6.2.1 Expressions of the Field
6.2.2 Transient Responses of the Field
Chapter Seven. The Hilbert and Fourier Transforms
7.1 Hilbert Transform
7.1.1 Cauchy Formula
7.1.2 Hilbert Transform
7.1.3 Relationships between the Amplitude and Phase of the Spectrum
7.1.4 Zeroes of the Spectrum on the Upper Part of the ω−Plane
7.2 Fourier Integrals
7.2.1 Different Forms of Fourier Transform
7.2.2 The Step Function of Excitation
Chapter Eight. Vertical Magnetic Dipole in the Presence of Uniform Half Space
8.1 Formulation of Boundary Value Problem
8.2 Solution of Helmholtz Equations
8.3 Expressions for the Vector Potential
8.4 The Field of the Magnetic Dipole in a Conducting Medium Provided that h=0, k0=0
8.5 The Field Expressions at the Earth's Surface
8.6 The Range of Small Parameter p or Near Zone
8.7 The Range of Large Parameters p or Wave Zone
8.7.1 The Dipole and Observation Point are at the Earth's Surface
8.7.2 The Field Beneath the Earth's Surface (h=0)
8.8 Frequency Responses of the Field
8.9 The Vertical Magnetic Dipole on the Surface of a Uniform Half Space (Time Domain)
8.9.1 Expressions for the Field
8.9.2 Early Stage of the Transient Response of the Electric and Magnetic Fields
8.9.3 Transient Field at the Late Stage
8.9.4 Transient Responses of the Field
Chapter Nine. Quasi-Stationary Field of Vertical Magnetic Dipole on the Surface of a Horizontally Layered Medium
9.1 The Field Expressions on the Surface of N-Layered Medium
9.1.1 Formulation of Boundary Value Problem
9.1.2 Three-Layered Medium
9.2 Expressions for the Field in N-Layered Medium
9.3 Behavior of the Field when Interaction between Induced Currents is Negligible
9.3.1 The Quadrature Component of Magnetic Field and In-Phase Component of Electric Field
9.3.2 The Role of Initial Part of Integration
9.3.3 Assumption about Interaction of Induced Currents
9.3.4 Concept of Geometric Factor
9.3.5 Behavior of Geometric Factors
9.3.6 Generalization for N-Layered Medium
9.3.7 About the Depth of Investigation
9.4 The Field of a Vertical Magnetic Dipole in the Range of Small Parameters r/δi
9.4.1 Expansion of the Internal Integral, 0≤m≤|α2|
9.4.2 Expansion of the External Integral
9.4.3 Expression for the Vector Potential at the Range of Small Parameters
9.4.4 The Expression for the Field at the Range of Small Parameters r/δi
9.4.5 Behavior of the Field at the Range of Small Parameters r/δi
9.4.6 Comparison of Both Components of the Field at the Range of Small Parameters
9.4.7 The Range of Small Parameters on the Surface of N-Layered Medium
9.5 Approximate Method of Field Calculation
9.6 The Field within the Range of Small Parameters when Basement is an Insulator
9.7 The Field on the Surface of a Layered Medium at the Wave Zone
9.7.1 Derivation of Asymptotic Formulas (the First Approach)
9.7.2 Behavior of the Field when r/λ ﹥1 (Wave Zone)
9.7.3 The Field in the Wave Zone when the Basement is an Insulator ρN→∞
9.8 The Second Approach of Deriving the Asymptotic Formulas for Wave Zone
9.8.1 Deformation of the Contour Integration
9.8.2 Evaluation of Integrals along Branch Cuts and Poles
9.9 Transient Field at the Range of Large Parameter r/τ at the Surface of a Layered Medium (Wave Zone)
9.9.1 Comparison of Fields in the Ranges of Large Parameters r/δ and r/τ for Uniform Half Space
9.9.2 Derivation of Formulas for the Range of Large Parameters r/τ
9.9.3 Behavior of the Field at the Surface of Two-Layered Medium (Early Stage)
9.10 The Late Stage of the Transient Field on the Surface of a Layered Medium
9.10.1 Expansion of the Field in Series by Powers t−n
9.10.2 Contribution of the First Sum of Eq. (9.132) into the Late Stage
9.10.3 Derivation of the Asymptotic Formulas
9.10.4 Formulas for the Late Stage when Basement is Not an Insulator
9.10.5 Formulas for the Late Stage when Basement is an Insulator
9.11 Field of a Vertical Magnetic Dipole in the Presence of a Horizontal Conducting Plane
9.11.1 Formulation of the Boundary Value Problem in the Frequency Domain
9.11.2 Boundary Conditions at the Plane S
9.11.3 Expressions for the Field Components
9.11.4 The Range of Small Parameters ps
9.11.5 The Range of Large Parameters ps
9.12 Transient Responses of Currents in a Conducting Plane
9.12.1 Derivation of Formulas
9.12.2 The Dipole and Observation Point are Located at the Same Axis
9.12.3 The Dipole and Observation Point are Situated on the Plane S
9.12.4 The Dipole and Observation Point are at the Height h above the Plane S
Chapter Ten. Horizontal Magnetic Dipole above the Surface of a Layered Medium
10.1 Formulation of Boundary Value Problem for Vector Potential
10.1.1 Relation between the Vector Potential and Electromagnetic Field
10.1.2 Boundary Value Problem for the Component Ax
10.1.3 Expressions for the Horizontal Component Ax
10.1.4 The System of Equations for Ax∗ and Its Solution
10.1.5 Remarkable Behavior of the Vertical Component of Electric Field Ez
10.1.6 The Vertical Component of the Electric Field above the Earth's Surface
10.2 The Vertical Component of the Vector Potential Az∗
10.2.1 Integral Representation of Az∗
10.2.2 The First Form of Coefficient F0∗ for Three-Layered Medium
10.2.3 The Second Form for the Coefficient F0∗
10.3 The Component of the Magnetic Field Bx
10.3.1 Derivation of Expression for Bx
10.3.2 Quadrature Component of the Field at the Range of Small Parameters r/δ
10.3.3 Geometric Factors of Layers
Reference and Further Reading
Chapter Eleven. Principles of Magnetotellurics
11.1 Invention of the Method
11.2 Wave Zone, Quasi-Plane Wave and the Impedance of Plane Wave
11.2.1 Wave Zone and Quasi-Plane Wave
11.3 The Impedance of the Plane Wave
11.4 The Apparent Resistivity and Its Behavior in a Horizontally Layered Medium
11.4.1 Impedance of a Uniform Half Space
11.4.2 Apparent Resistivity for a Two-Layered Medium
11.5 Development of magnetotelluric Inverse Problem Solution
11.5.1 Determination of Two–Layer Resistivity Model Parameters by Matching
11.5.2 The Use of Asymptotic Behavior and Special Points of the Curves
11.5.3 Apparent Resistivity Curves for Three-Layered Medium
11.6 Solution of Inverse Problem of the Electromagnetic Soundings for the Horizontally Layered Medium
11.6.1 The Useful Signal and Noise
11.6.2 Stable and Unstable Parameters
11.6.3 The Main Steps of Interpretation
Chapter Twelve. Electromagnetic Soundings
12.1 Development of the Frequency and Transient Soundings
12.2 Frequency Soundings in the Far Zone
12.3 Transient Sounding in the Far Zone
12.4 Transient Sounding
12.5 Apparent Resistivity Curves
12.5.1 Apparent Resistivity Curves for Two-Layer Model
12.5.2 Apparent Resistivity Curves for Three-Layer Model
12.6 Frequency Sounding
Chapter Thirteen. Quasi-Stationary Field of Electric Dipole in a Horizontally Layered Medium
13.1 The Constant Electric and Magnetic Fields (ω=0) in a Uniform Medium
13.2 Quasi-Stationary Field of the Electric Dipole in a Uniform Medium
13.2.1 Derivation of Equations for the Field
13.2.2 The Near Zone p<1
13.3 The Harmonic Field of the Horizontal Electric Dipole on the Surface of a Uniform Half Space
13.3.1 Formulation of Boundary Value Problem
13.3.2 Integral Representation for Ax∗
13.3.3 Integral Representation for Az
13.3.4 Expression for divA∗
13.3.5 Equations for the Electric Field on the Earth's Surface
13.3.6 Equations for the Magnetic Field on the Earth's Surface
13.3.7 The Range of Small Parameter p=r/δ, (the Low-Frequency Spectrum)
13.3.8 The Range of Large Parameters (Wave Zone)
13.3.9 Behavior of the Field on the Earth's Surface
13.4 The Horizontal Electric Dipole on the Surface of a Horizontally Layered Medium
13.4.1 Integral Representation for Components of the Vector Potential
13.4.2 Boundary Conditions for the Functions X and Z
13.4.3 Derivation of Recursive Relations for Functions X and V
13.4.4 Expression for the Component Ax
13.4.5 Expressions for Functions V1 and V1′
13.4.6 Expressions for Az∗ and U∗
13.4.7 Potentials on the Earth's Surface when k0=0
13.4.8 Expressions for the Electric and Magnetic Fields
13.5 Transition to the Stationary Field
13.6 The Range of Large Induction Number (Wave Zone)
13.7 The Transient Field from the Electric Dipole Source on the Surface of a Uniform Half Space
13.7.1 Equations of the Field
13.7.2 The Early Stage
13.7.3 The Late Stage
13.8 Transient Field on the Surface of Two-Layer Medium
13.8.1 Relationship between Fields Caused by Current when it is Turned off and Turned on
13.8.2 The Early Stage of the Transient Field
13.8.3 The Late Stage of the Field on the Surface of Two-Layer Medium (Horizontal Components)
13.8.4 Apparent Resistivity Curves
13.8.5 Screening Effect
Chapter Fourteen. Behavior of the Fields Caused by Currents in Confined Conductors
14.1 Conductive Sphere in a Uniform Magnetic Field (Frequency Domain)
14.1.1 Formulation of Boundary-Value Problem
14.1.2 Solution of Helmholtz Equation
14.1.3 Expressions for the Field
14.2 Behavior of the Field Caused by Currents in a Nonmagnetic Sphere (The Frequency Domain)
14.2.1 Equivalence to the Magnetic Dipole
14.2.2 Presentation of the Function D as a Series
14.2.3 The Low-Frequency Part of the Spectrum
14.2.4 The High-Frequency Part of the Spectrum (p≫1)
14.2.5 The Second Form of Function D and Time Constant
14.2.6 Frequency Responses of the Secondary Magnetic Field
14.2.7 Sensitivity of the Field to the Parameter τ
14.2.8 The Role of This Example for Development of Inductive Methods
14.3 The Conducting Sphere in a Uniform Magnetic Field (Time Domain)
14.3.1 Expressions for the Field Outside the Sphere
14.3.2 The Early and Late Stage
14.3.3 About Sensitivity of the Field at the Late Stage
14.3.4 Induced Currents in the Sphere
14.4 Influence of Magnetization on the Field Behavior
14.4.1 Frequency Domain
14.4.2 Transient Responses of the Field
14.5 Conductive Sphere in the Field Caused by a Current Loop with Axial Symmetry
14.5 Introduction
14.5.1 Expressions for the Field
14.5.2 Formulas for Coefficients and Their Asymptotic Behavior
14.5.3 Transition to a Uniform Field
14.6 The Circular Cylinder in a Uniform Magnetic Field (Frequency Domain)
14.6 Introduction
14.6.1 Solution of the Boundary-Value Problem
14.7 Transient Responses of the Field Caused Currents in a Circular Cylinder
14.8 Equations for the Field Caused by Currents in a Confined Conductor
14.8 Introduction
14.8.1 The Integral Equation for the Current Density
14.8.2 Transition to the System of Linear Equations
14.8.3 Representation of the Currents and the Field as a Sum of Simple Fractions
14.9 Behavior of the Field due to Currents in a Confined Conductor
14.9.1 The Low-Frequency Part of the Spectrum
14.9.2 Approximate Representation of the Spectrum
14.9.3 The High-Frequency Part of the Spectrum
14.9.4 Early Stage of the Transient Field
14.9.5 The Late Stage of the Transient Field
14.10 Influence of Geological Noise Represented by Confined Conductors
14.10 Introduction
14.10.1 Direct Current Method and Geological Noise
14.10.2 Frequency-Domain Methods and Geological Noise (Confined Inhomogeneity)
14.10.3 Time-Domain Method and Geological Noise
14.11 Influence of a Surrounding Medium on the Field due to a Confined Conductor (Charges are Absent)
14.11.1 Approximate Method of Field Calculation
14.11.2 Influence of Surrounding Medium on the Depth of Investigation
14.11.2 Introduction
14.11.3 Equivalence and Difference between the Frequency and Transient Methods
14.12 Elliptical Polarization of the Electric and Magnetic Field
14.12.1 The Elliptical Polarization of the Electric Field
14.12.2 Method of Charged Body with Alternating Current
14.12.3 Elliptical Polarization of the Magnetic Field
14.13 Development of the Inductive Methods of Mining Prospecting
14.13.1 Equipotential Lines Method
14.13.2 “Infinitely” Long Cable Method (CSMT)
14.13.2.1 Sunberg Method of Measurement
14.13.2.2 Turam Modification
14.14 Dipole Electromagnetic Profiling
14.14 Introduction
14.14 Example One
14.14 Example Two (Shoot-Back Technique)
14.15 Modern Systems of Electromagnetic Profiling
14.15 Example One: MaxMin System
14.15 Example Two: EM-31
14.15 Example Three: EM-34
14.15 Example Four: EM-38
14.16 The Transient Method of the Mining Prospecting
14.16.1 The Beginning
14.16.2 The Principle of Measurement of Time Domain
14.16.3 General Features of the Transient Systems
14.16.3 Example One: TEM-47
14.16.3 Example Two: TEM57-MK2
14.16.3 Example Three: TEM-67
14.17 Influence of Charges on Resolution of Electromagnetic Methods of Mining Prospecting
14.17.1 Expressions for the Field in the Frequency Domain
14.17.1 Case One. Wave Zone of the Normal Field
14.17.1 Case Two. Near-Zone for the Normal Field
Chapter Fifteen. Magnetotelluric Soundings in a Laterally Inhomogeneous Medium
15.1 The Impedance Tensor
15.1.1 Relation between the Normal and Total Field
15.1.2 Elements of the Impedance Tensor
15.1.3 Main Features of the Impedance Tensor
15.1.4 Relation of the Apparent Impedance with Elements of the Impedance Tensor
15.1.5 Polar Diagrams of Impedance Tensor
15.2 Behavior of the Impedance Tensor
15.2.1 Horizontally Layered (1D) Medium
15.2.2 Two-Dimensional Model
15.2.3 Polar Diagrams of Impedance for Two-Dimensional Models
15.2.4 Relationship between Impedance Tensor and Apparent Impedances Zxya and Zyxa
15.3 The Wiese–Parkinson Vector (Tipper)
15.4 Behavior of the Plane Wave in a Nonhorizontal Layered Medium
15.4.1 Introduction
15.4.2 Galvanic and Vortex Parts of the Field due to an Inhomogeneity
15.4.3 The Main Features of Galvanic Part of the Field
15.4.4 Main Features of the Inductive Part of the Field
15.5 Examples of the Field Behavior
15.5.1 Vertical Contact
15.5.2 The Vertical Dyke
15.5.3 The Horst on the Basement Surface
15.5.4 H-polarization
15.5.5 E-polarization
15.5.6 The Trough on the Basement Surface
15.5.7 Three-Dimensional Model
Appendix One. Airborne Electromagnetic Prospecting Systems
A1.1 Frequency-Domain AEM Systems
A1.1.1 Quadrature Systems
A1.1.2 Rigid Frequency-Domain Systems
A1.1.3 Depth of Exploration of Frequency-Domain Systems
A1.1.4 Systems Without an Associated Transmitter
A1.2 Airborne Transient EM Surveys
A1.2.1 Fixed-Wing Transient Systems
A1.2.2 Helicopter Transient Systems
A1.2.3 Signal to Noise in Time-Domain Systems
A1.2.4 Comparison of Fixed-Wing and Helicopter Time-Domain Systems
A1.2.5 Comparative Analysis of Efficiency of Frequency and Time-Domain Systems
A1.2.6 Semiairborne Systems (Transmitters on the Ground and Receivers in the Air)
References
Appendix Two. Estimation of the Impedance Tensor
Single-Input–Single-Output System
Estimating Impedance Tensor Elements with Least Squares
Robust Estimation
Remote-Reference Processing
REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
Appendix Three. Relation between Amplitude and Phase for Magnetotelluric Impedance
Appendix Four. The Field of the Vertical Electric Dipole in the Layered Medium
A4.1 Boundary Conditions at the Surface of a Plane T
A4.2 Mechanism of Appearance of the Secondary Field
A4.3 Expressions for the Normal Field at the Sea Bottom
A4.3.1 Boundary Conditions for the Vector Potential
A4.3.2 Expressions for the Vector Potential Az∗ of the Normal Field
A4.3.3 Expressions for the Normal Field Beneath Sea Bottom
A4.3.4 The Normal Field When ρ1=ρ2 (Uniform Half-Space)
A4.3.5 The Normal Field at the Sea Bottom When ρ1≠ρ2
A4.4 Influence of the Plane T
A4.4.1 DC Soundings
A4.4.2 Transient Soundings
INDEX
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
Z
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