36 G Allan / VNU Journal of Foreign Studies, Vol 36, No 4 (2020) 36 46 TESTS AS DRIVERS OF CHANGE IN EDUCATION CONTEXTUALISING WASHBACK, AND THE POSSIBILITY OF WASH FORWARD Gordon Allan* British Council, 1 2 Kagaruzaka, Shinjuku ku, Tokyo, 162 0825, Japan Received 26 February 2020 Revised 15 March 2020; Accepted 25 July 2020 Abstract Whilst the primary aim of tests is to measure ability, it is not uncommon for tests to be deployed in education systems with the intention, at least in part, of dri[.]