[...]... shows how fascinating and challenging climate protection and energy supply will be for the chemical industry in the coming decades The book is therefore targeted not only at the practitioner but also at the broad community of people interested in being kept expertly and graphically informed about the way to Low Carbon Production Managing CO2 Emissions in the Chemical Industry Edited by Leimkühler © 2010... dispute the consensus view The GHG emissions are normally expressed in CO2 equivalents because GHGs differ in their warming in uence on the global climate system, due to their different radiative properties and lifetimes in the atmosphere These warming in uences may be expressed through a common measure based on the radiative forcing of CO2 The CO2- equivalent (CO2e) emission is the amount of CO2 emission... who are their owners may claim this ecological benefit.’ Nevertheless it is the goal of the chemical industry to further reduce the specific emissions of GHG per ton of product A study by McKinsey ([13], cited in [12]) leads to the result that the 2.1 Gt CO2e emissions linked to the chemical production in 2005 can be nearly equally assigned to direct energy emissions (fuel consumption required by the process... a combination of climate change and other stressors Managing CO2 Emissions in the Chemical Industry Edited by Leimkühler © 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co KGaA, Weinheim ISBN: 978-3-527-32659-4 Trends in Energy and CO2 Reduction in the Chemical Process Industry 2 Figure 1 Development of global temperature [4] • Carbon removal by terrestrial ecosystems is likely to peak before mid-century and then weaken... comparable time periods ‘Global warming’ [2] is the increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s near-surface air and oceans since the mid-twentieth century and its projected continuation Global surface temperature increased 0.74 ± 0.18 °C during the previous century [3] (see Figure 1) The impacts of global warming are described in the Fourth Assessment Report [5, 6] of the Intergovernmental Panel on... 0.6 Gt CO2e), indirect energy emissions (energy generated off-site, 0.8 Gt CO2e) and process emissions (mainly N2O, CO2 and chlorofluorohydrocarbons, 0.7 Gt CO2e) In other words, two-thirds of the GHG emission of the chemical production is caused by its energy consumption The direct energy emissions for different fuels and regions are presented in Figure 10, in Section 3.2 Energy efficiency is therefore... part of the 25.9% of GHG emissions caused by the energy supply Reduction of GHG emissions is a global task to minimize the effect of climate change As shown in Section 5 there is a strong political and societal commitment 3 6 Trends in Energy and CO2 Reduction in the Chemical Process Industry problematic to impute specific shares of products’ potential of avoidance to individual players as the life... 435 CO2 Saving Limitations of Single Product-based Systems 435 Entire Biomass Use 436 Chemical Breakdown 436 Pure Syngas 437 Partial Syngas and Partial Biochar 437 Chemical Structure Retention 437 Proteins for Functionalized Chemicals 438 Technical Gaps and Future Development Considerations 439 Determination of CO2 Emissions in Processes of Chemical Industry 439 Data Generation 439 The Diversity in the. .. Diversity in the Interpretation of Data 440 The Three-Pillar Interpretation of Sustainability 442 Common Practice and Future Needs 442 Fuel vs Food and other Misbalances 443 Outlook 444 References 445 Index 449 XVII XIX Preface Dear Reader, The aim of this book is to produce an integrated overview of the challenges facing companies operating in the chemical industry on account of climate change and the need... temperature increase since the middle of the twentieth century The main GHGs in the Earth’s atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone One example of that could be the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere, which increased from 320 ppmv in 1960 to nearly 390 ppmv by 2008 (measured at Mouna Loa, Hawaii) [7] (see Figure 2) The IPCC also concludes that variations in natural . Trading 62 2.3 Carbon Compliance for the Chemical Process Industry 63 2.3.1 Carbon Pricing and Industry Exposure 63 2.3.2 Applying Carbon Pricing to the Chemical. by Hans-Joachim Leimkühler Managing CO 2 Emissions in the Chemical Industry Further Reading Aresta, M. (Ed.) Carbon Dioxide as Chemical Feedstock 2010 ISBN: