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Green analytical chemistry past, present and perspectives

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  • Preface

  • Contents

  • Contributors

  • 1 History and Milestones of Green Analytical Chemistry

    • 1.1 Introduction

    • 1.2 The Birth of the Concept of Green Analytical Chemistry

    • 1.3 The Evaluation of Methodologies from Traditional Analytical Chemistry to Green Analytical Chemistry

      • 1.3.1 Principles of Green Analytical Chemistry

      • 1.3.2 Clean Analytical Methods

      • 1.3.3 Green Analytical Evaluation Tools

    • 1.4 Basic Ideas for an Integrated Environmentally Friendly Approach of Analytical Chemistry

    • 1.5 Compatibility of Green Chemistry Principles and the Main Analytical Figures of Merit

    • 1.6 The State of the Art of Green Analytical Chemistry

    • References

  • 2 Teaching Green Analytical Chemistry on the Example of Bioindication and Biomonitoring (B & B) Technologies

    • 2.1 Introduction

    • 2.2 Learn How to Learn

      • 2.2.1 Transborder and International Regions of Education

      • 2.2.2 Think Tanks Can Be Sites and Means of Smart Conflict Handling and Identify Integrative Solutions for Problems of Society

      • 2.2.3 How Much Time Is Left for Solutions Taking Care of and Integrating the Present Problems?

      • 2.2.4 Conclusion

    • 2.3 An Example of Green Analytical Chemistry by Bioindication and Biomonitoring (B & B) Technologies to Observe the Atmospheric Deposition by Use of Mosses

      • 2.3.1 Definitions

      • 2.3.2 Using Plants as Bioindicators/Biomonitors

      • 2.3.3 Comparison of Instrumental Measurements and the Use of Bioindicators with Respect to Harmonization and Quality Control

      • 2.3.4 Mosses as Bioindicators/Biomonitors for Controlling the Atmospheric Deposition of Chemical Elements

    • References

  • 3 Teaching Green Analytical and Synthesis Chemistry: Performing Laboratory Experiments in a Greener Way

    • 3.1 Toward Environmentally Friendly Chemical Processes

    • 3.2 Integration of Strategies for Education in Green Chemistry

    • 3.3 Greening the Laboratories

    • 3.4 Green Laboratory Experiments

      • 3.4.1 Experiments with Green Catalysts

      • 3.4.2 Experiments with Green Solvents

      • 3.4.3 Organic Synthesis Using Solventless Processes

      • 3.4.4 Greening Through Energy Saving Microwave Processes

      • 3.4.5 Experiments on One-Pot Synthesis

      • 3.4.6 Waste Minimization Through Miniaturization

    • 3.5 Future Trends in Green Analytical Chemistry

    • References

  • 4 Mass Spectrometry-Based Direct Analytical Techniques

    • 4.1 Introduction

    • 4.2 Classification of Direct Analytical Techniques

    • 4.3 Mass Spectrometry-Based Direct Techniques of Analysis—The Evolution in Technical Solutions and Applications

      • 4.3.1 Ambient Mass Spectrometry Techniques

      • 4.3.2 Real-Time Gaseous Phase Analysis

      • 4.3.3 Direct Analysis of Elemental Composition of Solid Samples

    • 4.4 Summary

    • References

  • 5 New Achievements in the Field of Extraction of Trace Analytes from Samples Characterized by Complex Composition of the Matrix

    • 5.1 Introduction

    • 5.2 Solid-Phase Microextraction

      • 5.2.1 Fibre Solid-Phase Microextraction

      • 5.2.2 In-Tube Solid-Phase Extraction

      • 5.2.3 Cooled Coated Fibre Device

      • 5.2.4 In-Needle SPME Methods

      • 5.2.5 In-Tip SPME

      • 5.2.6 SPME Arrow System

      • 5.2.7 Liquid-Phase Microextraction (LPME)

    • 5.3 Future Trends and Perspectives

    • References

  • 6 Greening the Derivatization Step in Analytical Extractions: Recent Strategies and Future Directions

    • 6.1 Introduction

    • 6.2 Methods for Making Derivatization Process “Greener”

      • 6.2.1 Micro-Extraction Coupled with Derivatization

      • 6.2.2 Instrumental Configurations

      • 6.2.3 Energy Efficiency in Derivatization Process

      • 6.2.4 Green Solvents and Reagents

    • 6.3 Conclusive Remarks

    • References

  • 7 Smart Sorption Materials in Green Analytical Chemistry

    • 7.1 Sample Preparation: The Bottleneck of Many Methods

    • 7.2 Natural Sorbents

    • 7.3 Inorganic Sorbents

      • 7.3.1 Metal Oxides

      • 7.3.2 Silica-Based Materials

      • 7.3.3 Carbon-Based Materials

    • 7.4 Biomimetic Sorbents

      • 7.4.1 Immunosorbents

      • 7.4.2 Aptamers

      • 7.4.3 MIPs

    • 7.5 Conclusions and Future Trends

    • References

  • 8 Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents in the Field of Environmental Monitoring

    • 8.1 Introduction

    • 8.2 Application of Ionic Liquids in the Pretreatment Step of Real Matrices to Monitor Trace-Level Pollutants

      • 8.2.1 Pharmaceuticals and Endocrine Disruptors

      • 8.2.2 Pesticides

      • 8.2.3 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, UV Filters and Other Organic Compounds

      • 8.2.4 Heavy Metals

    • 8.3 Application of DESs in the Pretreatment Step of Trace-Level Pollutants from Real Matrices

    • 8.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives

    • References

  • 9 Green Chromatography and Related Techniques

    • 9.1 Introduction

    • 9.2 Green Sample Preparation and Extraction Procedures

      • 9.2.1 Direct Chromatographic Techniques Without Sample Preparation

      • 9.2.2 Green Sample Preparation

    • 9.3 Green Liquid Chromatography

      • 9.3.1 Reduction of Solvent Consumption

      • 9.3.2 Using Green Mobile Phases

      • 9.3.3 Green Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography (HILIC)

      • 9.3.4 Micellar Liquid Chromatography (MLC)

      • 9.3.5 Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography (2DLC)

    • 9.4 Green Aspects of Gas Chromatography

    • 9.5 Miniaturization in Chromatography

    • 9.6 Summary

    • References

  • 10 Flow Injection Analysis Toward Green Analytical Chemistry

    • 10.1 Introduction

    • 10.2 Flow Injection Methods of Analysis—Short Development Overview

    • 10.3 Designed to Be Green

      • 10.3.1 The Application of Reagents from Nature

      • 10.3.2 Reagentless Procedures

      • 10.3.3 Green Analytical Methods with Reduced Reagent Consumption or Reduced Waste Amount

    • 10.4 Concluding Notes

    • References

  • 11 Remote Monitoring of Environmental Pollutants

    • 11.1 Introduction

    • 11.2 Systems of Remote Atmospheric Air Monitoring

      • 11.2.1 LIDAR

      • 11.2.2 Drones

      • 11.2.3 Analysers

      • 11.2.4 Chemical Sensors

      • 11.2.5 Sensor Matrices

    • 11.3 Future Perspectives of Atmospheric Air Remote Monitoring

    • References

  • 12 Comparative Greenness Evaluation

    • 12.1 Comparative Greenest Evaluation

    • 12.2 MCDA

      • 12.2.1 General Information About MCDA

      • 12.2.2 Application MCDA in Chemistry

      • 12.2.3 Steps for the MCDA Analysis

      • 12.2.4 Algorithms Descriptions in a Brief

    • 12.3 Case Study

      • 12.3.1 PAHs in Smoked Food Products

      • 12.3.2 Steps of MCDA Analysis

      • 12.3.3 Input Data

      • 12.3.4 TOPSIS Analysis

      • 12.3.5 AHP Analysis

      • 12.3.6 PROMETHEE Analysis

      • 12.3.7 Comparison of Obtained Result and Conclusions

    • 12.4 Summary

    • References

  • 13 Quantitative Assessment

    • 13.1 Introduction

    • 13.2 The Quality of the Results—Its Relevance and Consequences

    • 13.3 Measurement Errors

    • 13.4 Uncertainty

    • 13.5 Traceability

    • 13.6 Calibration

    • 13.7 Summary

    • References

  • 14 QuEChERS—A Green Alternative Approach for the Determination of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in Environmental and Food Samples

    • 14.1 Introduction

    • 14.2 QuEChERS in PPCP Analysis

      • 14.2.1 QuEChERS—General Information

      • 14.2.2 Separation and Detection Techniques

      • 14.2.3 Recovery and Matrix Effect

    • 14.3 Concluding Remarks and Future Trends

    • References

  • 15 Green Analytical Chemistry: Summary of Existing Knowledge and Future Trends

    • 15.1 Introduction

    • 15.2 Current Trends in Green Analytical Chemistry

    • 15.3 Future Directions of Development of New Analytical Procedures and Measuring Instruments

    • 15.4 Ongoing Challenges and Future Trends in Teaching GAC

    • 15.5 Future Perspectives of Green Analytical Chemistry

    • References

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