www.it-ebooks.info PERCEPTUAL COMPUTING Aiding People in Making Subjective Judgments JERRY M. MENDEL DONGRUI WU IEEE Computational Intelligence Society, Sponsor IEEE Press Series on Computational Intelligence David B. Fogel, Series Editor A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION IEEE PRESS ffirs.qxd 3/14/2010 3:58 PM Page iii www.it-ebooks.info ffirs.qxd 3/14/2010 3:58 PM Page vi www.it-ebooks.info PERCEPTUAL COMPUTING ffirs.qxd 3/14/2010 3:58 PM Page i www.it-ebooks.info IEEE Press 445 Hoes Lane Piscataway, NJ 08854 IEEE Press Editorial Board Lajos Hanzo, Editor in Chief R. Abari T. Chen B. M. Hammerli J. Anderson T. G. Croda O. Malik S. Basu M. El-Hawary S. Nahavandi A. Chatterjee S. Farshchi W. Reeve Kenneth Moore, Director of IEEE Book and Information Services (BIS) IEEE-CIS Liaison to IEEE Press, Gary B. 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MENDEL DONGRUI WU IEEE Computational Intelligence Society, Sponsor IEEE Press Series on Computational Intelligence David B. Fogel, Series Editor A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION IEEE PRESS ffirs.qxd 3/14/2010 3:58 PM Page iii www.it-ebooks.info Copyright © 2010 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. All rights reserved. Published simultaneously in Canada. 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Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print, however, may not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Mendel, Jerry M., 1938- Perceptual computing : aiding people in making subjective judgments / Jerry M. Mendel and Dongrui Wu. p. cm. ISBN 978-0-470-47876-9 (cloth) 1. Human-computer interaction. 2. Computational intelligence. 3. Decision making. 4. Fuzzy sets. I. Wu, Dongrui. II. Title. QA76.9.H85M428 2010 006.3—dc22 2009041401 Printed in the United States of America. 10987654321 ffirs.qxd 3/14/2010 3:58 PM Page iv www.it-ebooks.info To Lotfi Zadeh, founder of computing with words and fuzzy logic Letty Mendel, wife of Jerry M. Mendel Shunyou Wu, Shenglian Luo, and Ying Li, parents and wife of Dongrui Wu ffirs.qxd 3/14/2010 3:58 PM Page v www.it-ebooks.info ffirs.qxd 3/14/2010 3:58 PM Page vi www.it-ebooks.info Contents Preface xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Perceptual Computing 1 1.2 Examples 3 1.2.1 Investment Decision Making 3 1.2.2 Social Judgment Making 5 1.2.3 Hierarchical Decision Making 7 1.2.4 Hierarchical and Distributed Decision Making 9 1.3 Historical Origins of Perceptual Computing 11 1.4 How to Validate the Perceptual Computer 15 1.5 The Choice of Fuzzy Set Models for the Per-C 16 1.6 Keeping the Per-C as Simple as Possible 19 1.7 Coverage of the Book 20 1.8 High-Level Synopses of Technical Details 24 1.8.1 Chapter 2: Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Sets 24 1.8.2 Chapter 3: Encoding: From a Word to a Model—The 26 Codebook 1.8.3 Chapter 4: Decoding: From FOUs to a Recommendation 27 1.8.4 Chapter 5: Novel Weighted Averages as a CWW Engine 29 1.8.5 Chapter 6: If–Then Rules as a CWW Engine 29 References 31 2 Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Sets 35 2.1 A Brief Review of Type-1 Fuzzy Sets 35 2.2 Introduction to Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Sets 38 2.3 Definitions 42 2.4 Wavy-Slice Representation Theorem 45 2.5 Set-Theoretic Operations 45 2.6 Centroid of an IT2 FS 46 2.6.1 General Results 46 2.6.2 Properties of the Centroid 50 2.7 KM Algorithms 52 vii ftoc.qxd 3/14/2010 3:28 PM Page vii www.it-ebooks.info [...]... 3 Perceptual Computer, the Per-C Words Encoder CWW Engine FS Decoder Recommendation + Data FS Figure 1.2 Specific architecture for CWW—the perceptual computer first time, CWW can be fully implemented, at least for making subjective judgments 1.2 EXAMPLES In this section, four examples are provided that illustrate CWW for making subjective judgments: investment decision making, social judgment making, ... them His ratings use words and, therefore, are linguistic ratings In order to illustrate what the linguistic ratings might look like, the ones used by Tong and Bonissone are provided in the investment alternatives/investment criteria array in Table 1.1 For example, the individual’s linguistic ratings about commodities are that there is a high risk of losing his capital sum from investing in commodities,... test, the Turing Test for machine intelligence This test is as applicable to perceptual computing as it is to machine intelligence, because perceptual computing is a form of artificial intelligence Consider an “imitation game” played with three players, a human being, a machine and an interrogator The interrogator stays in a room apart from the others The object is for the interrogator to determine which... hierarchical decision making, and hierarchical and distributed decision making These examples are taken up later in this book, in much greater detail, in Chapters 7–10 1.2.1 Investment Decision Making Tong and Bonissone (1980) illustrated their approach to linguistic decision making using an investment decision example: A private citizen has a moderately large amount of capital that he wishes to invest to his... the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc 1 2 INTRODUCTION Words CWW Engines Based on Fuzzy Sets Words Figure 1.1 The CWW paradigm Zadeh’s definition of CWW is very general and does not refer to a specific field in which CWW would be used In this book, our focus is on CWW for making subjective judgments, which we call perceptual computing.1 A subjective judgment is a personal opinion... could aid people in making subjective judgments, a device that would propagate random and linguistic uncertainties into the subjective judgment, but in a way that could be modeled and observed by the judgment maker This book is about a methodology, perceptual computing, that leads to such a device: a perceptual computer (Per-C, for short) The Per-C is not a single device for all problems, but is instead... it can be interpreted in many different ways, for example, by philosophers, sociologists, psychologists, religionists, computer scientists, and so on We are not interested in using a Turing Test to establish whether the Per-C can think so as to demonstrate that it is intelligent We are interested in using a Turing Test, as explained in Saygin et al (2000, p 467), as “a test to assess a machine’s ability... According to Merriam Webster’s On-Line Dictionary, the word perceptual means “of relating to, or involving perception especially in relation to immediate sensory experience”; perception means “a result of perceiving”; and perceive means “to attain awareness or understanding of,” or “to become aware of through the senses.” Hopefully, this explains our choice of the word perceptual in perceptual computing... and quantitative information one is able to make subjective judgments Unfortunately, the uncertainties about the information propagate so that the subjective judgments are uncertain, and many times this happens in ways that cannot be fathomed, because these judgments are a result of things going on in our brains that are not quantifiable xiii xiv PREFACE It would be wonderful to have an interactive device... Fuzzy numbers Linguistic evaluations Linguistic evaluations Linguistic evaluations 1.2.4 Hierarchical and Distributed Decision Making By “hierarchical and distributed decision making (Fig 1.6) is meant decision making that is ultimately made by a single individual, group or organization, but that is based on aggregating independently made recommendations about an object from other individuals, groups, . www.it-ebooks.info PERCEPTUAL COMPUTING Aiding People in Making Subjective Judgments JERRY M. MENDEL DONGRUI WU IEEE Computational Intelligence Society,. ii www.it-ebooks.info PERCEPTUAL COMPUTING Aiding People in Making Subjective Judgments JERRY M. MENDEL DONGRUI WU IEEE Computational Intelligence Society,