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Transportation Data Book Stacy C. Davis Susan W. Diegel Robert G. Boundy 31 Energy Edition 31 Transportation Energy Data Book Quick Facts Petroleum • The U.S. produces 7.5 million barrels of petroleum per day (M bpd), or 9% of the world’s 82.43 M bpd. • The U.S. consumes 19.15 M bpd, or 22.5% of the world’s 85.26 M bpd. • U.S. transportation petroleum use is 69.7% of total U.S. petroleum use. • U.S. transportation petroleum use is 172.5% of total U.S. petroleum production. • Petroleum comprises 93.2% of U.S. transportation energy use. • Cars and light trucks account for 64% of U.S. transportation petroleum use. • Medium trucks account for 4% of U.S. transportation petroleum use. • Heavy trucks account for 17% of U.S. transportation petroleum use. Energy • U.S. transportation energy use accounts for 28.1% of total U.S. energy use. • 99% of ethanol consumed in the U.S. is consumed as ethanol in gasohol (or “E10”). • Cars and light trucks account for 60% of U.S. transportation energy use. • Medium trucks account for 4% of U.S. transportation energy use. • Heavy trucks account for 18% of U.S. transportation energy use. Light Vehicle Characteristics • There are 134,880,000 cars and 100,154,000 light trucks in the U.S. (235,034,000 total light vehicles). • U.S. cars: o 5,635,000 cars were sold in 2010. o The average age of a U.S. car is 10.6 years; the average car lifetime is 16.9 years. o The average fuel economy for the U.S. car fleet (all cars on the road today) is 22.5 mpg. o Cars comprise 48.8% of new light vehicle sales. • U.S. light trucks: o 5,919,000 light trucks were sold in 2010. o The average age of a U.S. light truck is 9.6 years; the average car lifetime is 15.5 years. o The average fuel economy for the U.S. light truck fleet (all light trucks on the road today) is 18.0 mpg. o Light trucks comprise 51.2% of new light vehicle sales. • There were 8,030,000 fleet vehicles in 2009: 3,844,000 cars and 4,186,000 trucks. • U.S. car registrations account for 20.4% of total world car registrations. • U.S. truck and bus registrations account for 40.8% of total world car registrations. • The average U.S. household vehicle travels 11,300 miles per year. Heavy Truck Characteristics • 10,973,000 heavy trucks were registered in the U.S. in 2009. • In 2002 (the last time a survey was conducted), heavy trucks accounted for 80% of medium and heavy truck fuel use. Note: Data are for calendar year 2009 or 2010 unless otherwise noted. ORNL-6987 (Edition 31 of ORNL-5198) Center for Transportation Analysis Energy and Transportation Science Division TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 31 Stacy C. Davis Susan W. Diegel Oak Ridge National Laboratory Robert G. Boundy Roltek, Inc. July 2012 Prepared for the Vehicle Technologies Program Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy U.S. Department of Energy Prepared by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6073 Managed by UT-BATTELLE, LLC for the U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY under Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725 DOCUMENT AVAILABILITY Reports produced after January 1, 1996, are generally available free via the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Information Bridge: Web site: http://www.osti.gov/bridge Reports produced before January 1, 1996, may be purchased by members of the public from the following source: National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 Telephone: 703-605-6000 (1-800-553-6847) TDD: 703-487-4639 Fax: 703-605-6900 E-mail: info@ntis.fedworld.gov Web site: http://www.ntis.gov/support/ordernowabout.htm Reports are available to DOE employees, DOE contractors, Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDE) representatives, and International Nuclear Information System (INIS) representatives from the following source: Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831 Telephone: 865-576-8401 Fax: 865-576-5728 E-mail: reports@adonis.osti.gov Web site: http://www.osti.gov/contact.html This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. Users of the Transportation Energy Data Book are encouraged to comment on errors, omissions, emphases, and organization of this report to one of the persons listed below. Requests for additional complementary copies of this report, additional data, or information on an existing table should be referred to Ms. Stacy Davis, Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Stacy C. Davis Oak Ridge National Laboratory National Transportation Research Center 2360 Cherahala Boulevard Knoxville, Tennessee 37932 Telephone: (865) 946-1256 FAX: (865) 946-1314 E-mail: DAVISSC@ornl.gov Web Site Location: cta.ornl.gov/data Jacob W. Ward Vehicle Technologies Program Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Department of Energy, EE-2G Forrestal Building 1000 Independence Avenue, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20585 Telephone: (202) 586-7606 FAX: (202) 586-1600 E-mail: JACOB.WARD@ee.doe.gov Web Site Location: vehicles.energy.gov Find useful data and information in other U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Data Books. v T RANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 31—2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD xix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxi ABSTRACT xxiii INTRODUCTION xxv CHAPTER 1 PETROLEUM 1–1 Table 1.1 World Fossil Fuel Potential 1–2 Table 1.2 World Crude Oil Production, 1960–2011 1–3 Table 1.3 World Petroleum Production, 1973–2011 1–4 Table 1.4 World Petroleum Consumption, 1960–2011 1–5 Figure 1.1 World Oil Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2010 1–6 Table 1.5 World Oil Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2010 1–6 Figure 1.2 World Natural Gas Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2010 1–7 Table 1.6 World Natural Gas Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2010 1–7 Table 1.7 U.S. Petroleum Imports, 1960–2011 1–8 Table 1.8 Imported Crude Oil by Country of Origin, 1973-2011 1–9 Table 1.9 Crude Oil Supplies, 1973-2011 1–10 Figure 1.3 Oil Price and Economic Growth, 1970–2011 1–11 Figure 1.4 Costs of Oil Dependence to the U.S. Economy, 1970–2010 1–12 Figure 1.5 Refinery Gross Output by World Region, 2001 and 2011 1–13 Table 1.10 U.S. Refinery Input of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, 1987–2010 1–14 Table 1.11 Refinery Yield of Petroleum Products from a Barrel of Crude Oil, 1978–2011 1–15 Table 1.12 United States Petroleum Production, Imports and Exports, 1950–2011 1–16 vi T RANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 31—2012 Table 1.13 Petroleum Production and Transportation Petroleum Consumption in Context, 1950–2011 1–17 Figure 1.6 United States Petroleum Production and Consumption – All Sectors, 1973–2035 1–18 Figure 1.7 United States Petroleum Production, and Transportation Consumption, 1970–2035 1–19 Table 1.14 Consumption of Petroleum by End-Use Sector, 1973–2011 1–20 Table 1.15 Highway Transportation Petroleum Consumption by Mode, 1970–2010 1–21 Table 1.16 Nonhighway Transportation Petroleum Consumption by Mode, 1970–2010 1–22 Table 1.17 Transportation Petroleum Use by Mode, 2009–2010 1–23 CHAPTER 2 ENERGY 2–1 Figure 2.1 World Consumption of Primary Energy, 2009 2–2 Table 2.1 U. S. Consumption of Total Energy by End-Use Sector, 1973–2011 2–3 Table 2.2 Distribution of Energy Consumption by Source, 1973 and 2011 2–4 Table 2.3 Alternative Fuel and Oxygenate Consumption, 2003–2010 2–5 Table 2.4 Ethanol Consumption, 1995–2010 2–6 Table 2.5 Domestic Consumption of Transportation Energy by Mode and Fuel Type, 2010 2–7 Table 2.6 Transportation Energy Use by Mode, 2009–2010 2–8 Table 2.7 Highway Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2010 2–9 Table 2.8 Nonhighway Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2010 2–10 Table 2.9 Off-highway Transportation-related Fuel Consumption from the NonRoad Model, 2010 2–11 Table 2.10 Fuel Consumption from Lawn and Garden Equipment, 2010 2–12 Table 2.11 Highway Usage of Gasoline and Diesel, 1973–2010 2–13 Table 2.12 Passenger Travel and Energy Use, 2010 2–14 vii T RANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 31—2012 Table 2.13 Energy Intensities of Highway Passenger Modes, 1970–2010 2–15 Table 2.14 Energy Intensities of Nonhighway Passenger Modes, 1970–2010 2–16 Figure 2.2 Energy Intensity of Light Rail Transit Systems, 2010 2–17 Figure 2.3 Energy Intensity of Heavy Rail Systems, 2010 2–18 Figure 2.4 Energy Intensity of Commuter Rail Systems, 2010 2–18 Table 2.15 Energy Intensities of Freight Modes, 1970–2010 2–19 CHAPTER 3 ALL HIGHWAY VEHICLES AND CHARACTERISTICS 3–1 Table 3.1 World Production of Cars and Trucks, 2000-2010 3–2 Table 3.2 Car Registrations for Selected Countries, 1960–2010 3–3 Table 3.3 Truck and Bus Registrations for Selected Countries, 1960–2010 3–4 Table 3.4 U.S. Cars and Trucks in Use, 1970–2010 3–6 Figure 3.1 Vehicles per Thousand People: U.S. (Over Time) Compared to Other Countries (in 2000 and 2010) 3–7 Table 3.5 Vehicles per Thousand People in Other Countries, 2000 and 2010 3–9 Table 3.6 Vehicles per Thousand People in the United States, 1990–2010 3–10 Table 3.7 Shares of Highway Vehicle-Miles Traveled by Vehicle Type, 1970–2010 3–11 Table 3.8 Cars in Operation and Vehicle Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001 3–12 Table 3.9 Trucks in Operation and Vehicle Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001 3–13 Table 3.10 U.S. Average Vehicle Age, 1995–2011 3–14 Table 3.11 New Retail Vehicle Sales, 1970–2011 3–15 Table 3.12 Car Scrappage and Survival Rates, 1970, 1980 and 1990 Model Years 3–16 Table 3.13 Light Truck Scrappage and Survival Rates 3–17 Table 3.14 Heavy Truck Scrappage and Survival Rates 3–18 viii T RANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 31—2012 CHAPTER 4 LIGHT VEHICLES AND CHARACTERISTICS 4–1 Table 4.1 Summary Statistics for Cars, 1970–2010 4–2 Table 4.2 Summary Statistics for Two-Axle, Four-Tire Trucks, 1970–2010 4–3 Table 4.3 Summary Statistics on Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks 4–4 Table 4.4 Sales Estimates of Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks, 1989–1999 4–4 Table 4.5 New Retail Car Sales in the United States, 1970–2011 4–5 Table 4.6 New Retail Sales of Trucks 10,000 Pounds GVW and Less in the United States, 1970–2011 4–6 Table 4.7 Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import Cars, Selected Model Years 1975–2011 4–7 Table 4.8 Definition of Wagons in Model Year 2011 4–8 Table 4.9 Definition of Non-Truck Sport Utility Vehicles in Model Year 2011 4–9 Table 4.10 Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks, Model Years 1975–2011 4–10 Table 4.11 Light Vehicle Market Shares by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2011 4–11 Figure 4.1 Light Vehicle Market Shares, Model Years 1975–2011 4–12 Table 4.12 Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2011 4–13 Table 4.13 Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2011 4–14 Table 4.14 Sales-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2011 4–15 Table 4.15 Sales-Weighted Interior Space of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1977–2011 4–16 Table 4.16 Average Material Consumption for a Light Vehicle, Model Years 1995, 2000, and 2010 4–17 Table 4.17 New Light Vehicle Dealerships and Sales, 1970–2010 4–18 Table 4.18 Conventional Refueling Stations, 1993–2010 4–19 [...]... I–1 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 31—2012 xviii TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 31—2012 xix FOREWORD Welcome to this 31st edition of the Transportation Energy Data Book This edition builds on a 36-year tradition of Data Books supported by Philip Patterson, whose recent retirement marked the end of an era for a long-time asset and shining example both for the Department of Energy. .. the transportation research community will be forever grateful for his efforts TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 31—2012 xxii TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 31—2012 xxiii ABSTRACT The Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 31 is a statistical compendium prepared and published by Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) under contract with the U.S Department of Energy, Office of Energy. .. the reader’s convenience TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 31—2012 xxiv TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 31—2012 xxv INTRODUCTION In January 1976, the Transportation Energy Conservation (TEC) Division of the Energy Research and Development Administration contracted with Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) to prepare a Transportation Energy Conservation Data Book to be used by TEC staff... efficiency of cars and light trucks Documentation of the model will be published in an ORNL report, forthcoming I hope you find value in this data book Stacy and I welcome suggestions on how to improve it Jacob W Ward Senior Analyst, Vehicle Technologies Program U.S Department of Energy TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 31—2012 xx TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 31—2012 xxi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS... purposes of the Data Book were to draw together, under one cover, transportation data from diverse sources, to resolve data conflicts and inconsistencies, and to produce a comprehensive document The first edition of the TEC Data Book was published in October 1976 With the passage of the Department of Energy (DOE) Organization Act, the work being conducted by the former Transportation Energy Conservation... Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Vehicle Technologies Program Designed for use as a desk-top reference, the Data Book represents an assembly and display of statistics and information that characterize transportation activity, and presents data on other factors that influence transportation energy use The purpose of this document is to present relevant statistical data in the form of tables and... directly from published sources, although these data may be reformatted for presentation by ORNL Consequently, neither ORNL nor DOE endorses the validity of these data TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 31—2012 xxvi TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 31—2012 1–1 Chapter 1 Petroleum Summary Statistics from Tables/Figures in this Chapter Source Table 1.3 World Petroleum Production, 2011 (million... 66% Source: Energy Information Administration, International Energy Statistics, 2012 (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov) Note: Production data are dry gas production a Reserves are 2009 data TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 31—2012 1–8 The share of petroleum imported to the United States can be calculated using total imports or net imports Net imports, which are the preferred data, rose... 12.92 11.69 11.79 11.36 3.7% 3.0% -0.4% Source: U.S Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, Washington, DC, March 2012, Table 3.3a (Additional resources: www.eia.gov) a b Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries See Glossary for membership Data are not available TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 31—2012 ... 2.5% 1.2% 0.8% Source: U.S Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, International Energy Statistics Website, March 2012 (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov) a Includes lease condensate Excludes natural gas plant liquids See Glossary for membership c OPEC+ includes all OPEC nations plus Russia, Mexico, Norway and Oman b TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 31—2012 1–4 This table shows . Transportation Data Book Stacy C. Davis Susan W. Diegel Robert G. Boundy 31 Energy Edition 31 Transportation Energy Data Book Quick Facts. vehicles .energy. gov Find useful data and information in other U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Data Books.