WORKING PARTNERSHIPS IN HIGHER EDUCATION, INDUSTRY AND INNOVATION Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za FINANCIAL OR INTELLECTUAL IMPERATIVES GLENDA KRUSS Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za Published by HSRC Press Private Bag X9182, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa www.hsrcpress.ac.za © 2005 Human Sciences Research Council First published 2005 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers ISBN 0-7969-2108-3 Cover by FUEL Design Print management by comPress Distributed in Africa by Blue Weaver Marketing and Distribution PO Box 30370, Tokai, Cape Town, 7966, South Africa Tel: +27 +21 701-4477 Fax: +27 +21 701-7302 email: orders@blueweaver.co.za Distributed worldwide, except Africa, by Independent Publishers Group 814 North Franklin Street, Chicago, IL 60610, USA www.ipgbook.com To order, call toll-free: 1-800-888-4741 All other inquiries, Tel: +1 +312-337-0747 Fax: +1 +312-337-5985 email: Frontdesk@ipgbook.com Contents List of tables and figures v Preface vi Acknowledgements ix Abbreviations x Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za Mapping industry partnerships across the higher education sector The aim of mapping partnerships Designing a process to map partnerships across the sector Analysing partnerships in the South African higher education institutional landscape 14 Outline of this book 19 Describing partnerships in institutions with high technology capacity 21 Defining ideal types of partnership – drawing on the literature 21 Conceptions of partnership at the 18 institutions 26 Initiating partnerships 34 Coverage and contribution of partnerships 45 Products and outcomes of partnership 57 Summary 68 Patterns of partnership in the three high technology fields 73 The tension between financial and intellectual imperatives 73 Traditional forms of partnership 76 Dominant new forms of partnership 77 Entrepreneurial forms of partnership 79 ‘Network’ forms of partnership 79 Mapping partnerships in the three fields of focus 81 Understanding forms of partnership 99 Facilitating and constraining industry partnerships in diverse institutional contexts 101 Mapping institutional responses to partnership in high technology fields 101 Harnessing innovation potential 107 Emergent entrepreneurialism 123 ‘Laissez faire’ aspirational 134 ‘Laissez faire’ traditional 148 Higher education institutional responses to partnership 163 Emergent alternative partnership practices 167 Why and how these institutions differ? 168 What are the emergent alternative approaches? 176 Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za Innovation, partnerships and higher education 189 A national system of innovation? 190 Understanding partnerships within institutions 199 Facilitating or constraining partnerships in different kinds of institutions 202 Appendix 1: Dimensions of partnership used in the design of instruments 209 Appendix 2: Institutional profile template 215 Appendix 3: Total number of active researchers in the three high technology fields in each institution 220 Appendix 4: Total research output by higher education institutions 222 Appendix 5: NRF-rated scientists by higher education institutions 224 Appendix 6: Total higher education institution research income 226 Bibliography 229 Index 247 L I S T O F TA B L E S A N D F I G U R E S List of tables and figures Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za Tables Table 1.1 Assessing high technology capacity in this study 17 Table 2.1 Research income by source in the higher education sector, 1996–2000 46 Table 4.1 Defining features of ideal types of institutional response to partnerships 105 Figures Figure 2.1 Figure 3.1 Figure 4.1 Figure 4.2 A continuum of attitudes towards partnership with industry 34 Analysing forms of partnership in South Africa 75 Higher education institutional responses to partnership 102 Location of institutions by type of partnership response: high technology capacity 164 Figure 5.1 Location of institutions by type of partnership response: emergent alternatives 177 v PREFACE Working partnerships: Higher education, industry and innovation in South Africa Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za An ideal vision of the role of research partnerships between higher education and industry in a rapidly globalising knowledge economy is becoming prevalent However, there is a great deal of dissonance between this vision and the realities of research, innovation and development in the South African context, characterised by fragmentation, inequalities and unevenness Thus, we have a major knowledge gap about partnerships in South Africa We have a general agreement that they are a social and economic ‘good’ and that it is desirable that collaborative partnerships and networks are formed We have a great deal of literature on the possible forms they take in other countries, their benefits and difficulties However, we have absolutely no sense of the extent to which this vision is becoming actualised in South Africa Significantly, in the South African case, rather than a focus on measuring the impact or understanding the ways in which specific features of partnerships work in order to improve practice, there is a prior research concern to open up the field and map out what exists, as a basis for more detailed investigation The study of necessity will be primarily an exploratory one, aiming to open up the field and lay a basis for more detailed and in-depth investigations The Human Sciences Research Council’s research programme on Human Resource Development has undertaken a project to explore the extent to which the networked practices that are believed to characterise the knowledge economy have indeed begun to penetrate South African higher education and industry Where networks and partnerships have developed, how have they taken form and shape in the South African context, with specific national policy and economic imperatives? To what extent is there evidence of collaboration in knowledge generation, diffusion and/or application that will ultimately contribute to innovation? In what ways has government succeeded in promoting such partnerships? What are the kinds of changes and benefits partnerships are bringing about in both higher education and industry? vi PREFACE Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za Three high technology bands have been identified as priorities for developing a national system of innovation that will improve South Africa’s international competitiveness and economic development The relatively new high technology fields of information and communication technology, biotechnology and new materials development have been identified as most likely to generate benefits for South Africa These were selected as the empirical focus for the study Understanding the conceptions and practices of research partnerships in each of these three fields will inform understanding of responsiveness to high technology needs and innovation in South Africa This large-scale empirical study is primarily exploratory, aiming to open up the field and lay down benchmark descriptions of the partnership and network activity emerging in South African higher education and industry It does so through a series of audits and mapping exercises, and through a series of in-depth case studies The study was conceptualised in terms of four distinct but closely interrelated sub-studies or components Each empirical study will be disseminated in a separate title in the series, Working Partnerships in Higher Education, Industry and Innovation Component One was largely conceptual It provided an entry point into the conceptual and comparative literature on higher education–industry partnerships, as well as an introduction to the ‘state of the art’ in each of the three high technology fields in South Africa, to lay a foundation for the entire study Component Two aimed to illuminate government’s role in promoting research partnerships by exploring the forms of government contribution through the Technology and Human Resources for Industry Programme (THRIP) and the Innovation Fund, and the extent and nature of resultant partnerships Data was gathered on industry and higher education beneficiaries, on the nature of co-operation at project level, and selected measures of the outputs of the co-operation The monograph, Government incentivisation of higher education–industry research partnerships in South Africa, showed how partnerships, networks and innovation are developing amongst beneficiaries of government-incentivised funding in general, and in the three high technology fields specifically vii W O R K I N G PA R T N E R S H I P S : F I N A N C I A L O R I N T E L L E C T U A L I M P E R AT I V E S Component Three, this book, aimed to map the higher education landscape in order to investigate the scale and form of research linkages and collaborative practices between higher education institutions and industry in each of the three fields Given the uneven capacity of higher education institutions and their differential historical legacies, and given different modes of operation of different knowledge fields, it explores whether partnerships develop and take different forms in different institutional and knowledge contexts Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za Component Four, entitled Creating Knowledge Networks, focuses on the demand side, at enterprise level in industrial sectors related to the three high technology fields In a limited set of cases, we explore the dynamics of partnerships in-depth, unpack their multi-linear, contingent and tacit dimensions, and consider the impact on enterprise productivity, technological innovation and knowledge production in each of the three fields Glenda Kruss Project Leader viii Acknowledgements Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za There are many individuals and organisations that have contributed directly and indirectly to the research study First and foremost are the research managers, faculty Deans and research project leaders at all 35 higher education institutions, who gave generously of their time and insights, in a highly pressurised context The report is dedicated to their commitment and passion Second are all the expert consultants who contributed to inform our understanding: • of the three technology fields – Professor Rob Knutsen, Dr Butana Mboniswa, Dr Bob Day and Tina James; • of the international literature on partnerships and innovation – Dr Ansie Lombard and Professor Johann Mouton; • of current research activity in the three fields – Professor Johann Mouton and his team at the Centre for Research in Science and Technology at the University of Stellenbosch, Melt Van Schoor and Nelius Boshoff; • of current institutional research profiles – the Human Sciences Research Council team of Salim Akoojee, Ansie Lombard, Moeketsi Letseka Third are the researchers who conducted site visits and compiled richly detailed reports on partnership at each institution – Matthew Smith, Trish Gibbon, Ansie Lombard, Moeketsi Letseka, Salim Akoojee, Candice Harrison, Lesley Powell, Tracy Bailey, Carmel Marock, Neetha Ravjee, Tembile Kulati, George Subotzky, Paul Lundall, Carel Garisch and Gabriel Cele Fourth are the colleagues in the research programme on Human Resources Development and the HSRC Press at the Human Sciences Research Council, who provided intellectual, moral and practical support to enhance this book Professor Eddie Webster of the Sociology of Work programme at the University of the Witwatersrand acted as critical reader, contributing to deepen the thrust of the argument presented Finally, the study would not have been possible without the generous support of the Carnegie Corporation of New York, particularly in the persons of Courtenay Sprague and Narciso Matos This publication was made possible (in part) by a grant from Carnegie Corporation of New York The statements made and views expressed are solely the responsibility of the author ix W O R K I N G PA R T N E R S H I P S : F I N A N C I A L O R I N T E L L E C T U A L I M P E R AT I V E S Abbreviations Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za ARC BRIC CENIS CREST CSIR CTP DACST DoE DST DTI GTZ HSRC ICT IDRC MRC NACI NRF OECD R&D SANBI SAPSE SAUVCA SMME TESP THRIP UNESCO USPTO x Agricultural Research Commission Biotechnology Regional Innovation Centre Centre for Inter-Disciplinary Studies (now CREST) Centre for Research in Science and Technology (formerly CENIS) Council for Scientific Research Committee of Technikon Principals Departments of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology Department of Education Department of Science and Technology Department of Trade and Industry German Agency for Technical Cooperation Human Sciences Research Council Information and Communication Technology International Development Research Centre Medical Research Council National Advisory Council on Innovation National Research Foundation Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development Research and development South African Bioinformatics Institute South African Post-Secondary Education South African Universities Vice Chancellor’s Association Small, medium and micro enterprises Tertiary Education Support Programme Technology and Human Resources for Industry Programme United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation United States Patent Office W O R K I N G PA R T N E R S H I P S : F I N A N C I A L O R I N T E L L E C T U A L I M P E R AT I V E S Moleke P, Paterson A & Roodt J (2003) ICT and associated professionals In HSRC HRD Review 2003 Pretoria: HSRC Press Morrow W & King K (1998) Vision and reality: Changing education and training in South Africa Cape Town: UCT Press Mouton J & Hackmann H (1997) Survey on scholarship, research and development University of Stellenbosch: Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies for DACST as part of the National Research and Technology Audit Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za Mouton J, Bailey T & Boshoff N (2003) A survey of research utilisation University of Stellenbosch: Centre for Inter-Disciplinary studies on behalf of the National Advisory Council on Innovation Mowery 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Transformation in higher education Global pressures and local realities in South Africa Lansdowne: Juta & Company Wickham C (2002) Unlocking intellectual knowledge: External partners’ views of research partnership with selected higher education institutions in the Western Cape Unpublished paper prepared for International Development Research Centre/TIPS Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za Young M (2004) Comprehensive universities for South Africa; some reflections from a European perspective Unpublished paper Websites A National Biotechnology Strategy for South Africa http://www.dacst.gov.za An Interview: Derek Bok http://www/highereducation.org Cape Biotech Initiative http://www.cbi.org.za Catalyst Innovation Incubator http://www.catalystii.net DACST Foresight summary report http://www.dacst.gov.za Department of Education (DoE) http://www.education.pwv.gov.za DFEE: Higher Education Quality and Employability http://www.dfee.gov.uk/heqe DTI http://www.dti.gov.za/offerings Future of SA universities – role for business? Pre-CHE report http://www.cde.org.za Godisa Programme http://www.godisa.co.za National Advisory Council on Innovation – Innovation Gateway http://www.naci.org.za National Advisory Council on Innovation (NACI) http://www.naci.org.za National Center for Public Policy & Higher Education http://www.highereducation.org/reports National Science & Technology Forum (NSTF) http://www.nstf.org.za 245 W O R K I N G PA R T N E R S H I P S : F I N A N C I A L O R I N T E L L E C T U A L I M P E R AT I V E S National Science Foundation http://www.nsf.gov Ndebele NS (1997) HSRC code of research ethics http://www.hsrc.ac.za Report: ABS response to the Committee of Inquiry into Higher Education www.the-abs.org.uk/reportpage SERA http://www.seralliance.com South African Nanotechnology Initiative http://www.SANi.org.za Support Programme for Industrial Innovation (SPII) http://www.spii.co.za http://www.theinnovationhub.com The Innovation Hub http://www.innovationhub.co.za THRIP http://www.nrf.ac.za/thrip University of Pretoria Technology Incubator http://www.ee.up.ac.za/upti/eng.html WITS Technikon 246 http://www.technikons.co.za/ The Innovation Hub Business Incubator Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za Tshumisano http://www.research.twr.ac.za Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za Index A ABSA 85 Acorn Technologies 120 Advanced Manufacturing Technology Strategy 94 Advanced Materials Network 94 Advanced Metals Network 94 Advisory Council on Science and Technology AECI 161 Agricultural Research Commission (ARC) x, 35 Aquastel 119 Armscor 94, 178 Atomic Energy Corporation 94 B Banana Growers Association 34, 90 Bayh-Dole Act 22 BeltQC programme 157 biochemistry 27, 54, 161, 186 bioeconomy 87–89 bioinformatics 88–89, 109 bio-medical technology 108 Biotechnology Advisory Committee 88 Biotechnology Regional Innovation Centre (BRIC) x, 88, 91–92, 120, 139, 199 biotechnology vii, 6, 16, 139, 27, 38, 42, 47–48, 54–55, 60–62, 64, 67–68, 87–90, 92, 94, 96–98, 100, 108–109, 119, 135– 136, 150, 168, 181, 184, 191–192, 198 black consciousness 169 Blue IQ Initiative 120 Bonsmara Breeders Association 90 Border Technikon (Border Tech) 18, 168, 170, 177 botany 27, 54 C Cancer Association of South Africa (CANSA) 98 Cape Biotechnology Initiative 120 Cape Technikon (Cape Tech) 16, 18, 69, 103, 105, 134, 137, 143, 146– 147, 164, 170, 178 Carnegie Corporation of New York ix Castells’ theory of the network society 4, 5, 8, 191 Castells’s definition of networks 79, 81 Centre for Business Mathematics and Informatics 85 Centre for Development Studies 185 Centre for Instrumentation Research 143 Centre for Inter-Disciplinary Studies (now CREST) x Centre for Research in Science and Technology (formerly CENIS) x, 11, 12 Centre for Research in Science and Technology ix Centre for Separation Science and Technology 97 Centres of Innovation 94 Chamber of Mines Research Organisation 94 CheckIt Industrial Systems 157 CHEMIN 99, 130–131 CISCO 52 CITPROD 131 Coastal Research Unit 186 collaboration forms of partnership 85, 110, 197 collaborations 75, 80, 83, 88, 93, 191 collaborative partnership vi, 80, 87, 184, 192, 201 colonialism 82 247 W O R K I N G PA R T N E R S H I P S : F I N A N C I A L O R I N T E L L E C T U A L I M P E R AT I V E S Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za commercial partnerships 22 Commercialisation of Intellectual Property 155 commercialisation partnership 84, 89, 91, 98, 110, 121, 136, 142, 150, 201 commercialisation 22, 23, 41, 47, 55–56, 63–64, 67, 75, 79, 84–85, 87, 95, 99, 101, 108, 114, 117–119, 126–127, 136, 147, 150, 193–194, 201 Committee of Technikon Principals (CTP) x, 11, 15 consultancy centres 104 consultancy forms of partnership 200 consultancy 77, 111, 151 contract partnerships 85, 92, 97, 111 contracts 75, 77–78, 111 Council for Scientific Research (CSIR) x, 35, 96, 120, 178, 186 Creating Knowledge Networks viii Curtin University of Technology 171 D Deciduous Fruit Producers Trust 90 Denel 161 Department of Education (DoE) x, 5, 11, 174, 190, 197–198 Department of Education’s National Plan on Higher Education Department of Research and Innovation 113 Department of Science and Technology (DST) x, 2, 39, 87, 88, 92, 120, 130, 181, 198–199 Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) x, 2, 39, 120, 196–199 Departments of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology (DACST) x, 3, 191–192 donations 75, 76, 95 Durban Institute of Technology (DIT) 16, 18, 69, 84, 89, 92, 103, 105, 134, 136, 137, 143, 145, 147, 164, 170 248 E Eastern Cape Technikon (Eastern Cape Tech) 18, 168, 170, 177, 186 EcoBio 150 Electric Genetics 139 Electrical and Electronic Engineering 27 Enterprises at University of Pretoria (Pty) Ltd 118 entrepreneurial forms of partnership 75, 78–79 entrepreneurialism 126–129, 146, 160 environmental degradation 44 Eskom 35, 51, 54, 99, 161 European Union (EU) 47 F F’SATIE 130–131 Forestry SA 90 G German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) x, 39 globalisation 1, 4, 95 GODISA 120, 130, 150 Government incentivisation of higher education-industry research partnerships in South Africa vii government incentivisation schemes 38 H Historically Black University Development Programme 171 Human development report 2001 Human Resource Development vi, ix Human Sciences Research Council vi, ix, x, 3, 9, 11–12, 89 Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za INDEX I Information and Communication Technology (ICT) vii, x, 6, 15–16, 27, 47, 50, 54, 61, 62, 67, 82–83, 86, 89, 92, 96–97, 100, 108–109, 122, 125, 135–136, 150–151, 157, 168, 172, 180, 192, 196, 198 incubator units 23 industry and trade fairs 38 industry partnerships 7, 13, 16, 28, 31–32, 42, 58, 66, 76, 89, 95, 113, 116–117, 132, 141, 144, 148, 156, 167–168, 174–175, 180, 183, 191, 193 ‘innovation chasm’ 5, 192, 194 Innovation Fund vii, 3, 9, 11–12, 39, 56, 65, 83, 85, 88, 91, 96, 109, 115, 133, 198 Institute for Environmental and Coastal Management 140 Institute for Polymer Science 95, 119 Integrated Manufacturing Strategy International Development Research Centre (IDRC) x International Development Research Centre 85 International Management of Higher Education (IMHE) 165 Iscor 94 IT services 82 K KwaZulu-Natal Innovation Support Centre 150 L laissez faire 101, 138, 140–141, 143, 147, 149, 152, 155, 156–158, 192, 200, 204 M Mangosuthu Technikon (Mangosuthu Tech) 18, 70, 168, 170, 177 massification 148 Materials Engineering 27 Materials Modelling Centre 185 Medical Research Council (MRC) x, 35, 178 Medical University of South Africa (Medunsa) 17, 168, 170, 177, 179, 180 ML Sultan Technikon 138 N National Advisory Council on Innovation (NACI) x, 199 National Auxiliary Centre 89 National Bioinformatics Network 88 National Biotechnology Strategy 87–88 National Council on Innovation 88 National Laser Centre 89 National Plan for Higher Education 174 National Research and Development Strategy 88 National Research Foundation (NRF) x, 12, 20, 32, 10–42, 55, 60, 88–89, 92, 95, 97–98, 109, 125, 129, 133, 135–136, 149, 151, 184, 199, 204 rating 60, 149 National Science and Technology Forum 185 network forms of partnership 79, 87, 90, 96, 101, 110, 121, 150, 184, 197 networks 75, 83, 191 new materials development vii, 6, 16, 27, 34, 38, 51–54, 61, 93, 95, 97, 99–100, 109–110, 122, 149, 168, 192, 198 NGO 170 O Office for Intellectual Property 114, 117 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) x, 3, 35, 165 249 W O R K I N G PA R T N E R S H I P S : F I N A N C I A L O R I N T E L L E C T U A L I M P E R AT I V E S Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za P partnership(s) vii–ix, 7, 9–14, 16, 19–22–27, 29–41, 43–44, 46, 47–50, 52–62, 66–69, 73, 75–86, 87, 89, 90–96, 98–103, 105, 107–108, 110, 113–114, 116–117, 121–128, 132–140, 142–154, 156, 158–165, 167, 171–190, 192–193, 195, 198, 199–208 collaboration forms of 85, 110 collaborative vi, 80, 87, 184, 192, 201 commercialisation 84, 89, 91, 98, 110, 121, 136, 142, 150, 201 community development 86 consultancy forms of 200 contract type 49, 85, 92, 97, 111, 201 education-industry vii, 21 emerging entrepreneurial 102, 105, 123, 164, 177–178, 192–193 entrepreneurial forms of 75, 78–79 incentivised forms of 80, 95, 110, 121, 125, 136 industry 7, 13, 16, 113, 117 industry-higher education 22, 46, 95 inter-organisational 87 laissez faire aspirational 102–103, 105, 134–135, 163–164, 167, 177–178, 192–193 laissez faire traditional 102–103, 105, 153, 163, 164, 167, 179–180, 193 network forms of 79, 87, 90, 96, 101, 110, 121, 150, 184, 197 responses to 102, 104, 105, 106 sponsorship forms of 84–85, 95, 98, 150, 172, 180 THRIP incentivised 81, 85, 95, 96 partnership(s) with industry 24, 28, 31–32, 41, 45, 74, 103, 107, 116–118, 135, 137, 140, 143, 152, 154, 158, 168, 172–174, 178–179, 181–182, 185, 189, 198, 204, 206 250 patent(s) 22–23, 62–64, 69, 79, 84, 109, 114, 117–118, 129, 160, 204–205 Pebble Bed Micro Reactor Company 96 Pebble Bed Modular Reactor 54 Peninsula Technikon (Pentech) 18, 70, 168, 170, 177–178 Port Elizabeth Technikon (Port Elizabeth Tech) 16, 18, 70–71, 99–100, 104106, 124–126, 130–131, 133, 145, 164 Pretoria Technikon (Pretoria Tech) 16, 18, 70–71, 89, 92, 104–105, 120, 124–126, 130–133, 164, 178 R Rand Afrikaans University (Rand Afrikaans) 16–17, 69, 84, 103, 105–106, 148–149, 150–151, 153, 155, 159–162, 164 Renewable Energy Africa 186 Research and Innovation Think Tank 156 Research Assessment Exercise 23 Research Enterprises at University of Pretoria (Pty) Ltd 118 Rhodes University (Rhodes) 16–17, 69– 71, 84, 89, 103, 105, 134, 136–137, 141–142, 144, 146–148, 151, 164–165, 186 Richards Bay Coal Terminal 157 S SAKnowledgebase 12 Sanlam 85 Sasol 35, 52–53, 66, 94, 97, 100, 178 School of Pure and Applied Physics 157 Science and Technology Policy Research programme 23 science parks 23, 104 science, engineering and technology institutions (SETIs) Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za INDEX Small, medium and micro enterprises (SMME) x, 39, 44, 49, 55, 85–86, 99, 130, 157, 198 Smart Materials Laboratory 178 socio-economic development 20, 76, 124 Sociology of Work programme ix Softstart 120 South African Bioinformatics Institute (SANBI) x, 139 South African Nanotechnology Initiative 94 South African Post-Secondary Education (SAPSE) x, 15, 56 South African School of Mines 148 South African Universities Vice Chancellor’s Association (SAUVCA) x, 5, 11 South African-Netherlands Programme for Alternative Development 171 Southern African Research Alliance (SERA) 120, 165 spin-off companies 62, 65–66, 69, 79, 84, 89, 95, 117–118, 136, 139, 156–158 sponsorship 75–76, 84, 85, 95, 98, 136, 150, 172, 180 Staff Participation Trust 157 Statomet 85 Stellenbosch Office for Intellectual Property 109 Stellenbosch University Investment Trust 119 structural biology 88 Sun Space Information Systems (Pty) Ltd 119 sustainable development 2, 111, 181, 186 sustainable rural development 20, 181–182, 186–187, 197 T Technikon Act of 1993 15 Technikon Free State (Free State Tech) 16, 18, 70, 92, 104–105, 124, 126–127, 129–130, 133, 164 Technikon Natal 138 Technikon North West (North West Tech) 18, 70, 133, 168, 170, 177–178 Technikon Northern Gauteng (Tech NGauteng) 18, 133, 168, 170, 177–178 Technikon Research Development Programme 20 Technikon South Africa 18, 168, 170–171, 177–178 Technikon Witwatersrand (Witwatersrand Tech) 16, 18, 55, 69, 70, 100, 103, 105–106, 134, 137, 143, 146–147, 164 Technology Achievement Index 1–2 Technology and Human Resources for Industry Programme (THRIP) vii, x, 3, 9, 11–12, 38–39, 45–46, 48–49, 52, 58, 62, 81, 84–85, 88–90, 92, 95–97, 109, 115, 127, 133, 136, 149–150, 158, 171, 198 incentivisation 45 programme 38, 88, 89 -incentivised partnerships 81, 85, 95, 96, 150 technology innovation centres 104 Technology Stations programme 97 Technopark Stellenbosch 119 Telkom Centres of Excellence 35, 51–52, 68, 84, 136, 171 Telkom 35, 51–52, 70, 84 Tertiary Education Linkages Project (TELP) 171, 178 Tertiary Education Support Programme (TESP) x, 51 251 W O R K I N G PA R T N E R S H I P S : F I N A N C I A L O R I N T E L L E C T U A L I M P E R AT I V E S Tshumisano Technology Stations Programme (TTSP) 39, 55, 85, 130, 177, 199 Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za U UCT Innovation 117, 119 Unistel Group Holdings (Pty) Ltd 110, 117, 119 United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) x, 39, 70 United Nations (UN) United Negro College fund 171 United States Patent Office (USPTO) x, 62, 109 Univen Zenex-Vuwani science Resource Centre 185 University of Cape Town (UCT) 16–17, 69–71, 84, 89, 94, 100, 103, 105, 107–110, 112, 114–116, 119–122, 151–152, 154, 158, 164 University of Durban-Westville (DurbanWestville) 8, 17, 84, 150, 154, 168, 170, 172, 177 University of Fort Hare (Fort Hare) 17, 146, 168, 177, 182–186 University of Natal (Natal) 16–17, 70–71, 84, 89, 103, 105, 148, 151, 153–154, 156–159, 162–164, 170, 185 University of North West (North West) 17, 132, 168, 170, 177, 185 University of Port Elizabeth (Port Elizabeth) 16–17, 70, 84, 103, 105–106, 133–135, 137, 140, 144–145, 147, 164 University of Potchefstroom (Potchefstroom) 16–17, 69– 71, 84–85, 104–105, 109, 124–126, 128, 132, 164–165, 170, 185 University of Pretoria (Pretoria) 16–17, 69–70, 85, 94, 103, 105, 107, 108, 111–112, 115–123, 158, 164, 170 252 University of South Africa (Unisa) 17, 168, 170, 177–179 University of Stellenbosch (Stellenbosch) ix, 11, 16–17, 46, 71, 84, 89, 95, 100, 103, 105, 107–110, 112–113, 119–123, 158, 164, 186 University of the Free State (Free State) 16–17, 69–70, 104–105, 124–127, 132, 164 University of the North (North) 17, 132, 168, 170–171, 177, 183, 185, 186 University of the Western Cape (Western Cape) 16–17, 69, 84, 89, 100, 105, 134–140, 144, 147, 164–165 University of the Western Cape 8, 100, 103 University of the Witwatersrand (Witwatersrand) ix, 16–17, 69, 71, 84, 89, 94, 100, 103, 105, 110, 148–149, 151–154, 157–158, 162–164 University of Transkei (Unitra) 18, 146, 168, 170, 177, 182–183 University of Venda (Venda) 18, 168, 172, 177, 182, 185, 187 USAID 171, 178 V Vaal Triangle Technikon (Vaal Tech) 16, 18, 70, 103, 164 Van Wyk De Vries Commission 14 Vista University (Vista) 18, 132, 144, 168, 170, 177, 179 Voxel 150, 157 Vulamanz Membrane Technologies 119 W Water Research Council 186 White Paper on Higher Education 190 White Paper on Science and Technology 66, 192 Winetech 34, 90 Wits Enterprise 157–158 INDEX Wits Health Consortium 158 Working Partnerships in Higher Education, Industry and Innovation vii Working Partnerships 81 Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za Z zoology 54 Zululand University (Zululand) 17, 168, 172, 177, 185–186 253 Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za ... www.hsrcpress.ac.za Innovation, partnerships and higher education 189 A national system of innovation? 190 Understanding partnerships within institutions 199 Facilitating or constraining partnerships in different... be disseminated in a separate title in the series, Working Partnerships in Higher Education, Industry and Innovation Component One was largely conceptual It provided an entry point into the conceptual... 99 Facilitating and constraining industry partnerships in diverse institutional contexts 101 Mapping institutional responses to partnership in high technology fields 101 Harnessing innovation