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Charles W. Wessner
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Building the U.S. Battery Industry for Electric Drive Vehicles: Summary of a Symposium
Charles W. Wessner, Rapporteur
Subcommittee on Electric Drive Battery Research and Development Activities
Committee on Competing in the 21
st
Century:
Best Practice in State and Regional Innovation Initiatives
Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy
Policy and Global Affairs
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Building the U.S. Battery Industry for Electric Drive Vehicles: Summary of a Symposium
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street NW Washington DC 20001
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of
the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National
Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The
members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences
and with regard for appropriate balance.
This study was supported by: Contract/Grant No. DE-DT0000584, TO# 29, between the
National Academy of Sciences and the Department of Energy. This report was prepared by
the National Academy of Sciences under award number SB134106Z0011, TO# 4 (68059)
from the U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology
(NIST). This report was prepared by the National Academy of Sciences under award
number 99-06-07543-02 from the Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department
of Commerce. The statements, findings, conclusions, and recommendations are those of the
author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Institute of Standards and
Technology, the Economic Development Administration, or the U.S. Department of
Commerce. Additional support was provided by the Michigan Economic Development
Corporation and Michigan’s University Research Corridor. Any opinions, findings,
conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and
do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support
for the project.
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International Standard Book Number 10: 0-309-25452-3 (Book)
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Copyright 2012 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
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Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Building the U.S. Battery Industry for Electric Drive Vehicles: Summary of a Symposium
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of
distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the
furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the
authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate
that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr.
Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the
National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is
autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the
National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government.
The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at
meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior
achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of
Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences
to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination
of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the
responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to
be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of
medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the
Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in
1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s
purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in
accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become
the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the
National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public,
and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by
both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M.
Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.
www.national-academies.org
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Building the U.S. Battery Industry for Electric Drive Vehicles: Summary of a Symposium
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Building the U.S. Battery Industry for Electric Drive Vehicles: Summary of a Symposium
v
Subcommittee on
Electric Drive Battery Research and Development Activities
Mary L. Good (NAE), Chair
Dean Emeritus, Donaghey College
of Engineering and Information
Technology
Special Advisor to the Chancellor
for Economic Development
University of Arkansas
at Little Rock
Raymond G. Boeman
Director, Energy Partnerships
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Michael G. Borrus
Founding General Partner
X/Seed Capital Management
Ralph Brodd
President
Broddarp of Nevada
Robert Kruse
Principal
EV Consulting
W. Clark McFadden II
Senior Counsel
Orrick, Herrington & Sutcliffe LLP
Daniel Sperling
Director, Institute
of Transportation Studies
University of California, Davis
Committee on Competing in the 21
st
Century:
Best Practice in State and Regional Innovation Initiatives
Mary L. Good (NAE), Chair
Dean Emeritus, Donaghey College
of Engineering and Information
Technology
Special Advisor to the Chancellor
for Economic Development
University of Arkansas
at Little Rock
Michael G. Borrus
Founding General Partner
X/Seed Capital Management
William C. Harris
President and CEO
Science Foundation Arizona
W. Clark McFadden II
Senior Counsel
Orrick, Herrington & Sutcliffe LLP
David T. Morgenthaler
Founding Partner
Morgenthaler Ventures
Edward E. Penhoet (IOM)
Director
Alta Partners
Tyrone C. Taylor
President
Capitol Advisors
on Technology, LLC
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Building the U.S. Battery Industry for Electric Drive Vehicles: Summary of a Symposium
vi
PROJECT STAFF
Charles W. Wessner
Study Director
McAlister T. Clabaugh
Program Officer
David S. Dawson
Senior Program Assistant
Sujai J. Shivakumar
Senior Program Officer
David E. Dierksheide
Program Officer
Peter Engardio
Consultant
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Building the U.S. Battery Industry for Electric Drive Vehicles: Summary of a Symposium
vii
For the National Research Council (NRC), this project was overseen by
the Board on Science, Technology and Economic Policy (STEP), a standing
board of the NRC established by the National Academies of Sciences and
Engineering and the Institute of Medicine in 1991. The mandate of the Board
on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy is to advise federal, state, and
local governments and inform the public about economic and related public
policies to promote the creation, diffusion, and application of new scientific and
technical knowledge to enhance the productivity and competitiveness of the U.S.
economy and foster economic prosperity for all Americans. The STEP Board
and its committees marshal research and the expertise of scholars, industrial
managers, investors, and former public officials in a wide range of policy areas
that affect the speed and direction of scientific and technological change and
their contributions to the growth of the U.S. and global economies. Results are
communicated through reports, conferences, workshops, briefings, and
electronic media subject to the procedures of the National Academies to ensure
their authoritativeness, independence, and objectivity. The members of the
STEP Board* and the NRC staff are listed below:
Paul L. Joskow, Chair
President
Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
Ernst R. Berndt
Louis E. Seley Professor
in Applied Economics
Massachusetts Institute
of Technology
John Donovan
Chief Technology Officer
AT&T Inc.
Alan M. Garber (IOM)
Provost
Harvard University
Ralph E. Gomory (NAS/NAE)
Research Professor
Stern School of Business
New York University
*As of September 2012.
Mary L. Good (NAE)
Dean Emeritus, Donaghey College
of Engineering and Information
Technology
Special Advisor to the Chancellor
for Economic Development
University of Arkansas
at Little Rock
William H. Janeway
Partner
Warburg Pincus, LLC
Richard K. Lester
Japan Steel Industry Professor
Head, Nuclear Science
and Engineering
Founding Director, Industrial
Performance Center
Massachusetts Institute
of Technology
continued
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Building the U.S. Battery Industry for Electric Drive Vehicles: Summary of a Symposium
viii
William F. Meehan III
Lecturer in Strategic Management
Raccoon Partners Lecturer
in Management
Graduate School of Business
Stanford University
and
Director Emeritus
McKinsey and Co., Inc.
David T. Morgenthaler
Founding Partner
Morgenthaler Ventures
Luis M. Proenza
President
The University of Akron
William J. Raduchel
Chairman
Opera Software ASA
Kathryn L. Shaw
Ernest C. Arbuckle Professor
of Economics
Graduate School of Business
Stanford University
Laura D’Andrea Tyson
S.K. and Angela Chan Professor
of Global Management
Haas School of Business
University of California, Berkeley
Harold R. Varian
Chief Economist
Google, Inc.
Alan Wm. Wolff
Senior Counsel
McKenna Long & Aldridge LLP
STEP Staff
Stephen A. Merrill
Executive Director
Paul T. Beaton
Program Officer
McAlister T. Clabaugh
Program Officer
Aqila A. Coulthurst
Program Coordinator
Charles W. Wessner
Program Director
David S. Dawson
Senior Program Assistant
David E. Dierksheide
Program Officer
Sujai J. Shivakumar
Senior Program Officer
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Building the U.S. Battery Industry for Electric Drive Vehicles: Summary of a Symposium
ix
Contents
PREFACE xiii
I. OVERVIEW 1
II. PROCEEDINGS 45
DAY ONE
Welcome 47
Greg Main, Michigan Economic Development Corporation
Opening Remarks I 48
Carl Levin, United States Senate
Opening Remarks II
Introduction by Charles W. Wessner, The National Academies 51
Sridhar Kota, White House Office of Science and Technology Policy 52
Opening Remarks III 56
Jennifer Granholm, State of Michigan
Overview of NAS Study: Building the Battery Industry
for Electric Vehicles 59
Mary Good, University of Arkansas at Little Rock
Keynote Address
Introduction by John R. Chalifoux, Original Equipment Suppliers 62
Association
Debbie Stabenow, United States Senate 63
Panel I: The Federal Outlook for the U.S. Battery Industry 70
Moderator: Charles W. Wessner, The National Academies
The Department of Energy Perspective 70
Patrick B. Davis, U.S. Department of Energy
Vehicle Technologies Program
[...]... and electric vehicles. ” 24 See the summary of the presentation by Patrick Davis of the Department of Energy in the next chapter 25 See the summary of the presentation by David Howell of the Department of Energy in the next chapter 26 See the summary of the presentation by Patrick Davis of the Department of Energy in the next chapter 27 27 See the summary of the presentation by Sen Stabenow The Advanced... “Institutes” to foster innovation around the country 22 The Vehicle Technologies Program is administered by the Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office of the Department of Energy It funds projects aimed at developing “leap frog” technologies that will lead to more energy-efficient and environmentally friendly transportation See presentation by David Howell of the Department of Energy’s Vehicle Technologies... of Sciences All rights reserved Building the U.S Battery Industry for Electric Drive Vehicles: Summary of a Symposium I OVERVIEW Copyright © National Academy of Sciences All rights reserved Building the U.S Battery Industry for Electric Drive Vehicles: Summary of a Symposium Copyright © National Academy of Sciences All rights reserved Building the U.S Battery Industry for Electric Drive Vehicles: ... summary of the presentation by Michael Reed in the next chapter 29 See the summary of the presentation by Sen Stabenow Copyright © National Academy of Sciences All rights reserved Building the U.S Battery Industry for Electric Drive Vehicles: Summary of a Symposium 10 U.S BATTERY INDUSTRY FOR ELECTRIC DRIVE VEHICLES • Standards Tougher federal and state environmental standards are being proposed to... motive for reducing fuel use Through the Tank-Automotive Command Research, Development, and Engineering Center (TARDEC), which is based in the Detroit area, and the Army Research Laboratory, the Army collaborates with the Department of Energy and industry on research and development in batteries, new materials, and electrical systems.34 Getting in the Game Despite entering the industry late, a number of. .. advances in battery research and technology, the United States does not at present lead in the manufacture of this strategic technology Box B Advanced Batteries and the Future of the U.S Auto Industry: Trading Oil Dependency for Battery Dependency? Eric Shreffler of the Michigan Economic Development Corporation asserted at the symposium that battery cells and packs are the the new power train” of future... premium for a battery- powered car The resulting slow pace of adoption of Electric Drive Vehicles is making it difficult for U.S Battery Companies to survive and a domestic supply chain to develop.20 The emergence of the US battery industry therefore is likely to depend on markets other than electric vehicles such as Consumer Electronics and Grid Storage Established companies with good balance sheets... Vehicles: Summary of a Symposium OVERVIEW 5 In her introductory remarks at the symposium, Dr Mary Good, of the National Academies STEP Board noted that the conference would inform the Department of Energy and other federal agencies, Congress, and states on the government -industry collaboration required to support the expansion of the market for electric- drive vehicles and “hasten the widespread use of. .. authorizes the Department of Energy to issue loan guarantees to acceleration commercialization of technologies that "avoid, reduce, or sequester air pollutants or anthropogenic emission of greenhouse gases." Section 1705 of the EP Act is a temporary program set up under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act authorizing the Department of Energy to make loan guarantees to renewable energy systems, electric. .. federal support in a complex and rapidly evolving industry will necessarily succeed A number of the firms discussed here have been absorbed by competitors, others have gone out of business, and others continue to progress.2 2 The Overview chapter of this report takes note of these recent developments Copyright © National Academy of Sciences All rights reserved Building the U.S Battery Industry for Electric .
This report captures the presentations and discussions of the STEP
symposium on Building the U. S. Battery Industry for Electric Drive Vehicles:
Progress,. this
symposium. Needless to say, the battery industry has evolved very substantially
since the conference was held, and indeed some of the caveats raised
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