SUBJECTS TOLERANCES AND MEASURING TECHNIQUE ESSAY TOPIC RESEARCH TO MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTS

HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION FACULTY OF VEHICLE AND ENERGY ENGINEERING  SUBJECTS: TOLERANCES AND MEASURING TECHNIQUE ESSAY TOPIC: RESEARCH TO MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTS INSTRUCTOR : Đặng Minh Phụng STUDENTS WORKING : Phan Thành Đạt Lê Hoàng Nhân Nguyễn Thuận Phát Lương Hữu Phước Nguyễn Quốc Bảo Ho Chi Minh city, November 2021 20145387 20145227 20145355 20145231 20145266 HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION FACULTY OF VEHICLE AND ENERGY ENGINEERING  SUBJECTS: TOLERANCES AND MEASURING TECHNIQUE ESSAY TOPIC: RESEARCH TO MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTS INSTRUCTOR: Đặng Minh Phụng STUDENTS WORKING: Phan Thành Đạt Lê Hoàng Nhân Nguyễn Thuận Phát Lương Hữu Phước Nguyễn Quốc Bảo Ho Chi Minh city, November 2021 20145387 20145227 20145355 20145231 20145266 TEACHER'S COMMENTS Point: …………………………… SIGN TABLE OF CONTENTS IMAGE CATEGORY .4 TABLE CATEGORY HEADING Target Measurement methods .6 CONTENT SECTION CHAPTER 1: 3D SCANNER .7 What is a 3D scanner? .7 3D scanning technology The structure and principle of operation of 3D scanners Types of 3D scanning technology Advantages and disadvantages of 3D scanners 10 Application of 3D Scanner 11 Types of scanners on the market 15 CHAPTER 2: GUAGE BLOCK 17 Concept 17 How to measure and the process of measuring 19 How to select and merge template 20 Classify 22 Advantages 25 Practical application 25 CHAPTER 3: HIGH MEASURE .28 Concept 28 Principles and structures .28 Use of measuring instrument parts .30 How to measure and the measurement process 30 Classify 31 Practical application 32 Preserve 33 CHAPTER 4: GEOMETRIAL DEMENSIONING AND TOLENANCING (GC&D) .34 Concept 34 How it works 34 Tolerance guide 35 Measured tolerance symbols 37 Usage 40 Advantages and disadvantages 40 Practical application 41 REFERENCES 42 IMAGE CATEGORY Figure 1: Scanner structure Figure 2: Stereotypical model of the sole of the slipper 10 Figure 3: The component of the scanner 11 Figure 4: Helmet model 11 Figure 5: Some photos of the reverse design application of the 3D 12 Figure 6: Application of scanners in product testing 12 Figure 7: The application of scanners in digitizing data .13 Figure 8: Portable 3D scanner with infrared head combination: METRASCAN 3D 14 Figure 9: HANDYSCAN 3D Handheld 3D Scanner 14 Figure 10: EniScan – Pro 17 multipurpose 3D model scanner 15 Figure 11: Principles and structure of unit 16 Figure 12: Gauge block 16 Figure 13: Gauge block structure 17 Figure 14 Components of the gauge block box 17 Figure 15: Gauge block 18 Figure 16: Cleaning the sample blocks 19 Figure 17 Sample alignment 20 Figure 18: Level K gauge block 21 Figure 19: Level gauge block 22 Figure 20: Level gauge block 23 Figure 21 Mo Level gauge block 23 Figure 22: Check the detailed size directly as free width 24 Figure 23: Machine adjustment measuring gauge block 25 Figure 24: Panme test gauge block set .25 Figure 25: Parallel gauge block measuring block for calipers 26 Figure 26: High measuring instruments .27 Figure 27: High gauge structure 28 Figure 28: A measure of travel 30 Figure 29: High gauge of digital clock face 31 Figure 30: Electronic (digital) High Gauge 31 Figure 31: The drawing was designed based on the GD&T system 40 TABLE CATEGORY Table 1: Size Check Sheet .20 Table 2: Details of high gauge 29 Table 3: Misaligned and PositionAl Deviations .36 Target HEADING Properly explain the symbols, conventions of tolerance (deviation) on detailed drawings, drawings fitted with grafts The seventh is correct, the working principle, how to use the reward measuring instrument using Measuring the above dimensions in detail with the appropriate measuring instrument Ensuring safety and industrial hygiene during the measurement process Understand the structure, functionality of scanners, patterns, tall gauges and how to use them in the process of measuring sizes Measurement methods - Direct measurement method: Read the measurement results as soon as you measure them - Indirect measurement method: Through conversion calculations - Comparison measurement method: Compare the object with the known sample CONTENT SECTION CHAPTER 1: 3D SCANNER What is a 3D scanner? A 3D scanner is a device that analyzes a real-world or environmental object to collect data about its shape and its surface characteristics (e.g color) The data collected can then be used to build a digital three-dimensional model 3D scanning technology 3D scanning technology, also known as 3D scanning, or 3D laser The scanned object will shine a ray or light that covers the whole thing Thereby providing data on the measurement network to reconstruct the spatial geometry of the measuring object The data collected by 3D scanning technology is useful for a variety of applications, many different professions including reality and virtual The structure and principle of operation of 3D scanners 3.1 Structure: Basically, the scanner consists of three main parts: + Photoreceptor lens + The paper propulsion mechanism allows you to perform a scan in a specified area on the page + Electronic logic circuits are used to transform reflected light into electronic images The second important component of the scanner is the structure of the distribution of documents into the optical sensor unit Optical sensor elements running on paper are a mechanical process that can cause electronic distortion 3.2 Figure 1: Scanner structure Principle of Operation All scanners work with the same principle of light reflection or transmission The image is placed face down inside the scanner it includes the light source that hits the image and the sensors to pick up the reflected light from the light source to the image CHAPTER 3: HIGH MEASURE Concept The al altitude measuring instrument, also known as the high gauge, is used to measure the distance, the position of the machining detail by measurements made from the reference point (usually the granite surface) to the specimen Figure 26: High measuring instruments Principles and structures 2.1 Principle The mechanism of action of the high gauge is quite similar to the pair ruler, but only measured in a vertical direction from the top down The height gauge is usually placed on a map table to perform the measurement process, which enhances the accuracy of the high gauge 2.2 Composition The height gauge is made up with the main parts including the base, spindle, slider, pointy measuring head, the mechanism showing the measurement results As the slider moves along the spindle, the measuring head moves along, based on this up-and-down movement of the measuring head, along with the scale system (mechanical or electronic) that the high gauge will give a measured result with a certain accuracy depending on the type of ruler In addition, on the high gauge there may also be additional manualally controlled rotary wheels to move the slider more easily, or screw clamps to fix the measuring 29 head of the ruler and usually the pointer will be designed to be pointed for easy use, marking the position on the object For high-leash-type measures, the structure showing the measurement results will include the main ruler and the secondary ruler, which includes lines divided by inches or mm For the remaining types of high gauges, there may or may not be a main ruler or secondary ruler, instead the resulting display will be an electronic display face, a needle-pointing clock face, or a mechanical number jumper face Figure 27: High gauge structure Table 2: Details of high gauge THE COMPOSITION OF THE HIGH GAUGE Number English Fine adjuster for main scale Column Main scale Slider Vernier scale Scriber clamp Clamp box, scriber Bracket, scriber Vietnamese Tinh chỉnh cho thang đo Cột Thang đo Con trượt Thang đo đu xích Vít khoá mũi vạch Khối kẹp, mũi vạch Khối treo, mũi vạch 30 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Measuring face, scriber Scriber Reference surface, column Reference surface, base Base Fine feed nut, slider Clamp Slider clamp Mặt chuẩn, mũi vạch Mũi vạch Mặt Chuẩn, cột Mặt chuẩn, chân đế Chân đế Ốc tinh chỉnh, Vít kẹp chặt thước Vít khố trượt Use of measuring instrument parts High-precision gauges are used to measure the verticality of an object or fight vertical distances from the bases of a measuring object The vertical measuring positions of the object and pointer on the ruler are changed by moving the measuring screw, or the wheel changes the measurement value The measurement read on the ruler body or gauge is that there is a screw clip that holds the cursor for measurement Pointers are often designed to be pointed to easily make measurements or are used to mark the position on the measuring object High gauge watches are often used in manufacturing, processing and mechanical fabrication How to measure and the measurement process Before conducting high-measure calibration, it is necessary to ensure accurate compliance with the following conditions: – The calibrator location must be bright enough, not shaken – Temperature, humidity where calibratation ensures the following conditions: + Temperature: (23 ± 2) ºC + Humidity: (50± 20) %RH In order to be able to use the al altitude measure effectively and accurately, we must follow these steps.: Step 1: First, it is necessary to clean the surface for ruler and detailed surface Step 2: After cleaning the surfaces, you place the processing details surface on the surface plate and clamp tightly with the pout if necessary Step 3: Insert the insert bar into the measuring hole with a length of about 13mm divided out in detail, then insert the indicator lake on the mobile mount of the height gauge 31 Step 4: Adjust the cell mount until the watch can touch the surface plate, then lock the upper slider of the ruler and use the adjustment nut to move the watch, remember to adjust the watch to zero and write the result on the ruler again Step 5: It is necessary to adjust the measure of the traveling height to zero and continue to record the results Sum up the results, then subtract the initial result and then add up to half the diameter of the block wall (this result is the distance from the surface plate to the center of the hole) So we got the desired result Classify High gauges come in many different types, the simplest design is a simple mechanical gauge to an electronic (digital) high gauge using a multi-feature motor The investment cost is quite low but the accuracy of the high measure is guaranteed to measure quickly at the workshop and even very accurate to implement QC /QA with high-end measures The standard high gauge is divided into two main categories: mechanical high gauge and electronic (digital) high gauge In which the mechanical high gauge has types including high-chain gauge, high-face gauge of needle number and high measure of mechanical number counter 5.1 Mechanical High Gauge a) High-scale leash A high-chain measure is an accurate measuring tool used to measure height or mark the vertical distance of the subject to be measured When measuring an object moves the cursor vertically and is calibrated with a screwdriver to fix the position Figure 28: A measure of travel Pointers usually have a pointy shape to match the measuring position of the resulting workpiece read on the main ruler body shown the meter system line b) High-profile meter face measurement 32 It is a high gauge designed to read results easily and without error thanks to the up and down number counter just like the dial A can be set in any optional location Equipped with a large adjustable wheel for easy height adjustment Screw clamps can be operated easily and safely The base has a fit design in hand and moves easily on the standard countertop Suitable for granite countertops Figure 29: High gauge of digital clock face 5.2 Electronic High Gauge (digital) Currently, the height measure has many different types including: electronic high gauge, high meter measurement or mechanical high measurement In particular, the electronic line is still the most popular and used because the product is equipped with a sharp LCD screen, making it easier for you to observe and read the results, thanks to the measurements clearly displayed on the electronic screen, so it ensures higher accuracy when completely eliminating errors when reading results with the naked eye Practical application The height gauge assumes the function of measuring the height of many materials and machines in mechanical Figure 30: Electronic High Gauge (digital) engineering, manufacturing and processing industries The simple, compact design makes the product popular and widely applied 33 In the industry, especially in mechanical engineering, high gauge is a fairly commonly used device This is a simple, easy-to-use, highly accurate measuring device, suitable for many manufacturing sectors with cheap prices High gauges are important in ensuring the output quality for products in mechanical processing As a commonly used device for measurement in machine detail processing and mold processing industries, it is an indispensable tool for machine parts, molds, jigs and sealing Preserve When moving the high gauge is not held, it is necessary to carefully avoid too strong an impact on the ruler, as well as avoid bumps, falling ruler Minimize the distance from the body of the high gauge to the measuring nose and the measuring head must be aligned Use a specialized fabric to clean the ruler, avoid scratching or leaving fibers clinging to the ruler Do not use water to wash the ruler, nor to measure in a place where there is sunlight When storing a high gauge for a long time, it is necessary to use an antirust-resistant oil-impregnated towel to wipe every part of the ruler Store the ruler in a dry, clean, ventilated place Do not place a high gauge under the floor, the base measuring head is 2-20mm from the base and does not lock the moving part 34 CHAPTER 4: GEOMETRIAL DEMENSIONING AND TOLENANCING (GC&D) Concept GEOMETRIAL DEMENSIONING AND TOLENANCING ( GD&T) or it's also called a geometric size measuring instrument and tolerance GD&T is a form of measurement As a symbolic language on the technical drawings clearly describes the nominal geometry and its permissible transformation Geometric tolerances encourage a size measurement philosophy known as functional size measurement It identifies a part based on how it works in the final product, to ensure the assembly of appropriate parts, to improve quality and reduce costs GD&T provides the production units and QC staff with clear information about the error in the product complex And standardize the measurement to properly detect enough of that difference Production guidelines are bound by the GD&T system, which will achieve rationality in communication from design to production Both traditional and digital production (3d printing) To date, this GD&T standard has been defined by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers According to the symbol ASME Y14.5-2018 for the United States and ISO 1101-2017 for other countries around the world It relates primarily to the overall geometry of the product, while other standards describe specific features such as surface roughness, texture and screw lace How it works Technical drawings need to show the size for all the features of a product detail Besides size, tolerance values need to be specified with an acceptable minimum and maximum limit Tolerance is the difference between minimum and maximum limits For example, if we have a table where we will accept a height of 750 mm to 780 mm, then we understand the tolerance as 30 mm However, if we only use height tolerance, it is understood that we will accept this table is 750 mm high and add the other table 780 mm high Then between the two tables there will be a height difference of 30 mm 35 So, to have a suitable product shipment, we need a symbol that conveys the design intention of a flat top surface Therefore, we must add a flat tolerance when pairing tables in succession, in addition to the overall height tolerance of the table With unpredictable deviations and complex shapes of detail GD&T is required in addition to simple plus-minus tolerances Similarly, a cylinder that reaches a diameter tolerance may still not fit its hole if the cylinder is slightly bent during production Therefore, it also needs a straight GD&T Or a tube must fit seamlessly with a complex surface that it welds into to require surface configuration control Tolerance guide A technical drawing must accurately convey information about the product that needs to be processing in the most understandable way And avoid further complexity or unnecessary restrictions The following instructions are very useful for reference The clarity of a drawing is the most important, even more so than the accuracy To improve clarity, draw size and tolerance outside the boundaries of detail and apply reasonable lines Using a uniform reading direction, communicate functional dimensions in groups Always design to be the easiest to achieve tolerance, to reduce costs Use the common tolerance defined at the bottom of the drawing for all sizes of the product Specific tolerances that are tighter or looser are indicated in the drawing, the rest is the application of general tolerances Prioritize the mounting tolerances and their connections first, then move on to the rest of the product Whenever possible, use GD&T and the manufacturing experts will understand Do not describe the production processes in the technical drawing Do not specify a 90-degree angle because it is not solid Default size and tolerance valid in environments 20°C, 101.3 kPa (or unless otherwise stated) 36 Datum Standard When measuring and defining a detail, geometry exists in a conceptual space called the Datum Reference Frame (DRF) It is comparable to the original coordinate system in the space of 3D models Datum is a point, line or plane that exists in DRF and is used as a starting point for measurement Make sure to identify Datum so that it relates to the functionality of your details Data is the theoretically accurate plane, axis, or point position to which GD&T or size tolerance is referenced You can treat them as an anchor for the entire section; where other features are referenced from Data characteristics are often an important functional feature that also needs to be controlled during measurement When you want to combine features from one detail to another in a cluster, you should use just one Datum Plus, always make sure that the main Datum is in a reliable position to take other measurements 37 Measured tolerance symbols GD&T is based on features, with each feature being achieved by a different way of controlling And they are divided into five control groups Table 3: Misaligned and PositionAl Deviations (Vietnamese table) Both ANSI and ISO standards use these common symbols to control tolerance Detail: 5.1 Shape control to specify functions related to shape  The straightness is divided into edge straightness and shaft straightness  Flatness means straightness in multiple dimensions, measured between the highest and lowest points on a surface  Roundness or tension can be described as straightness bending into a circle  The pillar is basically the flatness that is bent into a pillar It includes straightness, roundness and tapering, making testing expensive 38  A line profile (misaligned the shape of the given profin) is the profile of a line that describes a tolerance zone around any line in any geographic object, usually curved in shape  A facial profile (deviation of the shape of the given surface) is the profile of a surface that describes a 3-dimensional tolerance zone around a surface, usually an enhanced curve or shape 5.2 Directional control involves different angular sizes  The slope/angle (research angle) is the angle between two planes defined through two reference planes  Perpendicularity means flatness at 90 degrees compared to datum It specifies two perfect planes where the feature plane must be in the middle  Parallel means two degrees of straightness at a specified distance Parallelity for axes can be determined by determining the cylindrical tolerance zone by placing the diameter symbol in front of the tolerance value 5.3 Location control indicates how to locate by linear size  Position tolerance is position control compared to the most used standard datum Location is one of the most useful and complex of all symbols in GD&T The two methods used The location discussed on this page will be RFS or Regardless of Feature Size and in physical conditions (Maximum Material Conditions or Lowest Material Conditions)  Location is always used with a feature of size  Concentric tolerance compares the position of the object axis center with the axis datum Symmetrical tolerance ensures that the parts are not cylindrical on a standard plane This is a complex control usually measured by CMM 39 5.4 Inversion control determines the number of which a particular function can change  An island is the degree of change of a given reference object or features for another data block when that part is rotated 360° around the metric axis  The total inversion is measured on multiple points of a surface This controls the straightness, profile, slope/angle The total reversal is the degree of change of the entire feature or surface to a data level when that part is rotated 360° around the data axis 5.5 The fifth control group that is the Profile control indicates a threedimensional tolerance zone around a surface  The road profile compares the two-way cross section with the ideal shape Tolerance zones are determined by two offset curves  The surface profile is created through two middle offset surfaces This is a complex control usually measured by CMM Composition: The leftmost cell contains geometric tolerances In the example above, it is a location tolerance The first symbol in the second cell is the size symbol In this example, it is the diameter size The number indicates the permissible tolerance Besides the tolerance box, there are separate cells specifying each of the original datums on which the size depends Here, the position will be measured from standard B and C Besides tolerance or datum is a letter located in the circle, which is the feature of modification There are also some possibilities:  M means tolerance applied under maximum material conditions (positive tolerance)  L means tolerance applied under minimum material conditions (negative tolerance) 40  U means applying yin and yang tolerance, i.e for a tolerance of mm, it can be minus 0.20 and positive 0.80  P means that tolerance is measured in a specified distance from the standard datum  If there are no symbols, it is generally understood that there is no note of tolerance Usage -Fix the part in a turntable (or a block, etc.) and fix it so that it rotates along the center axis - Select a cross section and place a height gauge probe at this cross section When selecting a height measure, the tester must ensure that the range of the height measure (or dial gauge) is greater than the tolerance limit for detail - Make sure the height gauge is touching the part and calibrate it to - Rotate the part and record the readings for a complete rotation - Graph the recorded values on the polar graph or include them in the computer program to create a graph that easily communicates the form of the part Check if the part tolerance is within the limit by ensuring that the total variation on the meter is less than the specified tolerance limit - Repeat the same process at other cross sections to get a complete drawing board of the department's circulation Advantages and disadvantages - Advantages: + Using the GD&T system allows developers and QC departments to optimize product functionality without increasing production costs Help engineers, designers, manufacturers Know which surfaces need to be carefully crafted + The most important benefit of GD&T is that the system describes design intentions instead of product processing results It's like a point vector, like a formula + Describing the geometry of the product according to the working function and production method will be simpler than having to describe everything in linear size 41 + When done well, GD&T even allows statistical process control (SPC) Reduce the rate of scraps, assembly errors and not too difficult to control quality It saves the organization significant resources => As a result, many departments can work in tandem with each other because they share the same vision and common language for what they want to achieve - Disadvantages: + Because there are many symbols and forms, it is difficult to use + The size determines the nominal geometry and the allowed variation, which is not allowed to measure and divide the proportion of drawings except in certain circumstances + Do not describe production methods The shape must be described without clearly defining the method of production Practical application Used in the preparation and interpretation of design for any component or item produced: information needed for CAD designers, engineers and professionals Figure 31: The drawing was designed based on the GD&T system 42 REFERENCES https://3dmaster.com.vn/top-5-may-scan-3d-tot-nhat/ https://websosanh.vn/tin-tuc/tim-hieu-cau-tao-va-nguyen-ly-hoat-dong-c3420140423095020906.htm http://www.scan3d.com.vn/2011/11/thiet-bi-quet-3-chieu.html https://dovenhanh.com/nguyen-ly-cong-nghe-scan-3d/#Cong_nghe_scan_3D https://khotieudung.com/tim-hieu-thuoc-do-cao-la-gi-huong-dan-su-dung-va-baoquan/#6_Xem_them_Video_ve_thuoc_do_cao http://thietbidoluongkaizen.com/khai-quat-ve-thuoc-do-cao-1-2-109878.html https://tinhha.com.vn/dong-thuoc-do-cao-mat-do-ho-so-mitutoyo-series-192/ https://tecostore.vn/thuoc-do-cao-thiet-bi-do-luong-khong-the-thieu-trong-sanxuat.html 43 ... UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION FACULTY OF VEHICLE AND ENERGY ENGINEERING  SUBJECTS: TOLERANCES AND MEASURING TECHNIQUE ESSAY TOPIC: RESEARCH TO MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTS INSTRUCTOR: Đặng Minh... groups Always design to be the easiest to achieve tolerance, to reduce costs Use the common tolerance defined at the bottom of the drawing for all sizes of the product Specific tolerances that are... general tolerances Prioritize the mounting tolerances and their connections first, then move on to the rest of the product Whenever possible, use GD&T and the manufacturing experts will understand