Natural Law, whether grounded in human reason or divine edict, is an unwritten form of law which encourages people to follow virtue and shun vice The concept dominated Renaissance thought, where its literary equivalent, poetic justice, underpinned much of the period's creative writing R S White's study examines a wide range of Renaissance texts, by More, Spenser, Sidney, Shakespeare and Milton, in the light of these developing ideas of Natural Law It shows how writers as radically different as Aquinas and Hobbes formulated versions of Natural Law which served to maintain socially established hierarchies For Aquinas, Natural Law always resided in the individual's conscience, whereas Hobbes thought individuals had limited access to virtue and therefore needed to be coerced by the state into doing good White shows how the very flexibility and antiquity of Natural Law enabled its appropriation and application by thinkers of all political persuasions in a debate that raged throughout the Renaissance and which continues in our own time Natural Law in English Renaissance literature Natural Law in English Renaissance literature R S White Professor of English at the University of Western Australia CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521481427 © Cambridge University Press 1996 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published 1996 This digitally printed first paperback version 2006 A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data White, R S (Robert Sommerville), 1948Natural Law in English Renaissance literature / R S White p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 521 48142 (hardback) English literature - Early modern, 1500-1700 - History and criticism Didactic literature, English — History and criticism Natural Law - History - 16th century Natural Law — History — 17th century Natural Law in literature Renaissance - England PR418.N37W48 1996 820.9'38 - dc20 96-4795 CIP ISBN-13 978-0-521-48142-7 hardback ISBN-10 0-521-48142-2 hardback ISBN-13 978-0-521-03289-6 paperback ISBN-10 0-521-03289-X paperback For John Colmer In memoriam Contents Preface Acknowledgments page xi xix Natural Law in history and Renaissance literature The heritage of classical Natural Law 21 The reception of Natural Law in Renaissance England 44 Law and literature in sixteenth-century England 72 More's Utopia 107 'Love is the fulfilling of the law': Arcadia and Love's Labour's Lost 134 'Hot temper leaps o'er a cold decree': The Merchant of Venice and Measure for Measure 159 Shakespeare's The History of King Lear 185 Milton and Natural Law 216 Epilogue: Hobbes and the Demise of classical Natural Law 243 Appendix: Aquinas on the right to own private property 252 Notes Select bibliography Index 255 270 280 IX Select bibliography 271 of Female Independence in the Literature and Thought of Italy and England (Pennsylvania, 1992) Bentham, Jeremy The Theory of Fictions, ed C K Ogden (London, 1932) Berman, Harold J Law and Revolution: The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition (Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, 1983) Birks, Peter 'Fictions Ancient and Modern', in The Legal Mind Essays of Tony Honore, ed Neil MacCormick and Peter Birks (Oxford, 1986), pp 83-101 Bland, D S 'Rhetoric and the Law Student in Sixteenth-Century England', Studies in Philology, 54 (1957), 498-508 Bland, Desmond (ed.) 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Divine Right and Democracy: An Anthology of Writing in Stuart England (Harmondsworth, 1986) Young, G M 'Shakespeare and the Termers', Annual Shakespeare Lecture for the British Academy, Proceedings of the British Academy, 33 (1947) Index 'As-If, philosophy of 91-106, 137, 210, 235 Aboriginal Australians 19, 121 Adams, Robert M 107n admiratio 85 American Declaration of Independence 17 American War of Independence 19 Anabaptists 123, 127 anagnorisis 80 anatomy 188 Andrews, Mark Edwin 160, 173n Anglo-Saxons 236 Apostles 123 Aptekar, Jane 60n Aquinas, Saint Thomas, Summa xi, xii, xiii, xiv, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 13, 15, 19n, 22, 29-36, 37, 38, 39, 45, 48, 50, 51, 54, 55, 57, 79, 82, 93, 94, 95, 97, 99, 110, 120, 125-6, 134, 135, 138, 139, 148, 151, 154, 156, 176, 185, 201, 217, 220, 224, 228, 230, 238, 240, 244, 246, 251, 252-4 Archaionomia see Lambarde, William Aristotle 4, 21, 23-5, 33, 55, 57, 61, 79, 82, 100, 118, 122, 123, 144, 190,210,214, 248; Nichomachean Ethics 23-5, 80; Politics 54; Poetics 79, 92; Rhetorica 82 attainder 152 Augustine, Saint 1, 34, 99, 134; De Doctrina Christiana 82-3 Austin, John 12 Bacon, Sir Francis 2, 47, 49, 53,73, 74, 75; The Advancement of Learning 57-9, 95, 224 Baker, J H 75n Baker, Sir Richard 74n Baker-Smith, Dominic 108n, 116n Baldwin, William 76, 151 Ball, John 123 Barber, C L 105 Barfield, Owen 89n, 92n Barker, Arthur E 223 Bartolus 87n Barton, Anne 174n bastardy 280 Bauman, Michael 227n Bennett, Joan S 230, 217n Benson, Pamela Joseph 67n, 69n Bentham, Jeremy 12, 56, 87, 90, 91, 92, 243 Berman Harold J 29 Berry, Ralph 149 Bible 19, 56, 78, 171, 180, 226, 227, 228, 233 Bills of Rights 17 Birks, Peter 87n, 91n birth control 36 Blackstone 87n, 243 Blake, William 115, 236, 249 Bobbio, Norberto xin, Bond, Edward Bingo 212 Bouwsma, William J 38n, 40n Bowers, R H 84n Bracton, Henry of 44-5 Bradley, A C 185n Brunner, Emil 195 Buck, Sir George 73 Buckle, Stephen 122n, 125n Bunyan, John 235 Busleyden, Jerome 133 Butterfield, Herbert xiii Cade, Jack 123 Cahn, Edmond N 213 Calvin's Case 53 Calvin, John xi, xiv, 13, 33, 36-43, 54, 55, 69, 110,133,134,138,142,167,185,212, 217, 219, 228, 234-5, 239, 242, 244, 247 Cambridge 76, 83, 151 Camden, William 95, 226 Campbell, Gordon 227n Campbell, Lily B 76 Campion, Thomas 74, 75 Canon Law 46, 109 Canute, King 236 Cato 10 Cecil, Anne 95 Cecil, William 95 Chancery, Court of 25, 46-50, 54, 70, 84, 87,89,90,110,160,167 Charles I 218, 220 Index Charles II 220-1 Cheney, Donald 65, 70, 6In, 65n, 69n, 161 Chillingworth, William 223 Christ, Jesus 122-3 Cicero 4, 10, 19, 26-9, 35, 57, 78, 79, 112; De Oratore 81, \ll\De Ratione Dicendi 81; Philippics 221 Cioni, Maria L 47n, 49n, 63n, 64n Civil Law see Roman Law Civil War, American Civil War, English 1, 19, 37, 217 Cnut, King 171 Coke, Sir Edward 47, 48, 49, 54, 73, 74, 87n,161 Colet, John 123 Colie, Rosalie 22n Collier, Jeremy 249 Collingbourne, 'The Poet' 77 Common Pleas 90 common law 25, 46-50, 52, 67, 69, 72-92, 145, 152,159, 167, 188 Commonwealth, English 50, 123^4 communism 121-32 Concordance of Discordant Canons, A 29 Copleston, F C 10 Cornish uprising (1497) 116, 123 Cotterell, Roger 195, 243 Cox, Leonard The Art or Craft of Rhetoric 83-4,117 Cromwell, Oliver 234 Cyrus 98 d'Entreves, A P 2n, 13, 96n Danby, John 27n, 185n, 198n Darwin, Charles 9, 197-8 Davies, Sir John 74 Davis, Walter R 137n Davison, Francis 75 Dawson, J G 99 De Legibus 26ff De Re Publica 26ff Deakins, Roger 132 Declaration des Droits 17 Demosthenes 78 Descartes, Renee 15 Dickens, Charles Bleak House 48, 91 Diggers 125 Diocletian 122 Dipple, Elizabeth 144n Dobson, Michael 248 Doctor Faustus, see Marlowe, Christopher Doddridge, John 53, 84 Dolman, John 76 Donne, John 5, 42, 74, 188n Dry den, John 248, 249 Dudley family 95 281 Duncan-Jones, Katherine 95n, 137n Dunseath, T K 60n ecclesiastical courts 152 Eden, Kathy 24, 80-1, 105n Edwards, Thomas 172 ejectment 89-90 Elizabeth I, Queen 54, 64, 66, 68, 73, 151, 152,225 Ellesmere, Lord 48, 173 Elton, William 185n,201n Elyot, Sir Thomas The Governour 83, 150 enclosures 116-17, 130 equity 25, 30, 45, 50, 51-4, 63-70, 76, 87, 88, 115-20, 146, 159, 164^-7, 173, 182, 183, 188 Erasmus 107, 110, 111,123 eternal law 30-1, 45 Euce, JohnD 161 Everett, Barbara 20In Fall of Princes 76 Faustus, Doctor (historical) 51 Ferrers, George 76 fictions, legal 72, 87-92, 111-15 fictions, poetic 92-106 Fifth Amendment (USA) 19 Finkelpearl, Philip 73, 74, 75 Finnis, John 3, 28n, 31n, 32n, 33n, 36, 122n, 250n Fisch, Henry 95 Fleisher, Martin 123 Flick, Geoffrey A 17 Ford, John xii, xiv, 'Tis Pity She's a Whore 41,42 forms of action 89 Fortescue, Sir John 45, 60, 233 Fox,Alistair 107n, 108n Fraunce, Abraham 84 Freud, Sigmund 232 Frye, Northrop 105, 148, 149 Fulbecke, William 84 Fuller, Lon 18n, 88 Fundamental Law 217 Gaius Corpus Iuris Civilis 27-9, 89, 91, 98 Gascoigne, George 74, 75 German, Saint, Doctor and Student 2, 49, 50-4, 55, 57 Gerson 50 Gesta Grayorum 75, 149 Gobetti, Daniela xin Golden Aphroditis, The 74 Goldman, Michael 21 On Gorboduc 75, 76, 83, 85 Gosson, Stephen 92-3, 96 282 Index Gough, J W 48n Grange, John 74 Gratian 29, 30, 36 Gray's Inn 73-7, 95, 149,151 Green,J.Wigfalll51n Green, Thomas A 49n, 50n Greenblatt, Stephen 107n Greene, Robert A 28n, 40n Gregg, Pauline 217n Gregory, Saint 123 Greville, Fulke 95 Grey, Lord 70 Grocyn 109 Grotius, Hugo 2, 3, 28 Halkett, John 232 Hamilton, A C 63n Hamilton, Donna B 183nn Hart H L A 16, 169 Hartlib, Samuel 216 Harvey, William 188n Hawes, Stephen The Pastime of Pleasure 79 Hazlitt, William 185n Heninger, S K 99, 147 Henry II 89 Henry VI 112 Henry VIII 46, 110, 116, 129,231 Heraclitus 21-3, 32 Herbert, George 103, 104, 235 Herndl, George C xii, xiv, xv, 2, 14n, 33n, 40,42 Hexter, J.H 107n, 109, 11 In, 121, 123n, 131 Hey wood, Jasper 151 Hibbard,G R 148n, 150 Hill, Christopher 237n Hill, W Speed 55n Hippocrates 56 Hiroshima xvi Hitler, Adolf 196 Hobbes, Thomas Leviathan xi, xiii, xiv, 7-8, 12-16,18,23,29,33,35,42,54,70, 138 185,192,197,199,200,243-51 Hodges, Devon L 188n Hooker, Richard xi, xiv, 73, 75, 76; Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity 54-7, 217, 228, 230-1 Hoopes, Robert xiv, 2, 15n, 3In, 223 Hume, Robert Hunter, William B 227n Huxley, Thomas ideology 111-15 incest - Inner Temple 73-7, 151 Inns of Chancery 73, 109 Inns of Court 8, 72, 73-7, 83, 85, 109, 150-8 ius gentium 2%, 40, 68, 144 ius naturale 29, 245 Ives, E.W 167 Jack Straw, The Life and Death of 123-4 James I 48, 102 Jerome, Saint 31, 123 Jocasta 75 Johnson, S.F 73, 85, 150n Jones, J Walter 28n, 36n, 88 Jonson, Ben 24, 49, 73, 76, 76, 161 Jordan, Constance xv, 145 Jowitt, Earl 88n Jury, trial by 49 Justinian, Institutes 26ff Keeton, George W 20, 160 kejime 19 Kentish Rebellion (1450) 123 Kerr, S Parnell 95n Kett, Robert 123 King's Bench 90, 160 King, John N.102n King, Martin Luther 13, 18 Knafla, Louis 47n, 48n Knight, G Wilson 180n, 185n Knight, W Nicholas 53n, 64, 65, 160 Koran 19 Kropotkin, Prince Petr 9, 108 Kuhn, Thomas 250 Lactantius 122 Lambarde, William 53, 160, 171 Landino 99 Lanham, Richard 137n Law of Nations see ius gentium Leicester, Earl of 95 Lenton, Francis 74n Levellers, 108 lex naturalis 29, 245 Lilburne, John 41, 50, 125, 217 Linacre 109 Lincoln's Inn 73-7, 110 Lindheim, Nancy 146n Littleton 74 Lodge, Thomas 74, 92-3, 104 Logan, George M 107n Lucretius 10 Luther, Martin xii, 5, 13, 36-43, 202, 219, 228,239, 244, 247 Lydgate, Thomas 76 Machiavellil5,247 MacKay, Maxine 160 Macpherson, C B 243n MagnaCarta 129 Index Maitland, F W 89n mala in se 24 mala prohibit a 24 Marcus, Leah 174n, 207n Marlowe, Christopher xii Doctor Faustus xii, 8, 10, 41, 42, 82, 136, 138 Marshall, John S 55n Marston, John 73, 74, 75 Marvell, Andrew 9, 103, 218, 234, 235 Marx, Karl 108, 121, 163 Mary Stuart 62, 67-8, 102, 188 Maxwell, J C 20In McCabe, Richard A xiv, 5, 35, 39, 136n, 137 McLuhan, Marshall 78 Medina 36 Merchant Law 161 Middle Temple 72-7, 151 Middleton, Thomas 24 Milsom, S F C 47n, 48, 53n Milton, John xiv, xv, , , , , , 1 , 22, 27, 38,40,41,70, 103, 104, 118, 134,152, 197, 216-42, 243, 244; Areopagitica 212, 214 , 222-4, 229, 234; Comus 135, 228-9, 238, 242, 248, 250; Defence of the English People, A 220-3; Divorce Tracts 38, 43, 172, 176, 231-4; History of Britain, The 236; On Education 216-18; Lycidas 238; On the Christian Doctrine 227-31; Paradise Lost 82, 212, 214-15, 217, 227, 230, 233, 234, 234-42, 250; Paradise Regained 238; Ready and Easy Way, The 225-6; Reason of Church Government, The 216; Samson Agonistes 238; Second Defence of the People of England, The 217, 221-3; Smectymnuus 234; Tenure of Kings and Magistrates, The 218, 225-6 Mirror for Magistrates, The 76, 83,151 Misfortunes of Arthur, The 75, 85 Moerbeke, William of 82 Montaigne, Michel 14 More, Sir Thomas, As Chancellor 47, 49, 50, 65, 75; Utopia xiv, xv, 3, 6, 9, 11, 13, 15, 22, 27, 43, 45, 58, 75, 94, 107-33, 137, 138, 148, 186, 192, 199, 206, 210, 215, 241, 246, 247, ^ ; Richard HI 120 Morton, Cardinal 112-13, 115, 117 Mosaic law 118, 171 Mulhall, Stephen 18n Murphy, James J 79n Natural Law Party 18n Natural philosophy 9-12, 27, 197, 217 283 Natural Rights 20 natural justice 17 Nazis xvi, 17, 196, 250 necessity 153 New Inn 109 Newlyn, Lucy 234n Nicholas, Barry 28 Norbrook, David 102n Norman Conquest 41, 47, 236 Norwich Rebellion (1549) 123 Nozick, Robert 18n nuclear weapons xvi, Nuremberg Trials 17 O'Connell, Michael 62 O'Sullivan, Richard 45n Oakley, Francis 35 Occam, William of 35 Ogilvie, Sir Charles 46n Orwell, George 1984 108 Osborn, P G 88n Oxford 76, 83, 95-6, 109, 151 Palmer, Samuel 241 Patrides, C A 38n, 56n Paul, Saint 56 Peacham, Henry The Garden of Eloquence 81, 84 Peasants' Revolt (1381) 123 perjury 152-8 Phaer, Thomas 76 Philips, Owen Hood 160 Plato, 123 The Republic 4, 19,21,22,78,90, 92, 96, 107, 113-14, 121-2; Laws 122, 130, 235 Pliny 10 poll tax 18 Pollock, Sir Frederick 160 Ponet, see Poynet Pope, the 36 Porter, H C 55n Potter, Robert 75n, 80 Poynet, John 41 pre-Socratics 4, 10, 21-3 Presbyterians 218 Prest, Wilfrid 73 Protestantism 33, 36-43, 55, 105, 116, 171, 219, 224, 235, 244 Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph 130 Provost of Castille 112 Psalms 41 Puritans 170-84, 230 Puttenham, George 72, 76, 84, 92>-A, 97, 100 Quintilian 81-2, 105 284 Index Rainolds, John 84; Oratio 85-7, 93, 100 Raleigh, Sir Walter 74 Ranald, Margaret Loftus 174n Ranters see Puritans Rawls,John 18n, 3In, 195 Reformation 36-43 Reid, Lord 17 Restoration 49, 236, 241 Revolution, Glorious 226 rhetoric 77-87 Richard, Duke of Gloucester 77 Robertson, Jean 137n Rochester, Earl of 14-15 Rolle, Richard 135 Roman Law xv, 23-9, 45-6, 48, 54, 64, 88-9,91-2, 109, 144, 165-7 Rommen, Heinrich A 12, 22, 32n, 243n Roper 110 Rosenblatt, P 216n Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 61 Rushdie, Salman 102 Ruthrof, Horst 180n Rymer, Thomas 201, 248-9 Salmasius, Claudius 220-1 Schoeck, R J 86n, 110 Scotus, Duns 35, 217 Selden, John 46, 73, 152,232-3 Seneca 112, 122 Serjeants' Inns 73 Sermon on the Mount 52 Shakespeare, William 22, 44, 55, 74, 76, 122, 138, 247; As You Like It U, 89, 98, 103, 104-6, 154; Comedy of Errors, The 11, 35, 74, 148, 150; Coriolanus 213 Cymbeline 186; Hamlet xi, xii, xv, 2, 3, 6, 30, 39, 41, 85; and Henry IV 44, 45, 73, 74, 75, 177, 211, 248; King Lear 5, 7, 8-9, 10, 12, 19, 35, 42, 45, 85, 136, 159, 185-215, 219-20, 236, 246, 247, 248; Love's Labour's Lost 11, 31-2, 38, 75, 136, 148-58, 159, 167, 169, 170, ^ , 182-4, 185, 197, 208, 210, 212, 213, 248; Macbeth 5, 35, 39, 41, 42, 85, 190, 213; Measure for Measure 7, 35 11,19,23-4,38,62,91,116,135,146, 149, 152, 158, 159, 164, 165, 170-84, 185, 190, 196, 233, 248; Merchant of Venice, The 24, 27, 52-3, 66, 85, 91, 146, 159-69, 174; Midsummer Night's Dream, A 11,35, 104, 137, 148, 154; Othello 7, 82, 85, 154, 201, 248, 249; Richard III xii; Romeo and Juliet 7, 154; Tempest, The 107, 211; Timon of Athens 102-3; Twelfth Night 74, 103, 104, 150 Shelley, Percy Bysshe 6, 8, 236, 249 Sherry, Richard 84 Shuger, Deborah K 78-9 Sidney, Sir Philip xiv, 3, 10, 73, 74 ,81, 84, 92, 104, 158, 235, 236; Arcadia 11, 24, 69, 76, 95, 96, 136, 137-48, 176, 178, 181, 183, 196, 211,230, 247; Defence of Poetry, The 33, 38, 87, 92, 94-101, 137, 141, 148,214,237 Skinner, Quentin 107n, 124n Smith, Gregory 93n Smith, Nigel 217n Smith, Thomas 116 Sokol, B.J 161 Sophists 21 -23 Sophocles Antigone 29 Soto, Dominic de 36 Spenser, Edmund, 74, 76, 103, 233, 235; The Faerie Queene xiv xvii, 3, 9, 11, 15, 38, 49, 54, 59-71, 90-1, 101-2, 104, 123, 126-9, 130, 135, 139, 145, 153, 208, 212, 222, 224, 228, 248; View of Ireland 60, 65, 66, 117, 129, 188; Shepheards Calender, The 102; Mother Hubbard's Tale 123 Stevenson, Kay Gililand 234n Stout, Jeffrey xin Stow, John 73 Stubbs, John 99n Suarez 36 Summa see Aquinas Supposes 75 Swift, Adam 18n Sylvester, Richard 110 synderesis 31, 52, 55, 57-8,69 Tate, Nahum 206, 212-13, 214, 247 Taylor, Gary 186 Tennenhouse, Leonard 99n Terrill, Richard J 53n Theocritus 10 Thomas, Keith 170ff Thomists 35, 36 Thompson, W D J C 54n Thorne, S E 48n Thrasymachus 22 Tourneur, Cyril xii Tristram Shandy xvii trover 90 Turner, James 230 Tyler, Wat ^ United Nations Declaration of Human Rights 17 Vaihinger, Hans 91 285 Index van Canegem, R C 46n Vespucci 107 Vickers, Brian 79n Vietnam conflict 17 Vinogradoff, Paul 53n Virgil 10, 122 Vitoria 36 White, R S 85n, 152n, 185n White, Stephen D 47 Wiggins, Martin 52n, 80n Wilks, John S xii, xiv, xv, 3In, 40 William the Conqueror 236 Wilson, Richard 182n Wilson, Thomas The Arte of Rhetorique Walsh, Clifford 88n Walsingham, Francis 95 Walwyn, William 41, 50, 217 Weber 250 Webster, John xii, xiv; The Duchess of Malfi 41 Wells, Stanley 186 Whichcote 214; Rule of Reason 84 Winstanley, Gerard 41, 125, 217 Wisdom 75 Wolfe, M 216n Wolsey, Cardinal 47, 110 Woodcock, George 108n Wootton, David217n Wortham, Christopher 187 79-81,84-6,96, 100,117, 191, 197, ... terms Natural Law and Law of Nature (by which I intend the same thing, in line with most Renaissance theorists), because in certain contexts I wish to distinguish it from natural law or natural. .. Natural Law in English Renaissance literature Natural Law in English Renaissance literature R S White Professor of English at the University of Western Australia... conscience In this formulation we find an explanation for one Natural Law in history and Renaissance literature of the great historical shifts in Natural Law thinking, which happened during the